The Significant Impact of High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Serum Lipid Profile and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Overweight and Obese Adults.

Background and objectives Overweight and obesity are becoming more commonplace globally. The ketogenic diet (KD), also known as the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, has become increasingly popular in recent years as a means to lose weight quickly. This present study aims to examine the clinical effects of ketogenic diets in individuals who are obese or overweight by evaluating or assessing variations in metabolic parameters associated with lipid control, the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and other kidney risk indicators. Methods and subjects This observational case-control research involved 250 individuals in total and was conducted from May 2023 to January 2024. Of these, 158 were on a ketogenic diet, and 92 adults not following any type of diet were chosen to serve as controls. The biochemistry parameters of the kidney function test and lipid profile were measured for the two comparing groups. Data were analyzed for statistical significance using the Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc test (least significant difference (LSD)). Chi-square tests were employed in the analysis to compare proportions. Results Out of 250 participants, there was a 20-80 age range, with their median age being 40 years old. The two comparing groups' lipid profiles were very different from one another; the cardiovascular risk (triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels were all greater in the KD group when compared to the non-KD group. The mean LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of the normal-weight participants was 56 mg/dL (p=0.079). Thereafter, it experienced a significant rise to 97.58 mg/dL and 108.2 mg/dL in those individuals who were overweight and obese, respectively (p<0.020). Conclusions As obesity rates in the populace keep rising, dietary fads such as the ketogenic diet are gaining traction. Although they could help with weight loss, this study had a notable observation of severe hypercholesterolemia and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among the ketogenic diet participants. Additional research is necessary to ascertain if a ketogenic diet can be sustained over the long term and how it affects endpoints that are more clinically significant, such as morbidity and mortality due to obesity.

Protective effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction - A comprehensive review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of illnesses that affect the heart or blood vessels, leading to the most common causes of death worldwide. In 2017, CVD caused approximately 17.8 million deaths that were increased approximately to 20.5 million deaths in 2021, globally. Also, nearly 80% of worldwide CVD deaths occur in some countries. Some herbs and their constituents due to their several pharmacological activities have been used for medicinal purposes. Carvacrol is a phenolic mono-terpenoid found in the oils of aromatic herbs with several biological properties. The possible therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction were summarized in the current study. The data from this review article were obtained by searching the terms including; "Carvacrol", "Hypertension", Hypotensive, "Cardiac dysfunction", "Ischemia", "Lipid profile", and Oxidative stress in several web databases such as Web of Sciences, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, until November 2023. The results of the reviewed studies revealed that carvacrol inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and alters lipid profiles, reducing heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Carvacrol also decreased the proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1ß), while increasing secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Moreover, carvacrol improved oxidative stress and mitigated the number of apoptotic cells. The pharmacological effects of carvacrol on CVD might be through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The mentioned therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profile, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction indicate the possible remedy effect of carvacrol for the treatment of CVD.

The effects of plum products consumption on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Consumption of plum does not yet clearly affect the lipid profile. To ascertain the advantages of plum consumption on adult lipid profiles, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We used pertinent keywords to search the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science up to November 10th, 2022, in order to find trials that were eligible. According to the analyses, eating plum significantly lowers LDL levels compared to controls (WMD: -12.50 mg/dL, 95% CI: -22.06, -2.94, p = .010). Although plum consumption did not result in significant changes in TG (WMD: 0.56 mg/dL, 95% CI: -6.02, 7.15, p = .866), TC (WMD: -12.35 mg/dL, 95% CI: -25.05, 0.37, p = .057), and HDL concentrations (WMD: -0.39 mg/dL, 95% CI: -4.69, 3.89, p = .855) compared to the control group. Intake of plums, particularly the intervention type of dried plums, significantly decreased TC levels in unhealthy subjects, according to subgroup analysis. The consumption of plums had a notably statistically significant effect on LDL levels when the intervention type was dried plum and unhealthy subjects were enrolled. Due to the very low to moderate quality of meta-evidence, to show how eating plum improves lipid profile, further high-quality research are still essential.

