Circulating perturbation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is associated to cardiac remodeling and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular patients with insulin resistance risk.

Lipidome perturbation occurring during meta-inflammation is associated to left ventricle (LV) remodeling though the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of chronic inflammation in obesity-related disorders. Little is known about phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as DAMP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Our study is aimed to evaluate if a systemic reduction of PC/PE molar ratio can affect NLRP3 plasma levels in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with insulin resistance (IR) risk. Forty patients from IRCCS Policlinico San Donato were enrolled, and their blood samples were drawn before heart surgery. LV geometry measurements were evaluated by echocardiography and clinical data associated to IR risk were collected. PC and PE were quantified by ESI-MS/MS. Circulating NLRP3 was quantified by an ELISA assay. Our results have shown that CVD patients with IR risk presented systemic lipid impairment of PC and PE species and their ratio in plasma was inversely associated to NLRP3 levels. Interestingly, CVD patients with IR risk presented LV changes directly associated to increased levels of NLRP3 and a decrease in PC/PE ratio in plasma, highlighting the systemic effect of meta-inflammation in cardiac response. In summary, PC and PE can be considered bioactive mediators associated to both the NLRP3 and LV changes in CVD patients with IR risk.

Comparative Screening of the Liver Gene Expression Profiles from Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Rat Models.

Experimental animal models of diabetes can be useful for identifying novel targets related to disease, for understanding its physiopathology, and for evaluating emerging antidiabetic treatments. This study aimed to characterize two rat diabetes models: HFD + STZ, a high-fat diet (60% fat) combined with streptozotocin administration (STZ, 35 mg/kg BW), and a model with a single STZ dose (65 mg/kg BW) in comparison with healthy rats. HFD + STZ- induced animals demonstrated a stable hyperglycemia range (350-450 mg/dL), whereas in the STZ-induced rats, we found glucose concentration values with a greater dispersion, ranging from 270 to 510 mg/dL. Moreover, in the HFD + STZ group, the AUC value of the insulin tolerance test (ITT) was found to be remarkably augmented by 6.2-fold higher than in healthy animals (33,687.0 ± 1705.7 mg/dL/min vs. 5469.0 ± 267.6, respectively), indicating insulin resistance (IR). In contrast, a more moderate AUC value was observed in the STZ group (19,059.0 ± 3037.4 mg/dL/min) resulting in a value 2.5-fold higher than the average exhibited by the control group. After microarray experiments on liver tissue from all animals, we analyzed genes exhibiting a fold change value in gene expression <-2 or >2 (p-value <0.05). We found 27,686 differentially expressed genes (DEG), identified the top 10 DEGs and detected 849 coding genes that exhibited opposite expression patterns between both diabetes models (491 upregulated genes in the STZ model and 358 upregulated genes in HFD + STZ animals). Finally, we performed an enrichment analysis of the 849 selected genes. Whereas in the STZ model we found cellular pathways related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, in the HFD + STZ model we identified pathways related to immunometabolism. Some phenotypic differences observed in the models could be explained by transcriptomic results; however, further studies are needed to corroborate these findings. Our data confirm that the STZ and the HFD + STZ models are reliable experimental models for human T1D and T2D, respectively. These results also provide insight into alterations in the expression of specific liver genes and could be utilized in future studies focusing on diabetes complications associated with impaired liver function.

Triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predict the prognosis in patients with type B aortic dissection receiving thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Background: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio are both reliable surrogate indicator of insulin resistance and have been shown to be valuable in predicting various cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have explored its association with the prognosis of type B aortic dissection (TBAD) patients receiving thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Methods: A total of 1,425 consecutive patients who underwent TEVAR were included. Data from 935 patients were analyzed in the study. The endpoint was defined as 30-day and 1-year aortic-related adverse events (ARAEs), all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). Results: There were 935 patients included during a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, continuous TG/HDL-c [hazard ratio (HR) =1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.15; P=0.041] was independently associated with 1-year all-cause mortality. Both a high (Quintile 5: TG/HDL-c ratio ≥4.11) (HR =4.84; 95% CI: 1.55-15.13; P=0.007) and low TG/HDL-c ratio (Quintile 1: TG/HDL-c ratio <1.44) (HR =4.67; 95% CI: 1.46-14.94; P=0.001) were still independent risk factors for 1-year all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Elevated baseline TG/HDL-c ratio and TG/HDL-c ≥4.11 were significantly related to a higher risk of 1-year all-cause mortality among TBAD patients undergoing TEVAR. At the same time, the low TG/HDL-c ratio was also independently associated with 1-year all-cause mortality. Special attention should be paid to TBAD patients with a higher or an overly low TG/HDL-c ratio.

