Hydraulic recharge and element dynamics during salinization in an overexploited coastal aquifer of the world's driest zone: Atacama Desert.

The management of water resources in hyper-arid coastal regions is a challenging task because proper information regarding groundwater recharge and water budget is needed for maintaining the hydraulic balance in optimal conditions, avoiding salinization and seawater intrusion. Thus, this article deals with the estimation of the hydraulic recharge and the study of the effects of salinization on the dynamics of major and trace elements in an alluvial aquifer located in the world's driest zone, the northern Atacama Desert. The result of stable water isotopes (δD and δ18O) and tritium (3H) indicated that groundwater in the area is not recent, whereas 14C results estimated a groundwater residence time ranging between 11,628 and 16,067 yBP. The estimation of the artificial recharge coming from the urban water-supply-system leaks and wastewater/river-water/groundwater infiltration during irrigation was about 19.84 hm3/year, which represents an annual negative water balance of 177 hm3/year for the aquifer. The groundwater salinization triggered by seawater intrusion (up to 32.6 %) has caused the enrichment of Li, Rb, Ca, Ba, and Sr in groundwater by cationic exchange, where the excess of aqueous Na is exchanged by these elements in the aquifer sediments. Other elements such as B, Se, Si, and Sb are enriched in groundwater by ionic strength and/or anionic exchange during salinization. The heightened B concentrations derived from the B-rich alluvial sediments were higher than the limit suggested by international guidelines, representing a risk to consumers. Vanadium seems to be unaffected by salinization, whereas Pb, Mo, As, U, and Zr did not show a clear behavior during saline intrusion. Finally, this article highlights the consequences of conducting improper water management in coastal hyper-arid regions with exacerbated agriculture.

FlowSOM clustering - A novel pattern recognition approach for water research: Application to a hyper-arid coastal aquifer system.

Monitoring and understanding of water resources have become essential in designing effective and sustainable management strategies to overcome the growing water quality challenges. In this context, the utilization of unsupervised learning techniques for evaluating environmental tracers has facilitated the exploration of sources and dynamics of groundwater systems through pattern recognition. However, conventional techniques may overlook spatial and temporal non-linearities present in water research data. This paper introduces the adaptation of FlowSOM, a pioneering approach that combines self-organizing maps (SOM) and minimal spanning trees (MST), with the fast-greedy network clustering algorithm to unravel intricate relationships within multivariate water quality datasets. By capturing connections within the data, this ensemble tool enhances clustering and pattern recognition. Applied to the complex water quality context of the hyper-arid transboundary Caplina/Concordia coastal aquifer system (Peru/Chile), the FlowSOM network and clustering yielded compelling results in pattern recognition of the aquifer salinization. Analyzing 143 groundwater samples across eight variables, including major ions, the approach supports the identification of distinct clusters and connections between them. Three primary sources of salinization were identified: river percolation, slow lateral aquitard recharge, and seawater intrusion. The analysis demonstrated the superiority of FlowSOM clustering over traditional techniques in the case study, producing clusters that align more closely with the actual hydrogeochemical pattern. The outcomes broaden the utilization of multivariate analysis in water research, presenting a comprehensive approach to support the understanding of groundwater systems.

Reerupción espontánea de diente primario con traumatismo de tipo luxación intrusiva: seguimiento de un caso / Spontaneous re-eruption of a primary tooth with intrusive luxation-type trauma: follow-up of a case / Reerupção espontânea de um dente decíduo com traumatismo do tipo luxação intrusiva: acompanhamento de um caso

RESUMEN Los traumatismos en la dentición primaria a menudo requieren un manejo diferente al que se hace en la dentición permanente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 18 meses de edad, en aparente buen estado general, sin antecedentes médicos, que acude al servicio de Odontopediatría del Centro Dental Docente de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia a razón de que «se le ha incrustado un diente al caerse¼. Luego del examen extraoral, se observa un edema en el labio inferior; e intraoralmente se muestra un desplazamiento apical de la pieza 61. Radiográficamente, se observa que la pieza 61 se encuentra giroversada con desplazamiento apical. Diagnóstico: Luxación intrusiva de la pieza 61 y contusión del labio inferior. Tratamiento: Se realiza lavado con suero fisiológico; se le indica dieta blanda y que use cepillo de cerdas suaves; se mantiene en observación. Controles: Se realizó seguimiento durante siete meses, tiempo en el que se observó la reerupción espontánea del diente afectado. Por tanto, la reerupción espontánea es una opción de tratamiento en dientes primarios intruidos después de un traumatismo.