Hydroxytyrosol, a Promising Supplement in the Management of Human Stroke: An Exploratory Study.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a bioactive olive oil phenol with beneficial effects in a number of pathological situations. We have previously demonstrated that an HT-enriched diet could serve as a beneficial therapeutic approach to attenuate ischemic-stroke-associated damage in mice. Our exploratory pilot study examined this effect in humans. Particularly, a nutritional supplement containing 15 mg of HT/day was administered to patients 24 h after the onset of stroke, for 45 days. Biochemical and oxidative-stress-related parameters, blood pressure levels, serum proteome, and neurological and functional outcomes were evaluated at 45 and 90 days and compared to a control group. The main findings were that the daily administration of HT after stroke could: (i) favor the decrease in the percentage of glycated hemoglobin and diastolic blood pressure, (ii) control the increase in nitric oxide and exert a plausible protective effect in oxidative stress, (iii) modulate the evolution of the serum proteome and, particularly, the expression of apolipoproteins, and (iv) be beneficial for certain neurological and functional outcomes. Although a larger trial is necessary, this study suggests that HT could be a beneficial nutritional complement in the management of human stroke.

Lipid Profile Perturbations Associated With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Descriptive Study.

Background Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder associated with dyslipidemia, which increases cardiovascular risk. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and their correlation in a diverse population. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with SCH. Data were collected over 19 months from the Clinical Biochemistry Department of a Moroccan university hospital. A total of 447 patients were included based on comprehensive lipid profile and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assessments, and normal free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Lipid profile and TSH measurements followed standardized procedures using the Cobas Roche® 6000 system (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, USA). Dyslipidemia and SCH were defined according to established thresholds recommended by reputable organizations. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA), with significance set at p < 0.05. Results In the total population (447 individuals), the prevalence of dyslipidemia was approximately 42.05% (N = 188), with hypoHDLemia being most prevalent at approximately 31.31% (N = 140). The prevalence of SCH was approximately 12.75% (N = 57), with women constituting approximately 7.6% and men approximately 5.15%. In the euthyroid group 1 (N = 390), the prevalence of dyslipidemia was approximately 40.76% (159 individuals), while in the hypothyroid group 2 (N = 57), it increased to approximately 50.87% (N = 29). Hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in Group 2, with a prevalence of approximately 21.05% (N = 12), compared to Group 1, which had a prevalence of approximately 13.84% (N = 54). Additionally, hypoHDLemia was notably higher in Group 2, with a prevalence of approximately 38.59% (N = 22), compared to Group 1, which had a prevalence of approximately 30.25% ( N = 118). The chi-square test revealed a significant association between SCH and dyslipidemia (χ2 = 1.427, p < 0.05). The calculated odds ratio (OR) of 1.5 (p < 0.05) indicates that individuals with SCH are 1.5 times more likely to have dyslipidemia compared to those without SCH. Conclusion In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with SCH in our patient population. We observed a notable prevalence of dyslipidemia among individuals with SCH, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Importantly, while chi-square tests revealed a significant association between SCH and dyslipidemia, logistic regression analyses did not confirm a statistically significant correlation after adjusting for potential confounders.

Evaluation of Sechium edule fruit attenuation impact on the cardiomyopathy of the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Sechium edule, commonly known as chayote is known for its low glycemic index, high fiber content, and rich nutritional profile, which suggests it may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes. While research specifically examining the impact of chayote on diabetes is limited, this study screened its biological impacts by using different biomarkers on streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-ID) rats. The ethanolic extract of the Sechium edule fruits was assessed for different phytochemical, biochemical, and anti-diabetic properties. In the results, chayote extract had high phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively (39.25 ± 0.65 mg/mL and 12.16 ± 0.50 mg/mL). These high phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high implications on STZ-ID rats. Altogether 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract considerably reduced the blood sugar level and enhanced the lipid profile of the STZ-ID rats. Additionally, they have decreased blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Besides, the levels of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium, and potassium ions were significantly lowered after the administration period. More importantly, the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as QT, RR, and QTc which were prolonged in the diabetic rats were downregulated after 35 days of administration of S. edule extract (400 mg/kg). And, the histological examination of the pancreas and kidney showed marked improvement in structural features of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups when compared to the diabetic control group. Where the increase in the glucose levels was positively correlated with QT, RR, and QTc (r2 = 0.76, r2 = 0.76, and r2 = 0.43) which means that ECG could significantly reflect the diabetes glucose levels. In conclusion, our findings showed that the fruit extract exerts a high potential to reduce artifacts secondary to diabetes which can be strongly suggested for diabetic candidates. However, there is a need to study the molecular mechanisms of the extract in combating artifacts secondary to diabetes in experimental animals.