Metabolic disparities between obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for endometrial receptivity indicators.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in the metabolic indicators and sex hormones between obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and their impacts on endometrial receptivity (ER). METHODS: We selected 255 individuals with PCOS, and categorized them into the obese groups, including the OP group (obese patients with PCOS) and the ON group (obese patients without PCOS), and selected 64 individuals who were categorized in the non-obese groups, namely, the control groups, which comprise the NP group (non-obese patients with PCOS) and the NN group(non-obese patients without PCOS). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the metabolic indicators, and sex hormone-associated and ER-associated indicators between the groups. The correlation between the aforementioned clinical markers and ER was analyzed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: (1) In comparison with the NP group, the OP group exhibited higher levels (p < .01) of free androgen index (FAI), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin level within 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min-60minINS, 120minINS, and 180minINS, respectively, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood glucose level within two hours (2hGlu), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, hip circumference, the ratio of the maximum blood flow velocity of the uterine artery during systole to the blood flow velocity of the uterine artery at the end of diastole (uterine artery S/D), and blood flow resistance index (RI) of the uterine artery. In comparison with the NP group, the OP group exhibited lower levels (p < .01) of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), high molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). (2) In the PCOS group, RI was significantly positively correlated with FAI, FINS, 120minINS, HOMA-IR, and WHR (p < .01), and significantly negatively correlated with SHBG, HDL-C, and HMWA (p < .01); uterine artery S/D was significantly positively correlated with FAI, FINS, 2hGlu, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and WHR (p < .01), significantly positively correlated with 120minINS and FBG (p < .05), and significantly negatively correlated with SHBG and HMWA (p < .01). CONCLUSION: (1) The OP group exhibited obvious metabolic disorders and poor ER, which was manifested as low levels of SHBG and HMWA, and high levels of FAI, HOMA-IR, WHR, uterine artery S/D, and RI. (2) In patients with PCOS, there was a substantial correlation between ER-associated indicators RI and uterine artery S/D and FAI, FINS, 120minINS, HOMA-IR, WHR, SHBG, and HMWA.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Oxidative Stress. Natural Treatments.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequent endocrinopathology affecting women in their reproductive ages. However, PCOS is also related to metabolic abnormalities such as metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes, among others. Consequently, an inflammatory and pro-oxidative status is also present in these patients, aggravating the syndrome's symptoms. This work aims to discuss some late treatments that focus on oxidative stress (OS) as a central feature related to primary PCOS abnormalities. Therefore, this review focuses on the evidence of anti-oxidant diets, natural compounds, mineralocorticoids, and combined therapies for PCOS management. Oxidative stress (OS) is important in PCOS pathogenesis. In this regard, increased levels of oxidative oxygen species and decreased levels of anti-oxidant agents' impact PCOS's reproductive and metabolic features. In the last years, non-pharmacological therapies have been considered a first line of treatment. For these reasons, several natural compounds such as Kelult honey (KH), Foeniculum Vulgare, Calendula officinalis Linn, Eugenia caryophyllus and Myristicafragrans, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, magnesium, curcumin, mineralocorticoids and melatonin alone or in combination are powerful anti-oxidant agents being used for PCOS management. Data presented here suggest that natural therapies are essential in managing both reproductive and metabolic features in PCOS patients. Due to the results obtained, these incipient therapies deserve further investigation.

Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a focus on the gut-brain axis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become one of the most serious public healthcare challenges, contributing to increased mortality and disability. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of T2DM. Mounting evidence suggested that gut microbiota (GM) plays a significant role in the development of T2DM. Communication between the GM and the brain is a complex bidirectional connection, known as the "gut-brain axis," via the nervous, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. Gut-brain axis has an essential impact on various physiological processes, including glucose metabolism, food intake, gut motility, etc. In this review, we provide an outline of the gut-brain axis. We also highlight how the dysbiosis of the gut-brain axis affects glucose homeostasis and even results in T2DM.

Effects of Berberine on glucolipid metabolism among dehydroepiandrosterone-induced rats of polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin-resistance.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of endocrine disorder syndrome characterized by ovulation disorder. Increased insulin resistance (IR) and compensatory hyperinsulinemia play a vital role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Therefore, insulin sensitizing agents have been studied in the treatment of PCOS. Berberine (BBR) has been proved to alleviate IR in patients with PCOS, but the mechanism remained unclear. This study was aimed to verify the regulatory mechanism of BBR on PCOS-IR rats. Firstly, we established a female rat PCOS-IR model induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and found that estrus cycle was disrupted in the PCOS-IR group, serum fasting insulin (FINS) level and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were significantly higher than normal control group. BBR treatment could recover estrous cycle, reduce abnormal serum hormone levels like luteotropic hormone (LH) and testosterone (T). Most importantly, BBR could concentration-dependently reduce serum FINS level in PCOS-IR rat model. Meanwhile, BBR may improve the abnormal lipid metabolism levels in PCOS-IR group by decreasing low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). Histological results showed that BBR can also protect normal histological structures of ovaries in PCOS-IR rats. Our results indicated that BBR plays a protective role in PCOS-IR, increasing insulin sensitivity, improving hyperandrogens and recovering abnormal blood lipids. Therefore, Our research provides novel insights for therapeutic treatment of BBR in patients with glucolipid metabolic disturbances.

Relationship between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Disease Activity and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), insulin resistance (IR) is related to inflammatory markers, disease activity, and progression of atherosclerotic changes. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a relatively new indicator of IR. AIMS: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between TyG index, disease activity and subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) in RA patients. METHODS: The present case-control study included 100 RA patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants were subjected to careful history taking through clinical examination and standard laboratory assessment. The TyG index was calculated as TyG index = ln (Fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL))/2. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement was done using B-mode ultrasound. RESULTS: Patients had significantly higher TyG index as compared to controls. Patients with high disease activity had significantly higher frequency of extraarticular manifestations (39.6% versus 51.6%, p = 0.028), higher Larsen score (3.8 ± 1.3 versus 2.8 ± 1.2, p < 0.001), higher anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) levels (median (IQR): 243.1 (205.0-408.0) U/ml versus 99.0 (78.0-332.5), p < 0.001), higher TyG index (4.8 ± 0.22 versus 4.67 ± 0.24, p = 0.006), and higher CIMT (0.87 ± 0.22 versus 0.77 ± 0.17 mm, p = 0.018). Patients with SCA had higher BMI (34.6 ± 6.2 versus 30.5 ± 5.3 Kg/m2, p < 0.001), higher Larsen score (3.7 ± 1.4 versus 3.1 ± 1.3, p = 0.028) and higher TyG index (4.89 ± 0.23 versus 4.64 ± 0.19, p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis identified patients' age (OR (95% CI): 0.94 (0.89-0.99), p = 0.018), Larsen score (OR (95% CI): 1.93 (1.32-2.82), p = <0.001), anti-CCP (OR (95%): 1.04 (1.02-1.07), p = 0.032), and TyG index (OR (95% CI): 22.67 (2.14-240.4), p = 0.01) as significant predictors of high disease activity in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: IR estimated by the TyG index is related to disease activity and SCA in RA patients.