ABSTRACT Trauma in the primary dentition often requires different management than in the permanent dentition. We present the case of an 18-month-old female patient, in apparent good general condition, with no medical history, who came to the pediatric dentistry service of the Teaching Dental Center of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia because "a tooth had become incrusted when it fell out". After the extraoral examination, edema was observed in the lower lip and intraorally there was an apical displacement of tooth 61. Radiographically, it is observed that tooth 61 is rotated with apical displacement. Diagnosis: Intrusive dislocation of tooth 61 and contusion of the lower lip. Treatment: Washing with physiological saline solution, soft diet, and use of a soft bristle toothbrush; she was kept under observation. Controls: Follow-up was carried out for seven months, during which time spontaneous re-eruption of the affected tooth was observed. Therefore, spontaneous re-eruption is a treatment option in intruded primary teeth after trauma.

RESUMO Os traumatismos na dentição decídua requerem frequentemente um tratamento diferente do que na dentição permanente. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, com 18 meses de idade, em aparente bom estado geral, sem antecedentes médicos, que compareceu ao serviço de odontopediatria do Centro Dental Docente da Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia porque "um dente tinha ficado incrustado ao cair". Após o exame extraoral, observou-se edema no lábio inferior e, intraoralmente, um deslocamento apical do dente 61. Radiograficamente, verificou-se que o dente 61 estava rodado com deslocamento apical. Diagnóstico: Deslocamento intrusivo do dente 61 e contusão do lábio inferior. Tratamento: lavagem com soro fisiológico, dieta branda e uso de escova de dente de cerdas macias; o paciente foi mantido em observação. Controlos: O acompanhamento foi realizado durante sete meses, período durante o qual se observou a reerupção espontânea do dente afetado. Portanto, a reerupção espontânea é uma opção de tratamento em dentes decíduos instruídos após trauma.

Enhancing IoT Network Security: Unveiling the Power of Self-Supervised Learning against DDoS Attacks.

The Internet of Things (IoT), projected to exceed 30 billion active device connections globally by 2025, presents an expansive attack surface. The frequent collection and dissemination of confidential data on these devices exposes them to significant security risks, including user information theft and denial-of-service attacks. This paper introduces a smart, network-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) designed to protect IoT networks from distributed denial-of-service attacks. Our methodology involves generating synthetic images from flow-level traffic data of the Bot-IoT and the LATAM-DDoS-IoT datasets and conducting experiments within both supervised and self-supervised learning paradigms. Self-supervised learning is identified in the state of the art as a promising solution to replace the need for massive amounts of manually labeled data, as well as providing robust generalization. Our results showcase that self-supervised learning surpassed supervised learning in terms of classification performance for certain tests. Specifically, it exceeded the F1 score of supervised learning for attack detection by 4.83% and by 14.61% in accuracy for the multiclass task of protocol classification. Drawing from extensive ablation studies presented in our research, we recommend an optimal training framework for upcoming contrastive learning experiments that emphasize visual representations in the cybersecurity realm. This training approach has enabled us to highlight the broader applicability of self-supervised learning, which, in some instances, outperformed supervised learning transferability by over 5% in precision and nearly 1% in F1 score.

Intrusión acelerada con miniimplantes y corticotomía para crear espacio protésico para implante / Accelerated intrusion with mini-implant and corticotomy to create prosthetic space for an implant

La ausencia de un diente puede originar sobre-erupción de su antagonista debido al movimiento fisiológico. Distintos métodos se han empleado para lograr la rehabilitación en espacios interoclusales reducidos, la mayoría implica un tallado del diente antagonista o incluso la extracción dental. La intrusión dental periodontalmente asistida (corticotomía), es una alternativa terapéutica en la que el tallado del diente extruido ya no es necesario, conservando su integridad coronaria. Reporte de caso: Paciente femenino de 56 años con ausencia del 4.7, además presenta sobre-erupción del 1.7, limitando el espacio interoclusal y su rehabilitación. Se realizó intrusión del 1.7 mediante corticotomía con el Piezoeléctrico (técnica Piezocision) así como la colocación de minitornillos de ortodoncia para anclaje. Obtenido dicho espacio interoclusal, se rehabilitó con un implante dental. Conclusiones: La intrusión de molares con el apoyo de mini-implantes y corticotomías es un procedimiento que tiene como beneficio la creación de un espacio interoclusal para su restauración en un periodo corto de tiempo, sin tallar la estructura dentaria.

