Low-temperature pulverization-specific Sargassum horneri extract accelerates wound healing and attenuates inflammation in a mouse burn model.

Burn injuries, affecting local skin disruption as well as inducing systemic inflammatory responses, are presented as a global public health problem. To enhance the effects of burn wound healing, treatment must simultaneously regulate both re-epithelialization and hyperinflammation. Extracts of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) have shown a potential to enhance skin wound healing through antioxidative properties, immune enhancement, and modulation of inflammatory responses. However, despite its promising application for burn wound healing, specific investigation into S. horneri-derived compounds for enhancing wound healing has not yet been conducted. In this research, we investigated the burn wound-healing effect of the low-temperature pulverization-specific S. horneri extract (LPSHE), which could not be detected using the room-temperature grinding method. In a mouse burn model with third-degree burn injuries, LPSHE accelerated re-epithelialization by promoting the increase in F-actin formation and reduced burn-induced ROS levels. Additionally, LPSHE significantly regulated hyperinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further investigation into molecular mechanisms using HaCaT keratinocytes also demonstrated beneficial effects on burn wound healing. Taken together, our findings suggested that LPSHE is a promising therapeutic candidate for enhancing burn wound healing. Furthermore, this research underscored the importance of low-temperature pulverization in discovering novel natural compounds from marine organisms.

Exploring the efficacy of in-vitro low-temperature plasma treatment on single and multispecies dental cariogenic biofilms.

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of treatment with low-temperature plasma (LTP) for varying exposure durations on a multispecies cariogenic biofilm comprising C. albicans, L. casei, and S. mutans, as well as on single-species biofilms of L. casei and C. albicans, cultured on hydroxyapatite discs. Biofilms were treated with LTP-argon at a 10 mm distance for 30 s, 60 s, and 120 s. Chlorhexidine solution (0.12%) and NaCl (0.89%) were used as positive (PC) and negative controls (NC), respectively. Argon flow only was also used as gas flow control (F). Colony-forming units (CFU) recovery and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to analyze biofilm viability. LTP starting at 30 s of application significantly reduced the viability of multispecies biofilms by more than 2 log10 in all treated samples (p < 0.0001). For single-species biofilms, L. casei showed a significant reduction compared to PC and NC of over 1 log10 at all exposure times (p < 0.0001). In the case of C. albicans biofilms, LTP treatment compared to PC and NC resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial counts when applied for 60 and 120 s (1.55 and 1.90 log10 CFU/mL, respectively) (p < 0.0001). A significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of LTP in single-species biofilms was observed to start at 60 s of LTP application compared to F, suggesting a time-dependent effect of LTP for the single-species biofilms of C. albicans and L. casei. LTP is a potential mechanism in treating dental caries by being an effective anti-biofilm therapy of both single and multispecies cariogenic biofilms.

Catalyst-free regeneration of plasma-activated water via ultrasonic cavitation: Removing aggregation concealment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with enhanced wastewater sustainability.

Aggregation is a crucial factor in bacterial biofilm formation, and comprehending its properties is vital for managing waterborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, we examined Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cell aggregation under varying conditions and assessed the inactivation efficiency of a novel disinfection method, micro-nano bubbles plasma-activated water via ultrasonic stirring cavitation (MPAW-US), on aggregated MRSA cells. Aggregation efficiency increased over time and at low salt concentrations but diminished at higher concentrations. Elevated MRSA cell aggregation in actual water samples represented significant real-life biohazard risks. Unlike conventional disinfection, MPAW-US treatment exhibited minimal change in the inactivation rate constant despite protective outer layers. Enhanced inactivation efficiency results from the synergistic effects of increased intracellular oxidative stress damage and extracellular substance disruption, triggered by ultrasound-activated micro-nano bubbles that improve PAW reactivity and applicability. This approach neither induced MRSA cross-resistance to unfavorable conditions nor increased toxicity or regrowth potential of aggregative MRSA, utilizing ATP levels as potential regrowth capability indicators. Ultimately, this energy-efficient disinfection technology functions effectively across diverse temperature ranges, showcasing exceptional sterilization and nutritional bean sprout production after cyclic filtering, thereby promoting wastewater sustainability amidst carbon emission concerns.