Linking elevated HbA1c with atherogenic lipid profile among high risk cardiovascular patients at Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

The relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and an atherogenic lipid profile which is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease is of interest. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 83 participants aged between 14 and 77 years. Their venous blood was drawn to determine the HbA1c and fasting lipid profile including total cholesterol triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) non-HDL cholesterol and the LDL/HDL ratio were also calculated. The correlations between HbA1c levels and these lipid profile parameters were analyzed. The study showed a significant correlation between HbA1c and LDL-C non-HDL-C and the LDL/HDL ratio. Although there was no significant difference in total cholesterol levels among all groups the levels of total cholesterol and HbA1c were positively correlated. HDL-C exhibited direct correlations with HbA1c there was no correlation between HbA1c and clinical characteristics except for age. Data shows that HbA1c can be used as a predictor of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients there is a significant correlation between HbA1c and an atherogenic lipid profile which highlights the importance of glycemic control in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Evaluation of a Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and Pre-diabetic Saudi Office Employees in Makka Region: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant health challenge worldwide. The impact of a sedentary lifestyle in predicting and managing complications of diabetes represents an urgent need for health strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lipid profile among normoglycemic and prediabetic Saudi office workers. METHODS: The research was a case-control study carried out in Makkah al-Mukarramah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA). Seventy-five office worker volunteers between the ages of 19 and 45 years were recruited for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: a control group of non-diabetic normal subjects (NGT) and prediabetic subjects with impaired fasting plasma glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), based on the American Diabetes Association recommendations. Measurements of glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were performed using standard procedures and commercial kits. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the lipid profile in the two groups, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A proportion (58.7%) of the office workers are prediabetics; prediabetic office workers had higher total cholesterol compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels were higher in office workers with prediabetes compared to the normoglycemic group (p < 0.05). LDL levels were elevated in the prediabetic office workers compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Office employees with prediabetes exhibit elevated levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. The disturbance in lipid profile may be linked to impaired glucose tolerance in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle, such as office workers.

Predictive Effects of Early Pregnancy Lipid Profile and Fasting Plasma Glucose on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes mellitus's (GDM's) prevalence in Sri Lanka ranges from 5.5% to 11.5%. It is associated with maternal and perinatal complications, emphasizing the need for early screening and intervention. This study aims to determine the predictive effect of early pregnancy lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose for GDM. METHODS: It is a prospective cohort study of 172 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at a tertiary hospital in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Prediction was derived by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in multivariable logistic regression, assessing lipid and glucose effects on GDM risk. RESULTS: The study included 172 participants (mean age: 29.84±5.38). GDM's prevalence was 16.9%, and 57.14% of these mothers were obese. Significant differences in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values were observed between the first visit and at 24-28 weeks. GDM mothers showed elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Triglyceride (TG) levels correlated significantly with FPG at the Point of Assessment (POA), identifying a 0.945 mmol/L cutoff with 75% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity. Logistic regression confirmed a significant TG-GDM relationship. There is an association between FPG levels measured in early pregnancy and the likelihood of developing GDM later on. Specifically, when FPG levels in early pregnancy surpass a cutoff value of 3.94 mmol/L, there is an increased risk of GDM, indicated by an OR of 3.81 Conclusion: Early pregnancy FPG and TG levels are potential markers for predicting GDM. FPG shows higher predictive efficacy than TG. Total cholesterol, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lack predictive ability.