The absence of a tooth can cause over-eruption of its antagonist due to a physiological movement. Different methods have been used to achieve rehabilitation in reduced interocclusal spaces. Most of them involve the wear of the opposing tooth or even dental extraction. Periodontal-assisted dental intrusion is a therapeutic alternative that does not require the reduction of the extruded tooth and preserves its structure. Case report: 56-year-old female patient with absence of tooth 4.7, also presenting an over-eruption of 1.7, limiting the interocclusal space and rehabilitation. Intrusion of tooth 1.7 was performed with corticotomy using the piezocision technique and placement of mini-screws followed by the placement of a dental implant. Conclusions: The intrusion of molars aided by orthodontic mini-screws and piezocision technique is an effective treatment, whose benefit is the creation of an ideal prosthetic space in a short period of time, avoiding the reduction of dental structure.

Survey on Intrusion Detection Systems Based on Machine Learning Techniques for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure.

Industrial control systems (ICSs), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and distributed control systems (DCSs) are fundamental components of critical infrastructure (CI). CI supports the operation of transportation and health systems, electric and thermal plants, and water treatment facilities, among others. These infrastructures are not insulated anymore, and their connection to fourth industrial revolution technologies has expanded the attack surface. Thus, their protection has become a priority for national security. Cyber-attacks have become more sophisticated and criminals are able to surpass conventional security systems; therefore, attack detection has become a challenging area. Defensive technologies such as intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are a fundamental part of security systems to protect CI. IDSs have incorporated machine learning (ML) techniques that can deal with broader kinds of threats. Nevertheless, the detection of zero-day attacks and having technological resources to implement purposed solutions in the real world are concerns for CI operators. This survey aims to provide a compilation of the state of the art of IDSs that have used ML algorithms to protect CI. It also analyzes the security dataset used to train ML models. Finally, it presents some of the most relevant pieces of research on these topics that have been developed in the last five years.

Factors associated with the survival of primary maxillary anterior teeth after intrusive luxation: a retrospective longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the survival rate of primary maxillary anterior teeth following intrusive luxation and identify associated factors. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted at a primary dental trauma centre using 88 dental records of children with intrusive luxation between 2007 and 2018. The variables of interest were time the tooth remained in the alveolus, degree of intrusion, accentuated overjet, lip protection, visible plaque, compromised germ of the permanent successor, clinical signs of infectious and inflammatory processes, endodontic treatment, pulp canal obliteration, sex, age at the time of trauma, family income, mother's schooling, and immediate care. Descriptive, bivariate, and Cox regression analyses were performed (p < 0.05; 95% CI). RESULTS: The 88 dental records of children with intrusive luxation included 128 teeth. Survival rate throughout the follow-up period was 65.6% (n = 84). Age older than three years and eight months (HR 2.28; 95% CI 1.04-4.99; p = 0.039), the development of an infectious process (HR 3.51; 95% CI 1.39-8.86; p = 0.008), development of an inflammatory process (HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.17-4.71; p = 0.016) and compromised germ of the permanent successor (HR 4.38; 95% CI 1.99-9.61; p < 0.001) were associated with a lower survival rate of intruded primary maxillary anterior teeth. CONCLUSION: The survival rate during the follow-up period of intruded primary maxillary anterior teeth was considered high. A significantly lower survival rate was associated with age, the occurrence of an infectious process and inflammatory process, and the compromised germ of the permanent successor.

Transport and Application Layer DDoS Attacks Detection to IoT Devices by Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models.