Highly Selective Synthesis of Acetic Acid from Hydroxyl-Mediated Oxidation of Methane at Low Temperatures.

Direct methane conversion and, in particular, the aerobic oxidation to acetic acid, remain an eminent challenge. Here, we reported a zeolite-supported Au-Fe catalyst (Au-Fe/ZSM-5) that converted methane to acetic acid with molecular oxygen as an oxidant in the presence of CO. Specifically, Au nanoparticles catalyzed the formation of hydroxyl species from the reaction of CO, O2, and H2O, meanwhile ZSM-5-supported atomically dispersed Fe species were responsible for the hydroxyl-mediated coupling of CH4 and CO to generate acetic acid. The reaction over 50 mg of Au-Fe/ZSM-5 under 62 bar (CH4: CO: O2 = 14: 14: 3) at 120 °C for 3.0 h yielded 5.7 millimoles of acetic acid per gram of the catalyst (mmol gcat-1) with the selectivity of 92%, outperformed most of reported catalysts. Significantly, the catalyst remained active even at 60 °C. We anticipate that this hydroxyl-mediated route may guide the design of optimized catalysts for the direct methane functionalization at low temperatures.

Genome-wide identification of actin-depolymerizing factor family genes in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and CmADF1 plays an important role in low temperature tolerance.

Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs), as the important actin-binding proteins (ABPs) with depolymerizing/severing actin filaments, play a critical role in plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the information and function of the ADF family in melon remains unclear. In this study, 9 melon ADF genes (CmADFs) were identified, distributed in 4 subfamilies, and located on 6 chromosomes respectively. Promoter analysis revealed that the CmADFs contained a large number of cis-acting elements related to hormones and stresses. The similarity of CmADFs with their Arabidopsis homologue AtADFs in sequence, structure, important sites and tissue expression confirmed that ADFs were conserved. Gene expression analysis showed that CmADFs responded to low and high temperature stresses, as well as ABA and SA signals. In particular, CmADF1 was significantly up-regulated under above all stress and hormone treatments, indicating that CmADF1 plays a key role in stress and hormone signaling responses, so CmADF1 was selected to further study the mechanism in plant tolerance low temperature. Under low temperature, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CmADF1 in oriental melon plants showed increased sensitivity to low temperature stress. Consistently, the stable genetic overexpression of CmADF1 in Arabidopsis improved their low temperature tolerance, possibly due to the role of CmADF1 in the depolymerization of actin filaments. Overall, our findings indicated that CmADF genes, especially CmADF1, function in response to abiotic stresses in melon.

Electrolyte Design Strategies for Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries: Progress and Prospects.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as one of today's most attractive battery technologies due to the scarcity of lithium resources. Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) have been extensively researched for their security, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly properties. However, aqueous electrolytes are extremely limited in practical applications because of the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) with extremely poor low-temperature performance. The first part of this review is an in-depth discussion of the reasons for the inferior performance of aqueous electrolytes. Next, research progress in extending the electrochemical stabilization window and improving low-temperature performance using various methods such as "water-in-salt", eutectic, and additive-modified electrolytes is highlighted. Considering the shortcomings of existing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) theory, recent research progress on the solvation behavior of electrolytes is summarized based on the solvation theory, which elucidates the correlation between the solvation structure and the electrochemical performance, and three methods to upgrade the electrochemical performance by modulating the solvation behavior are introduced in detail. Finally, common design ideas for high-temperature resistant aqueous electrolytes that are hoped to help future aqueous batteries with wide temperature ranges are summarized.

γ-Aminobutyric acid mediated by MdCBF3- MdGAD1 mitigates low temperature damage in apple.

Low temperatures can seriously affect apple yield and can also cause chilling injury to apple fruit. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in improving plant stress resistance. Some studies have reported that GABA can improve cold resistance in plants, only through exogenous treatment; however, the molecular mechanism of its resistance to low temperature is still unknown. This result suggested that exogenous GABA treatment of both apple seedlings and fruit could improve the resistance of apple to low temperatures. MdGAD1, a key gene involved in GABA synthesis, was overexpressed in tomato plants and apple callus to improve their cold tolerance. Both yeast one-hybrid and luciferase assay showed that MdCBF3 could bind to the MdGAD1 promoter to activate its expression and promote GABA synthesis. These results revealed a molecular mechanism utilizing the MdCBF3-MdGAD1 regulatory module that can enhance cold resistance by increasing endogenous GABA synthesis in apple.