Association Between Smoking and Lipid Profile in Men Aged 35 to 70 Years: Dose-Response Analysis.

Dyslipidemia is linked to various health complications, including cardiovascular disease and inflammation. This study aimed to assess the association between smoking and lipid profile in the Tabari cohort population. Data from the Tabari Cohort Study involving 4,149 men were analyzed. A standardized questionnaire collected smoking history, while blood samples measured lipid levels and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Statistical analysis utilized chi-square tests and logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. The prevalence of smoking was 893 (21.52%; urban: 20.6%, mountainous: 23.8%, significant level: .024). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) among smokers 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-1.77, p < .001) was the same as non-smokers. The adjusted OR of high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in men with 1 to 10, 11 to 20, and more than 20 cigarettes per day was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.73-1.25), 1.30 (95% CI: 0.99-1.71), and 2.64 (95% CI: 1.32-5.27) and low HDL was equal to 1.34 (95% CI: 1.06-1.68), 1.61 (95% CI: 1.26-2.05), and 2.24 (95% CI: 1.13-4.42) compared with non-smokers, respectively. The study findings indicate that smoking is associated with lower HDL levels, even after adjusting for potential confounders. The odds of low HDL and high LDL increases with higher smoking intensity. The low HDL and high LDL levels in individuals smoking over 20 cigarettes/day, respectively, show a 2.24-fold and a 2.64-fold increased odds compared to non-smokers. These findings highlight the importance of smoking cessation in relation to lipid profiles and related health risks.

Weight loss treatment for COVID-19 in patients with NCDs: a pilot prospective clinical trial.

COVID-19 comorbid with noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) complicates the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and increases the mortality rate. The aim is to evaluate the effects of a restricted diet on clinical/laboratory inflammation and metabolic profile, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and body composition in patients with COVID-19 comorbid with NCDs. We conducted a 6-week open, pilot prospective controlled clinical trial. The study included 70 adult patients with COVID-19 comorbid with type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). INTERVENTIONS: a restricted diet including calorie restriction, hot water drinking, walking, and sexual self-restraint. PRIMARY ENDPOINTS: COVID-19 diagnosis by detecting SARS-CoV-2 genome by RT-PCR; weight loss in Main group; body temperature; C-reactive protein. Secondary endpoints: the number of white blood cells; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; adverse effects during treatment; fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP); blood lipids; ALT/AST, chest CT-scan. In Main group, patients with overweight lost weight from baseline (- 12.4%; P < 0.0001); 2.9% in Main group and 7.2% in Controls were positive for COVID-19 (RR: 0.41, CI: 0.04-4.31; P = 0.22) on the 14th day of treatment. Body temperature and C-reactive protein decreased significantly in Main group compared to Controls on day 14th of treatment (P < 0.025). Systolic/diastolic BP normalized (P < 0.025), glucose/lipids metabolism (P < 0.025); ALT/AST normalized (P < 0.025), platelets increased from baseline (P < 0.025), chest CT (P < 0.025) in Main group at 14 day of treatment. The previous antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and other symptomatic medications were adequately decreased to completely stop during the weight loss treatment. Thus, the fast weight loss treatment may be beneficial for the COVID-19 patients with comorbid T2D, hypertension, and NASH over traditional medical treatment because, it improved clinical and laboratory/instrumental data on inflammation; glucose/lipid metabolism, systolic/diastolic BPs, and NASH biochemical outcomes, reactive oxygen species; and allowed patients to stop taking medications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05635539 (02/12/2022): https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05635539?term=NCT05635539&draw=2&rank=1 .

From plate to profile: investigating the influence of dietary habits and inactive lifestyle on lipid profile in medical students at clerkship.