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the connection between the triglyceride-glucose index and intracranial arterial remodeling: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression and the occurrence of stroke, with the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index serving as a surrogate indicator. The present study aimed to investigate the association between TyG index levels and intracranial arterial remodeling in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: Patients with AIS who visited the Neurology Department of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) between September 2018 and October 2021 were enrolled. A total of 123 patients were finally included in the study, with 81 excluded. The TyG index levels were measured, and the characteristics of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) plaques were evaluated using HR-MRI. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between TyG index levels and remodeling mode. Patients were divided into two groups, positive remodeling (PR) and non-positive remodeling (non-PR), based on the remodeling index (RI). Results: Patients in the PR group had a higher TyG index than those in the non-PR group {median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 9.11 (8.82-9.51) vs. 8.72 (8.30-9.23), P<0.001}. After adjusting factors such as age and gender, the TyG index was found to be significantly correlated with intracranial arterial PR [odds ratio (OR): 3.169, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.327-7.569, P=0.009]. In non-diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, the TyG index level in the PR group was significantly higher than that in the non-PR group (8.95±0.42 vs. 8.50±0.45, P<0.001), whereas there was no such difference in patients with DM. Conclusions: TyG index was correlated with intracranial vessel PR, indicating that the TyG index level may be a useful marker for predicting intracranial vessel PR.

The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two of the four major chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) representing the leading cause of death worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these chronic diseases. Although it is well known that systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are primarily involved in the development of ED, recent studies have shown that perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is implicated in its pathogenesis, also contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis and to insulin resistance (IR). In this review, we describe the relationship between PVAT and ED, and we also analyse the role of PVAT in the pathogenesis of CVDs and T2DM, further assessing its potential therapeutic target with the aim of restoring normal ED and reducing global cardiovascular risk.

Metabolic and Genetic Association of Vitamin D with Calcium Signaling and Insulin Resistance.

Various evidences have unveiled the significance of Vitamin D in diverse processes which include its action in prevention of immune dysfunction, cancer and cardiometabolic disorders. Studies have confirmed the function of VD in controlling the expression of approximately nine hundred genes including gene expression of insulin. VD insufficiency may be linked with the pathogenesis of diseases that are associated with insulin resistance (IR) including diabetes as well as obesity. Thus, VD lowers IR-related disorders such as inflammation and oxidative stress. This review provides an insight regarding the molecular mechanism manifesting, how insufficiency of VD may be connected with the IR and diabetes. It also discusses the effect of VD in maintaining the Ca2+ levels in beta cells of the pancreas and in the tissues that are responsive to insulin.

Cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in persons with spinal cord injury: A principal component analysis approach.

CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE: To identify cardiometabolic (CM) measurements that cluster to confer increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk using principal component analysis (PCA) in a cohort of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and healthy non-SCI individuals. APPROACH: A cross-sectional study was performed in ninety-eight non-ambulatory men with chronic SCI and fifty-one healthy non-SCI individuals (ambulatory comparison group). Fasting blood samples were obtained for the following CM biomarkers: lipid, lipoprotein particle, fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, leptin, adiponectin, and markers of inflammation. Total and central adiposity [total body fat (TBF) percent and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) percent, respectively] were obtained by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A PCA was used to identify the CM outcome measurements that cluster to confer CVD risk in SCI and non-SCI cohorts. RESULTS: Using PCA, six factor-components (FC) were extracted, explaining 77% and 82% of the total variance in the SCI and non-SCI cohorts, respectively. In both groups, FC-1 was primarily composed of lipoprotein particle concentration variables. TBF and VAT were included in FC-2 in the SCI group, but not the non-SCI group. In the SCI cohort, logistic regression analysis results revealed that for every unit increase in the FC-1 standardized score generated from the statistical software during the PCA, there is a 216% increased risk of MetS (P = 0.001), a 209% increased risk of a 10-yr. FRS ≥ 10% (P = 0.001), and a 92% increase in the risk of HOMA2-IR ≥ 2.05 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Application of PCA identified 6-FC models for the SCI and non-SCI groups. The clustering of variables into the respective models varied considerably between the cohorts, indicating that CM outcomes may play a differential role on their conferring CVD-risk in individuals with chronic SCI.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Liver Disease: Across the Gut-Liver Axis from Fibrosis to Cancer.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease worldwide, and is one of the cornerstones of metabolic syndrome. The existence of a strong relationship between diabetes and the progression of liver fibrosis has been demonstrated by several studies, using invasive and noninvasive techniques. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) show faster progression of fibrosis than patients without diabetes. Many confounding factors make it difficult to determine the exact mechanisms involved. What we know so far is that both liver fibrosis and T2DM are expressions of metabolic dysfunction, and we recognize similar risk factors. Interestingly, both are promoted by metabolic endotoxemia, a low-grade inflammatory condition caused by increased endotoxin levels and linked to intestinal dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability. There is broad evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in the progression of liver disease, through both metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms. Therefore, dysbiosis that is associated with diabetes can act as a modifier of the natural evolution of NAFLD. In addition to diet, hypoglycemic drugs play an important role in this scenario, and their benefit is also the result of effects exerted in the gut. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that explain why diabetic patients show a more rapid progression of liver disease up to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing especially on those involving the gut-liver axis.