Renewable synthesis of MoO3 nanosheets via low temperature phase transition for supercapacitor application.

2D transition metal oxides have created revolution in the field of supercapacitors due to their fabulous electrochemical performance and stability. Molybdenum trioxides (MoO3) are one of the most prominent solid-state materials employed in energy storage applications. In this present work, we report a non-laborious physical vapor deposition (PVD) and ultrasonic extraction (USE) followed by vacuum assisted solvothermal treatment (VST) route (DEST), to produce 2D MoO3 nanosheets, without any complex equipment requirements. Phase transition in MoO3 is often achieved at very high temperatures by other reported works. But our well-thought-out, robust approach led to a phase transition from one phase to another phase, for e.g., hexagonal (h-MoO3) to orthorhombic (α-MoO3) structure at very low temperature (90 °C), using a green solvent (H2O) and renewable energy. This was achieved by implementing the concept of oxygen vacancy defects and solvolysis. The synthesized 2D nanomaterials were investigated for electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrode materials. The α-MoO3 electrode material has shown supreme capacitance (256 Fg-1) than its counterpart h-MoO3 and mixed phases (h and α) of MoO3 (< 50 Fg-1). Thus, this work opens up a new possibility to synthesize electrocapacitive 2D MoO3 nanosheets in an eco-friendly and energy efficient way; hence can contribute in renewable circular economy.

Effect of different exogenous sugars on the growth and nutrient uptake of Malus baccata Borkh. under sub-low root zone temperature.

In northern China, soil temperature slowly rises in spring, often subjecting apple roots to sub-low-temperature stress. Sugar acts as both a nutrient and signaling molecule in roots in response to low-temperature stress. To explore the effects of exogenous sugars on the growth and nutrient absorption of Malus baccata Borkh., we analyzed growth parameters, photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, and mineral element content in different tissues of M. baccata seedlings under five treatments, including control (CK), sub-low root zone temperature (L), sub-low root zone temperature + sucrose (LS), sub-low root zone temperature + fructose (LF), and sub-low root zone temperature + glucose (LG). The results showed that compared to CK, plant height, root growth parameters, aboveground biomass, leaf photosynthesis, fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content, and the contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in M. baccata seedlings were significantly decreased under the L treatment, and the content of Ca in roots was significantly increased. Compared to the L treatment without exogenous sugar, photosynthesis, functional parameters, chlorophyll content, and growth parameters increased to different degrees after exogenous sucrose, fructose, and glucose application. The N and P contents in roots were significantly increased. The N, P, and K contents significantly increased in stems while only the Ca content significantly increased in stems treated with sucrose. Leaf N, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents significantly increased after being treated with the three exogenous sugars. In conclusion, exogenous sugars can improve photosynthetic efficiency, promote mineral element absorption, and alleviate the inhibition of growth and development of M. baccata at sub-low root zone temperatures, and the effect of sucrose treatment was better than that of fructose and glucose treatments.

[Effects of exogenous 6-BA on flag leaf physiology, yield, and quality of wheat after low temperature stress at booting stage]. / 外源6-BA对孕穗期低温胁迫后小麦旗叶生理、产量及品质的影响.

Low temperature (LT) in spring usually occurs at the booting of winter wheat, resulting in reduction of wheat yield. In this study, we used the LT-sensitive wheat cultivar 'Wanmai 52' and the LT-insensitive wheat cultivar 'Yannong 19' as experimental materials to conduct LT treatment (-2 ℃ and 0 ℃) at booting stage. After the LT treatment, we sprayed 6-benzylaminoadenine (6-BA) solutions with concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg·L-1 respectively, with equal mass distilled water as control to investigate the effects of spraying 6-BA on the physiological characteristics, yield and quality of wheat flag leaves after LT stress at booting stage. The results showed that compared with the control, young ear of wheat treated with exogenous spraying 6-BA was fuller, the floret morphology was improved, and the number of vascular bundles under the spike was increased. 6-BA application promoted the accumulation of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline in flag leaves. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased, and the content of malondialdehyde was decreased. Exogenous 6-BA application decreased the number of degenerated spikes of wheat, increased the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, as well as the contents of grain protein, wet gluten, and sedimentation value. In summary, exogenous 6-BA application could effectively alleviate the effects of LT stress on flag leaf and yield of wheat. Under the conditions of this experiment, the mitigation effect of spraying 6-BA solution on Yannong 19 was higher than that of Wanmai 52, and the mitigation effect of spraying 20 mg·L-1 6-BA solution on low temperature stress was the best.