BACKGROUND: Dietary habits have a strong association with body lipid levels and hyperlipidemia increases the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Dietary habits have been a major concern among medical students due to busy schedules and demanding tasks. This study was designed to know the dietary habits and lifestyle of medical students and its association with their lipid profile. METHODS: We recruited 120 medical students at clerkship of the age of 18 and above. Weekly dietary habits were evaluated by an 18-item questionnaire. Five ml blood was drawn from the students and lipid profiles were measured at Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory (DDRRL). Data was analyzed by SPSS V.22. RESULTS: We found 70% of students were not involved in any physical activity throughout the week. Only 15.83% were following a regular diet plan. 65% of students were eating junk food for more than 3 days a week in their weekly diet. Moreover, 19.2%, 39.2%, 32.5%, and 25.84% of students were having their total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL levels above the optimum ranges respectively which were frequently found in students of final year (p < 0.05). There was high total cholesterol and LDL in males as compared to females (p value < 0.05). Total cholesterol and LDL were associated with skipped meal, use of junk food and carbonated drinks for more than 3 days a week (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a notable number of students with poor dietary habits, inactive lifestyle and lipid levels above the optimum ranges defined by American Heart Association (AHA) that have an association with dietary habits. This is alarming and can impact the health of future healthcare workers. There is a need to investigate the factors and remedies to help medical students to follow a healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Comprehensive meta-analysis of the effects of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate plus conjugated equine oestrogens on the lipid profile in women: Insights from randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Menopause is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk due to the loss of the cardioprotective effect of oestrogens. Postmenopausal women are often prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in order to control menopause symptoms and correct hormone imbalances; however, HRT can impact serum lipids' concentrations. At present, data on the effect of the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate plus conjugated equine oestrogens (MPACEE) on the lipid profile in females are uncertain, as the investigations conducted so far have produced conflicting results. Thus, we aimed to clarify the impact of MPACEE prescription on the serum lipids' values in women by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: We employed a random-effects model based on the DerSimonian and Laird method to determine the combined estimates of the intervention's impact on the lipid profile. The computation of the weighted mean difference (WMD) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) relied on the mean and standard deviation values from both the MPACEE and control group, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 53 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis with 68 RCT arms on total cholesterol (TC), 70 RCT arms on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), and 69 RCT arms on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Administration of MPACEE resulted in a significant reduction of TC (WMD = -11.93 mg/dL; 95% CI: -13.42, -10.44; p < .001) and LDL-C (WMD = -16.61 mg/dL; 95% CI: -17.97, -15.26; p < .001) levels, and a notable increase in HDL-C (WMD = 3.40 mg/dL; 95% CI: 2.93, 3.86; p < .001) and TG (WMD = 10.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: 7.92, 12.64; p < .001) concentrations. Subgroup analysis revealed that changes in the lipid profile were influenced by several factors: body mass index (for TC, HDL-C, TG), MPACEE dosages (for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG), age (for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG), durations of the intervention (for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG), continuous/sequential administration of MPACEE (continuous for TC; sequential for LDL-C, TG) administration of MPACEE and serum lipids' concentrations before enrolment in the RCT (for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG). CONCLUSIONS: MPACEE administration can influence serum lipids' concentrations in females by raising HDL-C and TG levels and reducing LDL-C and TC values. Therefore, postmenopausal women who suffer from hypercholesterolaemia might benefit from this type of HRT.

Lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, endothelial dysfunction, and heart rate variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A case-control study among UAE population.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the chronic inflammation and cause of endothelial dysfunction (ED). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a marker of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. We investigated the association of lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, endothelial dysfunction, and heart rate variability in adolescents with T1DM among UAE population. Method: In this case-control study we recruited 126 adolescents (13-22 years) from Abu Dhabi, UAE (United Arab Emirates). Demographic, anthropometric, blood and urine samples were collected after an overnight fasting. HRV measurements were determined per Task Force recommendations. Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to compare groups. Adjusted conditional logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants independently associated with T1DM. Results: The mean ages in control (n = 47) and patient (n = 79) groups were 17.5 ± 4.6 and 18.6 ± 4.8 years, respectively. A family history of diabetes and waist and hip circumferences significantly differed between the groups (p = 0.030 and 0.010). The patients with T1DM exhibited significantly higher levels of atherogenic markers than control. Endothelial dysfunction biomarkers such as levels of sICAM-1 (p < 0.001), adiponectin (p < 0.001) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p < 0.001) were significantly different in the control group compared with those in the T1DM group. There was a significant difference in SDNN intervals, NN50, pNN50, and SD1/SD2 among the two groups. In adjusted analysis, total cholesterol (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 2.78, 95 % CI:1.37-5.64; p = 0.005), LDL (2.66, 95%CI:1.19-5.92; p = 0.017), and triglycerides (5.51, 95%CI:1.57-19.41; p = 0.008) were significantly associated with developing T1DM. The HRV indicators were significantly associated with decrease odds of T1DM after controlling for SBP, BMI, and family history of DM. Conclusion: In this study, adolescents with T1DM showed a significant association with lipid profile, ED, and HRV compared with controls. Thus, an early attention to diabetes control is required to reduce the risk of cardiac autonomic neuropathy leading to various cardiovascular diseases.