From smart homes to industrial environments, the IoT is an ally to easing daily activities, where some of them are critical. More and more devices are connected to and through the Internet, which, given the large amount of different manufacturers, may lead to a lack of security standards. Denial of service attacks (DDoS, DoS) represent the most common and critical attack against and from these networks, and in the third quarter of 2021, there was an increase of 31% (compared to the same period of 2020) in the total number of advanced DDoS targeted attacks. This work uses the Bot-IoT dataset, addressing its class imbalance problem, to build a novel Intrusion Detection System based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. In order to evaluate how the records timestamps affect the predictions, we used three different feature sets for binary and multiclass classifications; this helped us avoid feature dependencies, as produced by the Argus flow data generator, whilst achieving an average accuracy >99%. Then, we conducted comprehensive experimentation, including time performance evaluation, matching and exceeding the results of the current state-of-the-art for identifying denial of service attacks, where the Decision Tree and Multi-layer Perceptron models were the best performing methods to identify DDoS and DoS attacks over IoT networks.

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Identification of Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality in Coastal Aquifers, Case: La Yarada, Tacna, Peru.

The coastal aquifer La Yarada has anthropogenic and geogenic contamination that adversely affect the quality of groundwater for population and agricultural use. In this scenario, multivariate statistical methods were applied in 20 physicochemical and isotopic parameters of 53 groundwater pumping wells in October 2020, with the aim of characterizing the hydrogeochemical processes that dominate the groundwater of the coastal aquifer and the factors that cause them to optimize the effective management of water resources, delimiting areas affected by more than one salinization process. The samples were grouped into three clusters (C1, C2, and C3) with cluster analysis, the spatial distribution of C2 and C3 (reclassified in stiff diagrams), evidenced hydrogeochemical facies associated with the flow and recharge directions governed by the structural lineaments (NE-SO), favoring some areas more than others, arising different facies and hydrogeochemical processes. Factor analysis was applied from three different approaches: (1) main elements, (2) trace elements, and (3) physicochemical and isotopic parameters; exposing 6 distinguishable hydrogeochemical processes in the aquifer and factors that cause them: (i) salinization-marine intrusion, (ii) fertilizer leaching and dissolution of (Ca2+, Mg2+), (iii) wastewater mixture (NO3-), (iv) reducing conditions (Fe, Mn, Al), (v) contributions of (B, Sr), (vi) conservative mixtures and dissolution (As, F). It was validated with water quality indices (WQI) according to the national limits, delimiting 67 km2 parallel to the coast with "bad" to "very bad" quality for human consumption and unsuitable for irrigation according to the Wilcox diagram thus pre-treatment in this area is indispensable.

A Novel Framework for Generating Personalized Network Datasets for NIDS Based on Traffic Aggregation.

In this paper, we addressed the problem of dataset scarcity for the task of network intrusion detection. Our main contribution was to develop a framework that provides a complete process for generating network traffic datasets based on the aggregation of real network traces. In addition, we proposed a set of tools for attribute extraction and labeling of traffic sessions. A new dataset with botnet network traffic was generated by the framework to assess our proposed method with machine learning algorithms suitable for unbalanced data. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated in terms of macro-averages of F1-score (0.97) and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (0.94), showing a good overall performance average.

Predicting adverse scenarios for a transboundary coastal aquifer system in the Atacama Desert (Peru/Chile).

The Caplina/Concordia transboundary coastal aquifer system, located in the Atacama Desert, is the primary source of water supply for domestic use and irrigation for La Yarada-Los Palos (Peru) and Concordia (Chile) agriculture districts, and to a lesser extent, for Tacna province public supply use (Peru). Despite the scarce amount of rainfall (<20 mm/year) in the area and the limited recharge coming from the Andean highlands, this transboundary aquifer system has been overexploited mainly for agriculture since before the 2000s on the Peruvian side. Consequently, this has caused groundwater depletion and seawater intrusion. In this study, comprehensive hydrogeological information was integrated to understand the aquifer system's behavior and the effects to which it has been subjected to groundwater overexploitation. To that end, a 3D hydrogeological framework was developed using the LEAPFROG software and a constant-density groundwater flow model with equivalent heads was generated in FEFLOW software, which was adjusted with Monte Carlo analysis and conventional automated calibration. Finally, eight scenarios, considering various water resource management options proposed by the authority and potential climatic trends (CMIP6), were simulated from 2020 to 2040. The results showed that between 2002 and 2020, the increase in the seawater wedge and the average groundwater level decline were 216 hm3/year and 7 m, respectively. It is expected that the depletion will continue with a groundwater level decline between 5 and 8 m and an increase in the seawater wedge between 1120 hm3/year and 1175 hm3/year for the forecast period. The study concludes that the aquifer system will remain unsustainable for the next 20 years, regardless of the selected scenarios, and suggests that any mitigation measure requires the participation of stakeholders from Peru, Chile, and Bolivia.