Scale Construction of "Breathing" Bi/N-CNSs Quasi-Array Structure with Hierarchical Bi Distribution for Sodium-Ion Battery.

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are promising postlithium battery technologies with high safety and low cost. However, their development is hampered by complicated electrode material preparation and unsatisfactory sodium storage performance. Here, a bismuth/N-doped carbon nanosheets (Bi/N-CNSs) composite featuring a quasi-array structure (alternated porous Bi layers and N-CNSs) with hierarchical Bi distribution (large particles of ∼35 nm in Bi layers and ultrafine Bi of ∼8 nm on N-CNSs) is prepared. Bi/N-CNSs delivers an ultralong-lifespan of 26000 cycles at 5 A g-1 and prominent rate capability of 91.5% capacity retention at 100 A g-1. Even at -40 °C, it exhibits a high rate capability of 161 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1. Notably, the involved preparation method is characterized by a high yield of 14.53 g in a single laboratory batch, which can be further scaled up, and such a method can also be extended to synthesize other metallic-based materials.

Intelligent MEMS Sensor Based on an Oxidized Medium-Entropy Alloy (FeCoNi) for H2 and CO Recognition.

In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of an intelligent MEMS sensor employing the oxidized medium-entropy alloy (O-MEA) of FeCoNi as the gas-sensing material. Due to the specific catalytic exothermic reaction of the O-MEA on H2/CO, the sensor shows great selectivity for H2 and CO at 150 °C of the integrated microheater in the MEMS device, with the theoretical detection limit of 0.3 ppm for H2 and 0.29 ppm for CO. The MEMS heater, capable of instantaneous temperature changes in pulse operation mode, offers a novel approach for thermal modulation of the sensor, which is crucial for the adsorption and reaction of H2/CO molecules on the sensing layer surface. Consequently, we investigate the gas-sensing capabilities of the sensor under pulse heating modes (PHMs) of the MEMS heater and then propose the gas-sensing mechanism. The results indicate that PHMs significantly not only reduce the operating temperature and power consumption but also enhance the sensor's functionality by providing multivariable response signals, paving the way for intelligent gas detection. Based on the high selectivity to H2 and CO, transforming the transient sensing curves into two-dimensional images via Gramian Angular Field (GAF) model and subsequent modeling using a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm, we have realized efficient and intelligent recognition of H2 and CO. This work provides insight for the development of low-power, high-performance MEMS gas sensors and further intelligence of individual MEMS sensors.

Identification and expression analysis of CCCH gene family and screening of key low temperature stress response gene CbuC3H24 and CbuC3H58 in Catalpa bungei.

Catalpa bungei, a tree indigenous to China, is renowned for its superior timber quality and as an ornamental in horticulture. To promote the cultivation of C. bungei in cold regions and expand its distribution, enhancing its cold tolerance is essential. The CCCH gene family is widely involved in plant growth, development, and expression under stress conditions, including low-temperature stress. However, a comprehensive identification and analysis of these genes have not yet been conducted. This study aims to identify key cold-tolerance-related genes within the CCCH gene family of C. bungei, providing the necessary theoretical support for its expansion in cold regions. In this study, 61 CCCH genes within C. bungei were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic assessment divided these genes into 9 subfamilies, with 55 members mapped across 16 chromosomes. The analysis of gene structures and protein motifs indicated that members within the same subfamily shared similar exon/intron distribution and motif patterns, supporting the phylogenetic classification. Collinearity analysis suggested that segmental duplications have played a significant role in the expansion of the C. bungei CCCH gene family. Notably, RNA sequencing analysis under 4 °C cold stress conditions identified CbuC3H24 and CbuC3H58 as exhibiting the most significant responses, highlighting their importance within the CCCH zinc finger family in response to cold stress. The findings of this study lay a theoretical foundation for further exploring the mechanisms of cold tolerance in C. bungei, providing crucial insights for its cultivation in cold regions.

