Medial femoral condyle OCD (osteochondritis dissecans): correlation between imaging and arthroscopy.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) describes a pathologic condition centered at the osteochondral junction that may result in an unstable subchondral fragment (progeny), disruption of the overlying cartilage, which may separate from the underlying parent bone. It is one of the causes of chronic knee pain in children and young adults. The current literature on OCD lesions focuses primarily on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), but inconsistent use of terminology, particularly in the distinction of OCD lesions between skeletally immature and mature patients has created uncertainty regarding imaging workup, treatment, and long-term prognosis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of MFC OCD lesions, highlighting the role of endochondral ossification at the secondary growth plate of the immature femoral condyles, the rationale behind the imaging work-up, and key imaging findings that can distinguish between stable lesions, unstable lesions, and physiologic variants. This overview also provides a case-based review to introduce imaging correlates with the ROCK (Research in Osteochondritis of the Knee) arthroscopic classification.

Bilateral juvenile osteochondrosis dissecans in monozygotic twins: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The etiology of osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD), a chondropathy associated with detachment of the subchondral bone and the overlaying cartilage, is not yet fully understood. While repetitive physical exercise-related stress is usually assumed to be the main risk factor for the occurrence of OCD, genetic predisposition could have an underestimated influence on the development of the disease. CASE REPORT: We report a case of monozygotic twins with almost identical stages of bilateral osteochondrosis dissecans of the knee joint. In both patients, initially, a unilateral lesion occurred; despite restricted physical exercise, in the further course of the disease a lesion also developed on the contralateral side. While the lesion found most recently demonstrated an ongoing healing process at a 6-month follow-up, the other three lesions showed a natural course of healing under conservative treatment with significant clinical as well as radiological improvements after one year and complete consolidation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after 2 years. CONCLUSION: There could be a genetic component to the development of OCD, although this has not yet been proven. Based on a two-year MRI follow-up, we were able to show the self-limiting characteristics of juvenile osteochondrosis dissecans.

Pediatric thrower's elbow: maturation-dependent MRI findings in symptomatic baseball players.

BACKGROUND: Elbow pain is common among youth baseball players and elbow MRI is increasingly utilized to complement the clinical assessment. OBJECTIVE: To characterize, according to skeletal maturity, findings on elbow MRI from symptomatic youth baseball players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included pediatric (<18 years of age) baseball players with elbow pain who underwent MRI examinations between 2010 and 2021. Two radiologists, blinded to the outcome, independently reviewed examinations to categorize skeletal maturity and to identify osseous and soft tissue findings with consensus used to resolve discrepancies. Findings were compared between skeletally immature and mature patients and logistic regression models identified predictors of surgery. RESULTS: This study included 130 children (115 boys, 15 girls): 85 skeletally immature and 45 mature (12.8±2.3 and 16.2±1.0 years, respectively, p<0.01). Kappa coefficient for interobserver agreement on MRI findings ranged from 0.64 to 0.96. Skeletally immature children, when compared to mature children, were more likely to have elbow effusion (27%, 23/85 vs 9%, 4/45; p=0.03), medial epicondyle marrow edema (53%, 45/85 vs 16%, 7/45; p<0.01), avulsion fracture (19%, 16/85 vs 2%, 1/45; p=0.02), and juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD, 22%, 19/85 vs 7%, 3/45; p=0.04), whereas skeletally mature children were more likely to have sublime tubercle marrow edema (49%, 22/45 vs 11%, 9/85; p<0.01) and triceps tendinosis (40%, 18/45 vs 20%, 17/85; p=0.03). Intra-articular body (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.5-47.8, p=0.02) and osteochondritis dissecans (OR=3.7, 95% CI 1.1-11.9, p=0.03) were independent predictors for surgery. CONCLUSION: Differential patterns of elbow MRI findings were observed among symptomatic pediatric baseball players based on regional skeletal maturity. Intra-articular body and osteochondritis dissecans were independent predictors of surgery.

Naturally occurring osteochondrosis latens lesions identified by quantitative and morphological 10.5 T MRI in pigs.