TXLNG improves insulin resistance in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity.

Lipotoxicity contributes to insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic ß-cells. Insulin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and facilitates glucose entry into muscle, adipose, and other tissues. In this study, differential gene expression was analyzed using four datasets, and taxilin gamma (TXLNG) was the only shared downregulated gene in all four datasets. TXLNG expression was significantly reduced in obese subjects according to online datasets and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistant (IR) mice according to experimental investigations. TXLNG overexpression significantly improved IR induced by HFD in mouse models by reducing body weight and epididymal adipose weight, decreasing mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and reducing adipocyte size. High-glucose/high-insulin-stimulated adipocytes exhibited decreased TXLNG and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). IR significantly decreased glucose uptake, cell surface glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) levels, and Akt phosphorylation, while increasing the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipocytes. However, these changes were significantly reversed by TXLNG overexpression, while they were exacerbated by TXLNG knockdown. TXLNG overexpression had no effect on ATF4 protein levels, while ATF4 overexpression increased ATF4 protein levels. Furthermore, ATF4 overexpression notably abolished the improvements in IR adipocyte dysfunction caused by TXLNG overexpression. In conclusion, TXLNG improves IR in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity.

Machine Learning Model Based on Insulin Resistance Metagenes Underpins Genetic Basis of Type 2 Diabetes.

Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the precursor and the key pathophysiological mechanism of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the pathways that IR shares with T2D are not clearly understood. Meta-analysis of multiple DNA microarray datasets could provide a robust set of metagenes identified across multiple studies. These metagenes would likely include a subset of genes (key metagenes) shared by both IR and T2D, and possibly responsible for the transition between them. In this study, we attempted to find these key metagenes using a feature selection method, LASSO, and then used the expression profiles of these genes to train five machine learning models: LASSO, SVM, XGBoost, Random Forest, and ANN. Among them, ANN performed well, with an area under the curve (AUC) > 95%. It also demonstrated fairly good performance in differentiating diabetics from normal glucose tolerant (NGT) persons in the test dataset, with 73% accuracy across 64 human adipose tissue samples. Furthermore, these core metagenes were also enriched in diabetes-associated terms and were found in previous genome-wide association studies of T2D and its associated glycemic traits HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. Therefore, this metagenome deserves further investigation with regard to the cardinal molecular pathological defects/pathways underlying both IR and T2D.

Circulating HHIP Levels in Women with Insulin Resistance and PCOS: Effects of Physical Activity, Cold Stimulation and Anti-Diabetic Drug Therapy.

Serum human hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) concentration is associated with diabetes. However, the relationship between HHIP and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or abnormal sex hormones remains unknown. This study was an observational cross-sectional study, with additional short-term intervention studies and follow-up studies. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore the association of PCOS with metabolic-related genes and signaling pathways. OGTT and EHC were performed on all participants. Lipid infusion, cold exposure, and 45-min treadmill test were performed on all healthy women. A total of 137 women with PCOS were treated with metformin, GLP-1RA, or TZDs for 24 weeks. Serum HHIP levels were higher in insulin resistance (IR) and PCOS women. Circulating HHIP levels were significantly correlated with adiponectin (Adipoq) levels, obesity, IR, and metabolic indicators. A correlation presented between HHIP and DHEA-S, FAI, SHBG, and FSH. Serum HHIP levels were significantly elevated by oral glucose challenge in healthy women, but not affected by EHC. Lipid infusion decreased serum HHIP levels, while cold exposure increased HHIP levels in healthy women. GLP-1RA and TZD treatment reduced serum HHIP levels in PCOS women, while metformin treatment did not affect HHIP levels. HHIP may be a useful biomarker and novel drug target for PCOS and IR individuals.