A Dense Neural Network Approach for Detecting Clone ID Attacks on the RPL Protocol of the IoT.

At present, new data sharing technologies, such as those used in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, are being extensively adopted. For this reason, intelligent security controls have become imperative. According to good practices and security information standards, particularly those regarding security in depth, several defensive layers are required to protect information assets. Within the context of IoT cyber-attacks, it is fundamental to continuously adapt new detection mechanisms for growing IoT threats, specifically for those becoming more sophisticated within mesh networks, such as identity theft and cloning. Therefore, current applications, such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), and Security Information and Event Management Systems (SIEM), are becoming inadequate for accurately handling novel security incidents, due to their signature-based detection procedures using the matching and flagging of anomalous patterns. This project focuses on a seldom-investigated identity attack-the Clone ID attack-directed at the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), the underlying technology for most IoT devices. Hence, a robust Artificial Intelligence-based protection framework is proposed, in order to tackle major identity impersonation attacks, which classical applications are prone to misidentifying. On this basis, unsupervised pre-training techniques are employed to select key characteristics from RPL network samples. Then, a Dense Neural Network (DNN) is trained to maximize deep feature engineering, with the aim of improving classification results to protect against malicious counterfeiting attempts.

Planejamento biomecânico 3D no tratamento da Classe II ­ como se beneficiar dos efeitos colaterais ­ relato de caso / 3D biomechanical planning in Class II treatment ­ how to benefit from side effects ­ case report

Resumo O tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes adultos, hoje, faz parte da prática clínica de rotina. A exigência estética, aumento da expectativa de vida e a acessibilidade ao tratamento ortodôntico fizeram com que a procura pelo tratamento ortodôntico por pacientes adultos aumentasse muito. O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar o planejamento tridimensional (3D) e a mecânica ortodôntica de correção da maloclusão de Classe II divisão 2 de Angle com sobremordida profunda e molares extruídos, por meio de um caso clínico. Em que foram utilizados os efeitos colaterais da mecânica de intrusão, associada ao arco de torque, a favor da correção anteroposterior, vertical, assim como a correção da extrusão dos molares superiores. Ou seja, foram utilizados sistemas de forças associados, a fim de facilitar e acelerar mecanicamente o tratamento. O planejamento do tratamento foi realizado com o programa T3D Occlusogram e DDP. (AU)

Abstract Orthodontic treatment in adult patients today is part of clinical practice routine. The aesthetic request, increased life expectancy and accessibility to treatment caused the demand for adult patients to increase exponentially. The purpose of this work is to present the threedimensional (3D) and orthodontic mechanics of the correction of Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion with deep overbite and extruded molars, through a clinical case, in which side effects of intrusion mechanics were used, associated to the torque arc in favor of vertical anteroposterior correction, as well as correction of the upper molars extrusion, that is, the use of associated force systems in order to facilitate and mechanically accelerate the treatment. Treatment planning was carried out with T3D Occlusogram and DDP program. (AU)

Intrusion of posterior teeth using miniplates: intrusive mechanics is not the same as intrusion force

ABSTRACT Objective: Biologically explain some of the bone mechanisms involved in the intrusion, or intrusive effect, of teeth submitted to skeletal open bite correction using four miniplates. Methods: The results of dental intrusion were measured and compared in 3D reconstructions of cone beam computed tomography scans taken before and after treatment of 20 patients with skeletal open bite, aged between 18 and 59 years. Results: The results allow deducing that the compression and traction forces biologically promoted deformation or deflection of the osteocyte network that controls bone design, and these effects involved the external and internal surfaces of the bone, with the formation of new layers, including the cervical portion of the alveolar bone crest. This helps understanding how dental intrusion occurs in intrusive mechanics, whose forces are of inclination rather than intrusion. The root resorptions caused by the use of miniplates were insignificant, due to the more homogeneous distribution of forces in the several teeth simultaneously involved. Conclusion: Imaging studies in CT scans tend to capture in details the subperiosteal and endosteal phenomena of dental intrusion - before and after the application of intrusive mechanics -, in the form of a set of modifications called dental intrusion or intrusive effect .

