Pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.

Pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (PIFR) is a rapidly progressive, potentially fatal disease. Previous medical literature demonstrates that its early diagnosis significantly reduces the risk of mortality in these patients. This study aims to present an updated clinical algorithm for optimized diagnosis and management of PIFR. A comprehensive review was conducted with only original, full-text articles published in English and Spanish from Cochrane Library, Pub-Med/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar between January 2010 and June 2022. Relevant information was extracted and then integrated to develop a clinical algorithm for a proper diagnosis and management of PIFR.

Mucormicosis orbitorrinocerebral: el manejo más allá de la cirugía. Informe de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: management beyond surgery. Clinical case report and literature review

Introducción: se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con mucormicosis orbitorrinocerebral y revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: se trata de hombre de 45 años que consultó por síntomas nasosinusales manejado ambulatoriamente con múltiples antibióticos sin mejoría, por lo cual se realizó manejo quirúrgico con toma de muestras que revelaron hifas compatibles con mucormicosis. Cuando acudió a la institución presentaba extensión de la infección a todas las cavidades nasales y parte de la base del cráneo. En la búsqueda de la inmunosupresión, se encontró una diabetes de novo de difícil control. Discusión: la mucormicosis orbitorrinocerebral es una enfermedad altamente invasiva que requiere un manejo multidisciplinario, cirugías seriadas y extendidas, antimicóticos tópicos y sistémicos. El pronóstico mejora y la evolución puede ser favorable cuando se logra controlar la causa de la inmunosupresión, en este caso la diabetes. Conclusiones: es requisito fundamental realizar un tratamiento multidisciplinario en el abordaje de estos pacientes, tanto en la especialidad clínica como en la quirúrgica, psicosocial, nutricional y de rehabilitación.

Introduction: It is the clinical case of a patient with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis and the review of the literature. Clinical case: We present the case of a previously healthy young man who started with sinonasal symptoms and hyphae compatible with mucormycosis were found in the initial samples of outpatient care. When he came to the institution, the infection had spread to all the nasal cavities and part of the skull base. Discussion: Searching for baseline immunosuppression, only difficult-to-control diabetes and de novo diagnosis were found. It required multidisciplinary management, serial and extended surgeries, topical, venous and oral antifungals. The prognosis improved and the evolution became favorable when glycemic control was achieved. Conclusion: It is a fundamental requirement to carry out a multidisciplinary work for the approach to these patients, both in the clinical, surgical, psychosocial, nutritional and rehabilitation specialties.

Factors associated with all-cause mortality in pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (PIFR) is a potentially lethal infection seen in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Even with timely treatments, mortality ranges between 18 and 80% of the cases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with all-cause mortality in pediatric patients with acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. SETTING: Tertiary pediatric referral center. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were included, 12 male and 6 female. The average age at diagnosis was 8.7 years (range 4 months-17 years), with 56% overall mortality and 44% survival after 60 months. The most common cause of immunosuppression was acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The only factor found affecting mortality was a time between diagnosis and surgery greater than 7 days. CONCLUSION: PIFR is an aggressive entity with high mortality. An appropriate diagnosis with an opportune surgical debridement followed by systemic antifungal therapy is essential to improve survival. Delay in surgical treatment is associated with higher mortality.

Rinosinusitis fúngica invasiva aguda: actualización en pacientes adultos y pediátricos / Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: update in adults and pediatric patients

RESUMEN La rinosinusitis fúngica invasiva aguda (RSFIA) es una enfermedad poco frecuente caracterizada por una infiltración fúngica de la submucosa y vasos sanguíneos de las cavidades nasal y paranasal. Afecta a pacientes con grados variables de inmunosupresión, destacando entre estas patologías subyacentes la diabetes mellitus y las neoplasias malignas hematológicas. Presenta una alta tasa de mortalidad, pudiendo reducirse significativamente si el diagnóstico y el tratamiento se realizan precozmente. Este artículo tiene por objetivo presentar una revisión actualizada de la literatura respecto a la presentación clínica, microbiología, factores de riesgos, métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento y pronóstico de la RSFIA, tanto en adultos como en niños.

ABSTRACT Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFS) is a rare disease characterized by fungal infiltration of the submucosa and blood vessels of the nasal y paranasal cavities. It affects almost exclusively patients with different degrees of immunosuppression, with underlying pathologies such as diabetes mellitus and hematological malignancies. AIFS has a high mortality rate, but it can be significantly reduced if the diagnosis and treatment are carried out early in the course of disease. This article aims to present an updated literature review regarding clinical presentation, microbiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment and prognosis of AIFS, both in adults and children.

Impact of early detection of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised patients.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) is vital to improving outcomes in immunocompromised patients. This study evaluated the impact of a systematic protocol with nasal endoscopy and biopsies to early detect AIFRS in immunocompromised patients. Additionally, we compared the accuracy of frozen-section biopsy and culture with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort in a Tertiary Referral Hospital. Patients with the suspected diagnosis of AIFRS were evaluated following a standardized protocol, including serial nasal endoscopies and biopsies when necessary. The sensitivity and specificity of frozen-section biopsy and culture were also compared with FFPE. RESULTS: The mortality rate related to AIFRS of this standardized cohort (13/43) was 30.2%. Better outcomes were observed in patients with disease limited to the turbinates and in those with higher peripheral neutrophils count. Frozen-section biopsy positivity correlated with FFPE findings for fungi detection (p-value < 0.0001), with a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 72.7%, and accuracy of 86.0%. CONCLUSION: Implementation of this standardized protocol was related to a considerably low mortality rate among patients with suspected AIFRS at our Institution. Frozen-section biopsy revealed high accuracy to diagnose AIFRS. The current protocol including frozen-tissue biopsy improved the evaluation and survival rates of immunocompromised patients with presumed AIFRS.