Effects of Lime Powder on the Properties of Portland Cement-Sulphoaluminate Cement Composite System at Low Temperature.

In order to reduce the risk of early freezing damage to cement-based materials in winter construction, lime powder was used to improve the properties of the Portland cement-sulphoaluminate cement (PC-CSA) composite system at low temperatures. In this study, the effects of lime powder dosage on the properties of a PC-CSA blended system with two proportions (PC:CSA = 9:1 and 7:3) at -10 °C were investigated, and the mechanisms of improvement were revealed. The results showed that the compressive strength of the PC-CSA composite system was effectively improved, and the setting time was shortened by the addition of lime powder. Lime powder could effectively act as an early heating source in the PC-CSA composite system, as the maximum temperature of samples exposed to sub-zero temperatures was increased and the time before dropping to 0 °C was prolonged by the addition of lime powder. The extra CH generated by the hydration of lime powder provided an added hydration path for C4A3S¯, which accelerated the formation of AFt at each stage. Frozen water as well as the early frost damage were effectively decreased by lime powder because of the faster consumption of free water at an early stage. The modification of the hydration products also contributed to the denseness of the microstructure.

Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties in In-Bi-Sn Alloys as a Result of Low-Temperature Storage.

The In-Bi-Sn low-temperature solder alloys are regarded as potential candidates for cryogenic and space exploration applications. This study investigates the variations in the mechanical properties and microstructures of two different compositions: In15wt%Bi35wt%Sn and In30wt%Bi20wt%Sn, after exposure to a low-temperature environment (-20 °C) for 10 months. An increase in the ultimate tensile strength was observed across all the tested samples and a decrease in elongation to failure was observed in In30wt%Bi20wt%Sn. Changes in the microstructure were identified through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The impact of this low-temperature environment is described, considering the varying proportions and compositions of the three phases (BiIn2(Sn), γ-InSn4(Bi), and ß-In3Sn(Bi)) present within the alloys and their contribution to the mechanical properties.

Influence of Substrate Location and Temperature Variation on the Growth of ZnO Nanorods Synthesized by Hot Water Treatment.

Hot water treatment (HWT) is a versatile technique for synthesizing metal oxide nanostructures (MONSTRs) by immersing metal substrates in hot water, typically in glass beakers. The proximity of substrates to the heat source during HWT can influence the temperature of the substrate and subsequently impact MONSTR growth. In our study, zinc (Zn) substrates underwent HWT at the base of a glass beaker in contact with a hot plate and at four different vertical distances from the base. While the set temperature of deionized (DI) water was 75.0 °C, the substrate locations exhibited variations, notably with the base reaching 95.0 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy showed stoichiometric and crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods. ZnO rods on the base, exposed to higher temperatures, displayed greater growth in length and diameter, and higher crystallinity. Nanorods with increasing vertical distances from the base exhibited a logarithmic decrease in length despite identical temperatures, whereas their diameters remained constant. We attribute these findings to crucial HWT growth mechanisms like surface diffusion and "plugging", influenced by temperature and water flow within the beaker. Our results provide insights for optimizing synthesis parameters to effectively control MONSTR growth through HWT.

A Strategy for Fabricating Ultra-Flexible Thermoelectric Films Using Ag2Se-Based Ink.

Flexible thermoelectric materials have drawn significant attention from researchers due to their potential applications in wearable electronics and the Internet of Things. Despite many reports on these materials, it remains a significant challenge to develop cost-effective methods for large-scale, patterned fabrication of materials that exhibit both excellent thermoelectric performance and remarkable flexibility. In this study, we have developed an Ag2Se-based ink with excellent printability that can be used to fabricate flexible thermoelectric films by screen printing and low-temperature sintering. The printed films exhibit a Seebeck coefficient of -161 µV/K and a power factor of 3250.9 µW/m·K2 at 400 K. Moreover, the films demonstrate remarkable flexibility, showing minimal changes in resistance after being bent 5000 times at a radius of 5 mm. Overall, this research offers a new opportunity for the large-scale patterned production of flexible thermoelectric films.