The therapeutic effect of alcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora on high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats: an animal experiment.

Background and purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing problem with a significant burden. Lifestyle modification is the recommended treatment, but researchers are exploring other options. This study focused on the effects of Fumaria parviflora (FP) extracts on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Experimental approach: Thirty-five 10-week-old male Wister-Albino rats were divided into seven groups: normal diet control, high fat diet control, high fat diet with oral normal saline gavage, high fat diet with oral Atorvastatin gavage, and three groups receiving high fat diet with FP extract in 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg.Blood samples of rats were used for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).1×1 cm Liver biopsies were taken, stained with Trichrome Stain (Masson) and Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain for evaluation by a pathologist. Findings/results: Lab results showed that FP extract inhibits weight gain, has positive effects on triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase levels, and reduces hepatocyte ballooning and inflammation in rats. Conclusion: FP extract may lower liver enzymes and have a positive impact on triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels in rats with NAFLD.

The effect of probiotic-fortified kefir on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly population: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of cardiovascular disease (CVD) augments with age. Gut dysbiosis can worsen or initiate systemic disorders such as metabolic diseases and CVDs. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the effect of kefir fortified with Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R017 on CVD risk factors in the elderly population. The subjects of this study were selected from the Motahari Clinic in Shiraz, Iran. METHOD: This study was a double-blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial that was conducted on 67 elderly people who were randomly divided into two groups: the fortified kefir group (n = 32), which received one bottle of fortified kefir (240 cc), and the placebo group (n = 35), which received one bottle of regular kefir for eight weeks. To analyze the data, SPSS software was applied. RESULTS: After eight weeks, significant differences were seen in atherogenic and Castell's risk index I between the fortified and regular groups (p = 0.048 and p = 0.048, respectively). No significant differences were found in Castelli's risk index II, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), non-HDL-C, TG-cholesterol index, and fasting blood sugar by comparing the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our investigation demonstrated that fortified kefir with probiotics did not significantly affect lipid profiles. Still, it could significantly affect some indices, including Castelli's risk index I and atherogenic index. More studies are required to confirm the findings and mechanisms of probiotics' effect on CVD risk factors. TRIAL NUMBER: The present registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20130227012628N3) at 2023-02-21.

Determination of the Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indices in Selected Infant Formulas.

The quality of fat in infant milk is determined by the fatty acid profile and selected indices describing nutritional value. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile and lipid quality indices of infant formulas and compare these data with breast milk. The study material included seven types of cow's milk-based follow-on infant formulas and samples of mature breast milk. The determination of fatty acids was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) technique. Lipid quality indices were calculated based on the relevant equations. Infant formulas contained more medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and oleic acid. Moreover, they contained more than 30% more linoleic acid and more than twice as much α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, significant amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were noted in breast milk, while infant formulas contained trace amounts. Infant formulas were characterized by a lower AI (Index of Atherogenicity) (0.49-0.98) and TI (Index of Thrombogenicity) (0.48-0.60) and a higher H/H (hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic) ratio (1.93-2.30) compared with breast milk (1.47, 1.60, and 1.21, respectively). The composition of infant formulas depended on the type of fat added at the production stage and differed significantly from breast milk, particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid quality indices.

Influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Supplementation on the Glycaemic Index, Lipid Profile, and Microbiome of Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aging is a time-dependent complex biological process of organisms with gradual deterioration of the anatomical and physiological functions. The role of gut microbiota is inevitable in the aging process. Probiotic interventions improve gut homeostasis and support healthy aging by enhancing beneficial species and microbial biodiversity in older adults. The present preliminary clinical trial delves into the impact of an 8-week Lactobacillus rhamnosus intervention (10 × 109 CFU per day) on the glycaemic index, lipid profile, and microbiome of elderly subjects. Body weight, body fat, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are assessed at baseline (Week 0) and after treatment (Week 8) in placebo and probiotic groups. Gaussian regression analysis highlights a significant improvement in LDL cholesterol in the probiotic group (p = 0.045). Microbiome analysis reveals numeric changes in taxonomic abundance at various levels. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria increases its relative frequency (RF) from 14.79 ± 5.58 at baseline to 23.46 ± 8.02 at 8 weeks, though statistically insignificant (p = 0.100). Compared to the placebo group, probiotic supplementations significantly increased the proteobacteria abundance. Genus-level analysis indicates changes in the abundance of several microbes, including Escherichia-Shigella, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides, but only Butyricimonas showed a statistically significant level of reduction in its abundance. Probiotic supplementations significantly altered the Escherichia-Shigella and Sutterella abundance compared to the placebo group. At the species level, Bacteroides vulgatus substantially increases after probiotic treatment (p = 0.021). Alpha and beta diversity assessments depict subtle shifts in microbial composition. The study has limitations, including a small sample size, short study duration, single-strain probiotic use, and lack of long-term follow-up. Despite these constraints, the study provides valuable preliminary insights into the multifaceted impact of L. rhamnosus on elderly subjects. Further detailed studies are required to define the beneficial effect of L. rhamnosus on the health status of elderly subjects.

Assessment of Serum Atherogenic Indices and Insulin Resistance in Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate serum atherogenic indices as novel cardiovascular risk factors associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Materials and Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 57 patients with newly diagnosed RVO whose plasma lipid profile (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], total cholesterol [TC], and triglycerides [TG]) and insulin resistance were examined. Serum atherogenic indices (LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratios) and presence of insulin resistance were compared between the patients and 63 healthy subjects. Cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: The mean age of the RVO patients was 63.7±9.4 years. Plasma levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and TG showed no significant difference between the patient and control groups (p>0.05). However, LDL-C/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C ratios were higher in the RVO group compared to healthy subjects (p=0.015, p=0.036, and p=0.015, respectively). Fasting insulin concentrations, plasma insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were higher in the RVO patients compared to controls (p=0.003, p=0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratios were found to be increased in RVO. Compared to the traditional plasma lipid profile, serum atherogenic indices were found to be superior predictors of RVO development. Measurement of HOMA-IR index should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of insulin resistance. High serum atherogenic indexes in RVO patients reveal the need to take precautions against the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.

Effectiveness of statins in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: People living with HIV (PLWH) receiving statin therapy have shown improved lipid profiles. However, they are not free from side effects, thereby requiring strict monitoring of the therapy. The meta-analysis aims to analyze the effect of statins in PLWH and critically appraise the effectiveness of statin therapy in PLWH. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science servers were used to conduct a systematic search in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis of pooled effect estimates is produced using Revman software. RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs with 8716 participants were included in the analysis. Analysis of the overall effect estimates found that statins resulted in a mean reduction of 41.15 mg/dl (MD = -41.15; 95% CI: -44.19, -38.11; p < 0.00001), 34.99 mg/dl (MD = -34.99; 95% CI: -34.99; 95% CI: -41.16, -28.82; p < 0.00001), and 7.36 mg/dl (MD = -7.36; 95% CI = -48.35, -33.62; p < 0.00001) in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, respectively. It is revealed that statins are associated with a significant increase in the discontinuation rate of treatment compared to placebo treatment (RR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.36-2.65; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: When considered collectively, statin therapy's advantages appear to exceed its occasional predictable side effects like liver or muscle toxicity. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42023469521.