Triglyceride glucose index and poor sleep patterns in non-diabetic adults: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2016.

Introduction: Sleep disorders are commonly encountered in modern populations. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and poor sleep patterns in non-diabetic adults. Methods: Data of non-diabetic adults aged 20-70 years were extracted from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database 2005-2016. Pregnant women, individuals with diabetes and cancer history, and individuals lacking complete data on sleep patterns or parameters for calculating TyG index were excluded. Poor sleep pattern was defined as having two or more following conditions: (1) abnormal sleep duration, defined as less than 7 h or longer than 9 h; (2) self-reported trouble sleeping; and (3) physician-confirmed sleep disorders. Associations between poor sleep patterns, TyG index, and an additional index incorporating body mass index (BMI), TyGBMI, and other study variables were determined by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Among 9,390 included participants, 1,422 had poor sleep patterns and 7,968 did not. The individuals with poor sleep patterns had a higher mean TyG index, were older, had higher BMI, and had higher proportions of hypertension and history of CVD than those without poor sleep pattern (all p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed no significant association between poor sleep pattern and TyG index. However, among the components of poor sleep pattern, TyG index in the highest quartile (Q4) was significantly associated with trouble sleeping [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.46, 95%CI: 1.04-2.03) as compared with the lowest TyG quartile (Q1). In addition, TyG-BMI in Q4 was indepently associated with increased likelihood for poor sleep patterns (aOR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.61-2.95), trouble sleeping (aOR: 1.76, 95%CI: 1.30-2.39), abnormal sleep duration (aOR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.12-1.78), and sleep disorders (aOR: 3.11, 95%CI: 2.08-4.64) as compared to Q1. Discussion: Among US adults without diabetes, elevated TyG index is correlated with self-reported trouble sleeping, independent of BMI. Future studies should build upon this preliminary work and examine these associations longitudinally and through treatment trials.

Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis of the Circulating CHIT1 Activity in Pediatric Patients with Obesity.

Macrophage activation and cytokine release play a pivotal role in inflammation-mediated metabolic disturbances in obesity. The proinflammatory macrophage secretes human chitotriosidase (CHIT1). The expression of the CHIT1 in visceral adipose tissue is associated with cytokine production. Our study aimed to assess whether the CHIT1 circulating activity, as a macrophage activation indicator, reflects the change of the adiposity level and the insulin resistance (IR) in children with obesity. We longitudinally (median follow-up period of 7 months; IQR [5 to 8.5] and {2 to 13} months) evaluated the CHIT1 circulating activity, the adiposity level (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and body mass index (BMI)-for-age z score), and two surrogate markers of IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR and the triglycerides-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, TG/HDLc) in 29 pediatric patients (16 girls and 13 boys) with obesity. We found a significant reduction in CHIT1 circulating activity (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.015) and a decrease in TG/HDLc at the follow-up evaluation (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). Indicators of adiposity were positively correlated with HOMA-IR at baseline, among which WC was the sole indicator associated with HOMA-IR (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, p < 0.05) at follow-up. Human chitotriosidase has the potential to be a valuable measure of the progression of subclinical inflammation in children with obesity. Subclinical inflammation, as expressed by the circulating CHIT1 activity, progresses independently of the abdominal adiposity, as measured by the clinical indicators, and is associated with a change in insulin resistance.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and insulin in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is considered a decline in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but it remains controversial that whether such reduction is attributed to obesity. Aims: This systematic review aims to explore whether IGFBP-1 is reduced in PCOS, and whether such reduction is associated with obesity. Results: Our pooled study included 12 studies with a total of 450 participants. IGFBP-1 levels in PCOS were significantly lower than that in non-PCOS (SMD (95%CI)=-0.49(-0.89, -0.09), P=0.02). No significant difference in IGFBP-1 levels between patients with or without PCOS classified by BMI. Whilst, stratification by PCOS status revealed a significant decrease in IGFBP-1 in overweight (SMD (95%CI)=-0.92(-1.46, -0.37), P=0.001). When comparing fasting insulin in the same way, PCOS patients had significantly elevated fasting insulin level but not statistically declined IGFBP-1 after classified by BMI. Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides evidence that the decrease of IGFBP-1 in PCOS was more strongly influenced by comorbid obesity than by PCOS itself. Additionally, contrast to previous findings that insulin significantly suppresses IGFBP-1, our results suggested that the suppression of PCOS-related hyperinsulinemia on IGFBP-1 seemed diminished. Overall, our work may provide a novel perspective on the mechanism between insulin and IGFBP-1 underlying PCOS development.