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a pediatric orthopedic disorder that involves the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex and underlying bone. Clinical disease is often characterized by the presence of radiographically apparent osteochondral flaps and fragments. The existence of early JOCD lesions (osteochondrosis latens [OCL] and osteochondrosis manifesta [OCM]) that precede the development of osteochondral flaps and fragments is also well recognized. However, identification of naturally occurring OCL lesions (confined to cartilage) using noninvasive imaging techniques has not yet been accomplished. We hypothesized that 10.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify naturally occurring OCL lesions at predilection sites in intact joints of juvenile pigs. Unilateral elbows and knees (stifles) were harvested from three pigs aged 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and scanned in a 10.5 T MRI to obtain morphological 3D DESS images, and quantitative T2 and T1ρ relaxation time maps. Areas with increased T2 and T1ρ relaxation times in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex were identified in 1/3 distal femora and 3/3 distal humeri and were considered suspicious for OCL or OCM lesions. Histological assessment confirmed the presence of OCL or OCM lesions at each of these sites and failed to identify additional lesions. Histological findings included necrotic vascular profiles associated with areas of chondronecrosis either confined to the epiphyseal cartilage (OCL, 4- and 8-week-old specimens) or resulting in a delay in endochondral ossification (OCM, 12-week-old specimen). Future studies with clinical MR systems (≤7 T) are needed to determine whether these MRI methods are suitable for the in vivo diagnosis of early JOCD lesions in humans.

Evaluation of the Suitability of Miniature Pigs as an Animal Model of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans.

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a developmental disease characterized by formation of intra-articular (osteo)chondral flaps or fragments. Evidence-based treatment guidelines for JOCD are currently lacking. An animal model would facilitate study of JOCD and evaluation of diagnostic and treatment approaches. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of miniature pigs as a model of JOCD at the distal femur. First, stifle (knee) joints harvested from three juvenile miniature pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish the vascular architecture of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage. Second, vessels supplying the axial or abaxial aspects of the medial femoral condyle were surgically interrupted in four additional juvenile miniature pigs, and the developing epiphyseal cartilage lesions were monitored using three consecutive MRI examinations over nine weeks. The miniature pigs were then euthanized, and their distal femora were harvested for histological evaluation. Vascular architecture of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage in the miniature pigs was found to be nearly identical to that of juvenile human subjects, characterized by separate vascular beds supplying the axial and abaxial aspects of the condyles. Surgical interruption of the vascular supply to the abaxial aspect of the medial femoral condyle resulted in ischemic cartilage necrosis (a precursor lesion of JOCD) in 75% (3/4) of the miniature pigs. Cartilage lesions were identified during the first MRI performed 3 weeks post-operatively. No clinically apparent JOCD-like lesions developed. In conclusion, miniature pigs are suitable for modeling JOCD precursor lesions. Further investigation of the model is warranted to assess induction of clinically apparent JOCD lesions. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2130-2137, 2019.

Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee.

Recurrent or chronic activity related knee pain is common in young athletes. Numerous intrinsic conditions affecting the knee can cause such pain. In addition, knee pain can be referred pain from low back, hip or pelvic pathology. The most common cause of knee pain in young athletes is patellofemoral pain syndrome, or more appropriately termed idiopathic anterior knee pain. Although, numerous anatomical and biomechanical factors have been postulated to contribute the knee pain in young athletes, the most common underlying reason is overuse injury. In this paper, we have reviewed selected conditions that case knee pain in athletes, including anterior knee pain syndrome, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larsen-Johanssen syndrome, juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD), bipartite patella, plica syndrome, and tendonitis around the knee.

Management strategies for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature athlete.

SYNOPSIS: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a disorder resulting in focal breakdown of the subchondral bone, with potential disruption of the overlying articular cartilage. The femoral condyles of the knee are the most common locations for OCD, and the incidence of OCD appears to be increasing among active children. Juvenile OCD (JOCD) can be distinguished from adult OCD by the presence of open growth plates. Due to a lack of evidence on its early diagnosis, optimal treatment, and long-term course of healing, JOCD presents a unique challenge for the health care team. Approximately 50% to 67% of stable JOCD lesions heal successfully with nonoperative treatment. For unstable lesions and stable lesions that fail nonoperative treatment, a variety of surgical interventions can be utilized to stimulate bony healing and address articular cartilage lesions. It is recommended that rehabilitation of JOCD be tailored to the individual patient, based on the stage and radiographic status of the lesion and the mode of surgery employed when surgically addressed. Although there is a growing body of literature on this condition, the etiology and optimal methods for treatment, rehabilitation, and evaluating outcomes remain inconclusive due to a lack of quality evidence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapy, level 5.