RESUMO Objetivo: Explicar, biologicamente, alguns dos mecanismos ósseos envolvidos na intrusão, ou efeito intrusivo, de dentes submetidos à correção da mordida aberta esquelética por meio do uso de quatro miniplacas. Métodos: Foram mensurados, em reconstruções 3D de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, os resultados da intrusão dentária, comparando-se o antes e o depois em 20 pacientes com mordida aberta esquelética, com idades entre 18 e 59 anos. Resultados: Os resultados permitem deduzir que as forças de compressão e de tração promovem, biologicamente, deformação ou deflexão da rede osteocítica controladora do design ósseo, e esses efeitos envolvem as superfícies externas e internas do osso, com formação de novas camadas, incluindo a parte cervical da crista óssea alveolar. Isso ajuda a compreender como ocorre a intrusão dentária nas mecânicas intrusivas cujas forças são de inclinação, e não de intrusão. As reabsorções radiculares promovidas pelo uso de miniplacas são insignificantes, em função da distribuição mais homogênea das forças nos vários dentes simultaneamente envolvidos. Conclusão: Os estudos imagiológicos tendem a captar, nas tomografias, cada vez mais detalhadamente os fenômenos subperiosteais e endosteais da intrusão dentária nos pacientes - antes e depois da aplicação das mecânicas intrusivas -, na forma de um conjunto de modificações que se chama intrusão dentária ou efeito intrusivo.

Traumatic Displacement of Maxillary Teeth into the Nasal Cavity: A Diagnosis Delayed for 15 Years

ABSTRACT Intrusion is defined as displacement of a tooth into the alveolar bone. In this report, we presented a patient with 15 years of delayed diagnosis of maxillary teeth intrusion into the nasal cavity. A 30-year-old male presented to our clinic with nasal discharge. He had been in a traffic accident 15 years ago. Radiographic examination revealed intrusion of two anterior teeth into the nasal cavity. In patients with maxillofacial trauma, the possibility of having an accompanying dentoalveolar trauma must always be kept in mind. While a computerized tomography (CT) scan is useful in diagnosis of such traumas, it must be performed in all patients with maxillofacial trauma to avoid misdiagnosis.

Stability of anterior open bite treatment with molar intrusion using skeletal anchorage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the degree of stability of anterior open bite (AOB) treatment performed through the molar intrusion supported with skeletal anchorage at least 1 year posttreatment. METHODS: This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016037513). A literature search was conducted to identify randomized (RCT) or non-randomized clinical trials based including those considering before and after design. Data sources were electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Lilacs, OpenGrey, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov . The quality of evidence was assessed through the JBI tool and certainty of evidence was evaluated through the GRADE tool. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted when appropriate. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty-four articles met the initial inclusion criteria. From these, only 6 remained. The mean posttreatment follow-up time was 2.5 years (SD = 1.04). The overbite showed a standardized mean relapse of - 1.23 mm (95% CI - 1.64, - 0.81, p < 0.0001). Maxillary and mandibular incisors presented a non-significant mean relapse, U1-PP - 0.04 mm (95% CI - 0.55, 0.48) and L1-MP - 0.10 mm (95% CI - 0.57, 0.37). Molar intrusion showed a relapse rate around 12% for the maxillary molars and a 27.2% for mandibular molars. CONCLUSION: The stability of AOB through molar intrusion using TADs can be considered relatively similar to that reported to surgical approaches, since 10 to 30% of relapse occurs both in maxillary and mandibular molars. The level of certainty ranged between very low and low. RCTs reporting dropout during the follow-up are in dire need.

BlockSIEM: Protecting Smart City Services through a Blockchain-based and Distributed SIEM.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has revolutionized several industries (e.g., manufacturing, health, transport, education, among others) by allowing objects to connect to the Internet and, thus, enabling a variety of novel applications. In this sense, IoT devices have become an essential component of smart cities, allowing many novel and useful services, but, at the same time, bringing numerous cybersecurity threats. The paper at hand proposes BlockSIEM, a blockchain-based and distributed Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solution framework for the protection of the aforementioned smart city services. The proposed SIEM relies on blockchain technology to securely store and access security events. Such security events are generated by IoT sentinels that are in charge of shielding groups of IoT devices. The IoT sentinels may be deployed in smart city scenarios, such as smart hospitals, smart transport systems, smart airports, among others, ensuring a satisfactory level of protection. The blockchain guarantees the non-repudiation and traceability of the registry of security events due to its features. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, our proposal is implemented using Ethereum and validated through different use cases and experiments.