A High-Performance Mn/TiO2 Catalyst with a High Solid Content for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO at Low-Temperatures.

Mn/TiO2 catalysts with varying solid contents were innovatively prepared by the sol-gel method and were used for selective catalytic reduction of NO at low temperatures using NH3 (NH3-SCR) as the reducing agent. Surprisingly, it was found that as the solid content of the sol increased, the catalytic activity of the developed Mn/TiO2 catalyst gradually increased, showing excellent catalytic performance. Notably, the Mn/TiO2 (50%) catalyst demonstrates outstanding denitration performance, achieving a 96% NO conversion rate at 100 °C under a volume hourly space velocity (VHSV) of 24,000 h-1, while maintaining high N2 selectivity and stability. It was discovered that as the solid content increased, the catalyst's specific surface area (SSA), surface Mn4+ concentration, chemisorbed oxygen, chemisorption of NH3, and catalytic reducibility all improved, thereby enhancing the catalytic efficiency of NH3-SCR in degrading NO. Moreover, NH3 at the Lewis acidic sites and NH4+ at the Bronsted acidic sites of the catalyst were capable of reacting with NO. Conversely, NO and NO2 adsorbed on the catalyst, along with bidentate and monodentate nitrates, were unable to react with NH3 at low temperatures. Consequently, the developed catalyst's low-temperature catalytic reaction mechanism aligns with the E-R mechanism.

Study on Low Temperature Cracking Resistance of Carbon Fiber Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Pavement Surface Combined Body.

Currently, there are limitations in the research on the use of carbon fiber geogrids to prevent low-temperature cracking in asphalt pavements. This study aims to comparatively investigate the effects of carbon fiber-based geogrid type and dense-graded asphalt concrete mixture (AC) surface combined body (SCB) type on the low-temperature cracking resistance of reinforced asphalt pavement through low-temperature bending damage tests. Two geogrid types were prepared: a carbon fiber geogrid (CCF) and a glass/carbon fiber composite qualified geogrid (GCF). Two SCB types were studied: AC-13/AC-20 and AC-20/AC-25. The results show that the improvement in the flexural tensile strength of CCF is similar to that for GCF. Moreover, under reinforced conditions, the improvement in the low-temperature cracking resistance of AC-20/AC-25 is better than that for AC-13/AC-20 by 16.26-24.57%. Based on the analysis, the reasonable ratio range of the aperture sizes to the major particle sizes in the dense gradation can achieve a more effective interlocking effect. This can improve the low-temperature cracking resistance of carbon fiber-based geogrid-reinforced samples. Then, increasing the bending absorption energy is a key way of improving the low-temperature cracking resistance of carbon fiber-based geogrid reinforcements. Eventually, the fracture type of carbon fiber-based geogrid-reinforced samples is a mixed plastic-brittle fracture. These results can provide a reference for the road failure analysis of geogrid-reinforced asphalt pavement.

Transcription Factor CcFoxO Mediated the Transition from Summer Form to Winter Form in Cacopsylla chinensis.

Amid global climate change featuring erratic temperature fluctuations, insects adapt via seasonal polyphenism, essential for population sustainability and reproductive success. Cacopsylla chinensis, influenced by environment variations, displays a distinct summer form and winter form distinguished by significant morphological variations. Previous studies have highlighted the role of temperature receptor CcTPRM in orchestrating the transition in response to 10 °C temperature. Nevertheless, the contribution of the transcription factor FoxO in this process has remained ambiguous. Here, we aimed to explore the correlation between C. chinensis FoxO (CcFoxO) and cold stress responses, while identifying potential energetic substances for monitoring physiological shifts during this transition from summer to winter form under cold stress by using RNAi. Initially, CcFoxO emerges as responsive to low temperatures (10 °C) and is regulated by CcTRPM. Subsequent investigations reveal that CcFoxO facilitates the accumulation of triglycerides and glycogen, thereby influencing the transition from summer form to winter form by affecting cuticle pigment content, cuticle chitin levels, and cuticle thickness. Thus, the knockdown of CcFoxO led to high mortality and failed transition. Overall, our findings demonstrate that CcFoxO governs seasonal polyphenism by regulating energy storage. These insights not only enhance our comprehension of FoxO functionality but also offer avenues for environmentally friendly management strategies for C. chinensis.