Exploration of Mechanism of Xiaonang Tiaojing Decoction in Treating PCOS-IR Model Rats Based on AMH/AMHR ⅡSignaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Xiaonang Tiaojing decoction（XNTJD）in improving polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance（PCOS-IR）model rats based on anti-Müllerian hormone（AMH）/AMH type Ⅱ receptor（AMHRⅡ）signaling pathway. MethodForty-eight adult female SD rats were randomly divided into the blank group， model group， XNTJD group（11.4 g·kg-1·d-1） and Diane-35 group（0.21 g·kg-1·d-1）， PCOS-IR model was established by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with letrozole in rats of all groups except the blank group， rats in the administration groups were given the corresponding dose of drugs by gavage for 15 days with an interval of 1 d every 4 d， normal saline of the same volume was given to the blank group and the model group. Estrous cycle was recorded daily during treatment. At the end of treatment， body weight and Lee's index were recorded， AMH， luteinizing hormone（LH）， LH/follicle stimulating hormone（FSH）， testosterone（T）and estradiol（E2）levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）， fasting plasma glucose（FPG）was measured by glucometer， fasting insulin（FINS） level was measured by radioimmunoassay（RIA）， and the insulin resistance index（HOMA-IR） and insulin sensitivity index（QUICKI）were calculated， triglyceride（TG）and total cholesterol（TC）levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer， hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining was used to observe the morphological changes of the ovary， the levels of AMHRⅡ， bone morphogenetic protein-15（BMP-15）and Smad5 in ovarian tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry（IHC），Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression levels of AMHRⅡ， BMP-15 and Smad5. ResultCompared with the blank group， a large number of leukocytes were observed in the vaginal exfoliated cells of rats in the model group， mainly in diestrus， the levels of body weight， Lee's index， glucose-lipid metabolism indexes（FPG， FINS， HOMA-IR， TG， TC）， AMH and sex hormones（LH， LH/FSH， T）were significantly increased（P<0.01）， and QUICKI and E2 levels were significantly decreased（P<0.01）， there were more cystic bulges on the ovarian surface， more wet weight， more atretic and cystic dilated follicles in the ovarian tissues， and the thickness of granulosa cell layer was reduced without oocytes， the expression level of AMHRⅡ protein in ovarian tissues was significantly increased（P<0.01）， and the expression levels of BMP-15 and Smad5 proteins were significantly decreased（P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the exfoliated cells in the vagina of rats treated with XNTJD group showed keratinocytes from the 5th to 6th day of treatment， and a stable estrous cycle gradually appeared， body weight， Lee's index， glucose-lipid metabolism indexes（FPG， FINS， HOMA-IR， TG， TC）， AMH and sex hormones（LH， LH/FSH， T）levels were significantly decreased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， QUICKI and E2 levels were significantly increased（P<0.01）， ovarian surface was smoother and lighter in wet weight， oocytes and mature follicles were observed in ovarian tissues， the thickness of granulosa cell layer increased and the morphology was intact， the expression levels of BMP-15 and Smad5 proteins were significantly increased（P<0.01）and the expression level of AMHRⅡ protein was significantly decreased（P<0.01）in ovarian tissues. ConclusionXNTJD may mediate the up-regulation of BMP-15 and Smad5 in ovarian tissues of PCOS-IR rats by down-regulating AMH/AMHRⅡ， thereby improving ovarian function， sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism levels in PCOS-IR rats.