Negligible tooth resorptions after anterior open bite treatment using skeletal anchorage with miniplates

ABSTRACT Introduction: When miniplates are used as anchoring for orthodontic mechanics for anterior open bite correction by retraction of anterior teeth and posterior teeth intrusion and retraction, orthodontically induced inflammatory external apical root resorption is clinically negligible. Methods: A homogeneous sample of 32 patients was used, and the roots of the teeth were compared on CT scans performed before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: The observed root resorption was minimal, and this can be explained by the uniform distribution of forces in several teeth, simultaneously, in the set of the dental arch and in the bone that supports the teeth. Conclusion: The most important thing to prevent root resorption in orthodontic practice, besides being concerned with the intensity of the applied forces, is to be careful with its distribution along the roots of each tooth, in the dental arch and in the bone that supports the teeth.

RESUMO Introdução: Quando são utilizadas miniplacas como ancoragem para a mecânica ortodôntica de correção da mordida aberta anterior por meio da retração dos dentes anteriores e intrusão e retração dos dentes posteriores, as reabsorções radiculares apicais externas inflamatórias induzidas ortodonticamente são clinicamente irrelevantes. Métodos: Usou-se uma amostra homogênea de 32 pacientes, e comparou-se as raízes dos dentes em tomografias realizadas antes e depois do tratamento ortodôntico. Resultados: As reabsorções radiculares observadas foram mínimas, e isso pode ser explicado pela distribuição uniforme das forças em vários dentes, simultaneamente, no conjunto da arcada dentária e no osso que suporta os dentes. Conclusão: O mais importante para se prevenir as reabsorções radiculares na prática ortodôntica, além de se preocupar com a intensidade das forças aplicadas, é tomar cuidado com a sua distribuição ao longo das raízes de cada dente, na arcada dentária e no osso que suporta os dentes.

Dynamics of major and trace elements during seawater intrusion in a coastal sedimentary aquifer impacted by anthropogenic activities.

This study analyzed the dynamics of major ions and trace elements along the groundwater flow path of the coastal sedimentary Todos Santos aquifer in Baja California Sur, Mexico, moderately impacted by anthropogenic activities. The results indicate that the elements Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and Li+ are mobilized from the aquifer matrix during seawater intrusion, whereas the alkali-elements Na+, K+ and Rb+ are removed from solution, possibly due to cationic exchange process. The anions HCO3- and SO42- and the elements I and B are mobilized due to carbonate mineral weathering, whereas dissolved silica and the halides Br- and F- behave conservatively during salinization. Groundwater NO3- is provided by sewage infiltration. Regarding trace elements behavior, we identify three groups: i) elements that are mobilized during saline intrusion (Fe, Co, V, Se, Re), ii) elements revealing low or no mobilization (Mo, Ni, Cr, Ta, W) and iii) elements that show an undefined tendency (U, As, Ge, Sb, Cu, Mn). The U and NO3- levels in groundwater should be considered carefully because several wells have concentrations close to the permissible levels. This study may be useful as reference for knowing the possible effect of salinization in coastal aquifers under sea level rise scenarios driven by climate change.

Trauma in Primary Teeth at a Specialized Service Center: Retrospective Cohort

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the occurrence of dental trauma in children up to six years of age and describe the results of clinical follow-up and possible sequelae. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out with data collected from the dental records of 96 pediatric patients up to 6 years old with traumatized primary teeth who sought care from the. Pediatric Dental Trauma project of a private university in the city of Rio de Janeiro from July 2014 to July 2017, and who had clinical and radiographic follow-up for up to three months as of their initial visit. Results: 96 children (58.3% boys and 41.7% girls) included who presented 166 traumatized primary teeth. Intrusion was the most observed type of trauma and in 45.8% of cases, the care occurred one-week post trauma. The maxillary central incisors were the most affected teeth (97.6%). The prognosis of the dental elements with more than 3 months of follow-up was considered favorable, and 59.6% of the teeth did not present any clinical or radiological sequelae. Oral hygiene instruction and monitoring were the most common approaches. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental trauma in the present study was high and occurred mainly in domestic settings. The upper central incisors were the teeth that suffered the most injuries. The presence of patients at follow-up visits was an important factor for the positive result in most cases.