Policía Comunitaria y Sistema de Dirección por Objetivos en la Policía Municipal de Madrid / Community police and System of Management by Objectives in the Madrid Municipal Police / Polícia Comunitária e Sistema de Administração por Objetivos na Polícia Municipal de Madrid

Resumen En el ámbito de la organización policial, fundamentalmente durante las décadas comprendidas entre los 70, 80 y 90, numerosas investigaciones criminológicas, principalmente, en Estados Unidos empezaron a cuestionar el modelo tradicional de actuación policial. Las principales críticas se centraron en aspectos relacionados con la efectividad de las estrategias policiales tradicionales, pero también en el distanciamiento existente entre policía y comunidad. En este contexto y en consonancia con el auge de las políticas neoliberales apoyadas en la Nueva Gestión Pública, las organizaciones policiales van progresivamente incorporando sistemas de gestión del rendimiento, descentralización, rendición de cuentas, dirección por objetivos, entre otros. El presente artículo toma como estudio de caso la Policía Municipal de Madrid y pone de manifiesto las contradicciones existentes entre su sistema de Dirección por Objetivos y la pretendida implantación de un modelo de Policía Comunitaria. Las dificultades y deficiencias se hacen evidentes debido a la complejidad del sistema, a la naturaleza cuantitativa de los indicadores encargados de medir la calidad del trabajo, y también al componente económico ligado al cumplimiento de dichos indicadores. Todo lo cual hace que un sistema a priori encargado de mejorar la calidad del servicio pueda llegar a ser contraproducente para la propia función policial.

Abstract In the field of the police organization, mainly during the 70s, 80s and 90s decades, numerous criminological investigations, mostly in the United States, began to question the traditional model of police action. The main criticisms were centered in aspects related with the effectiveness of the traditional police strategies, but also in the existing aloofness between police and community. In this context and in line with the rise of the neoliberal policies supported in the New Public Management, the police organizations are progressively incorporating management systems of performance, decentralization, accountability, management by objectives, among others. This article takes as case study the Madrid Municipal Police and reveals the existing contradictions between its system of Management by Objectives and the so-called implementation of a model of Community Police. The difficulties and deficiencies become evident due to the complexity of the system, to the quantitative nature of the indicators in charge of measure the work quality, and also to the economical component linked to the fulfillment of those indicators. All of this makes that a system a priori in charge of improve the quality of the service may be grow into counterproductive for the police function itself.

Resumo No âmbito da organização policial, fundamentalmente durante as décadas compreendidas entre os 70, 80 e 90, numerosas investigações criminológicas, principalmente em Estados Unidos, começaram a questionar o modelo tradicional de atuação policial. As principais críticas centraram-se em aspectos relacionados com a efetividade das estratégias policiais tradicionais, mas também no afastamento existente entre polícia e comunidade. Neste contexto e em consonância com o auge das políticas neoliberais apoiadas na Nova Gestão Pública, as organizações policiais vão progressivamente incorporando sistemas de gestão do rendimento, descentralização, rendição de contas, administração por objetivos, entre outros. O presente artigo toma como estudo de caso a Polícia Municipal de Madrid e revela as contradições existentes entre o seu sistema de Administração por Objetivos e a pretendida implantação de um modelo de Polícia Comunitária. As dificuldades e deficiências se fazem evidentes devido à complexidade do sistema, à natureza quantitativa dos indicadores encarregados de medir a qualidade do trabalho, e também ao componente económico ligado ao cumprimento de tais indicadores. Tudo isso faz que um sistema a priori encarregado de melhorar a qualidade do serviço possa chegar a ser contraproducente para a própria função policial.

Did we learn the lesson after 60 years of Management by Objectives? A survey among former physician executives in German hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Management by Objectives (MbO) has been shown to establish efficient team work in both industry and medicine. Its most important prerequisite for success is target agreements between managers and medical professionals on equal footing. In medicine, lump-sum financing urges the delivery of a health care service with minimal effort. Consequently, daily clinical life changed, with economic goals seeming to become priority over medical principles. OBJECTIVE: To determine how well MbO can still be practiced in hospitals with lumped treatment prices. METHODS: We used an anonymized questionnaire for already retired physician executives who completed their active leadership positions between 2010 and 2015 in Saxony (Germany). We asked various type of target agreements that had been used in order to achieve medical or economic targets. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Out of 111 former executives, the questionnaires of 25 respondents could be analysed. Eight respondents confirmed target agreements that were mostly set by managing directors. If used, most targets had not been adapted to the infrastructure and personnel strength, nor were they coordinated with neighbouring departments. Four respondents received financial incentives. Most medical executives were unsatisfied and preferred to abandon further goal setting. Due to the low number of cases, the representativeness of the study is limited. Nevertheless, it might be questioned if a flat-rate remuneration system facilitates the change into an authoritarian leadership concept.

Discussion on controlling proportion of medical consumables / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To explore the method for controlling the proportion of medical consumables.Methods The objective and significance of controlling the proportion of medical consumables were introduced,and the method was analyzed from the aspects of bidding procurement,total control mechanism,administrative approval and involvement in department management by objectives.Results The effective management of medical consumables decreased irrationality and procurement price of medical consumables.Conclusion Controlling the proportion of medical consumables promotes public hospital reform and the economic burden of the patient.

Discussion on controlling proportion of medical consumables / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To explore the method for controlling the proportion of medical consumables.Methods The objective and significance of controlling the proportion of medical consumables were introduced,and the method was analyzed from the aspects of bidding procurement,total control mechanism,administrative approval and involvement in department management by objectives.Results The effective management of medical consumables decreased irrationality and procurement price of medical consumables.Conclusion Controlling the proportion of medical consumables promotes public hospital reform and the economic burden of the patient.

Efficacy of applying management-by-objectives in the hospital-level nursing quality control group / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To discuss the efficacy of applying management-by-objectives(MBO) in the hospital-level nursing quality control group.Methods Goals of objective management and assessment details were set by leaders of quality control groups along with the nursing department at the beginning of the year.The nine subordinate groups performed upon the required criteria,completed the quality inspection on time and recorded group activities.At the end of the year,group leaders reported to the hospital-level nursing quality committee and head nurses about their performances,where several major honors were rewarded to the best performing groups.SPSS 17.0 software was used for data statistics.The measurement data were analyzed by paired t test data while enumeration data by chi-square test.Results Scores of assessment items were significantly raised after implementing MBO(P＜0.05).Scores of key items,such as high quality care,emergency management,nursing skill,were increased to (98.1 ± 2.2),(97.7 ±2.7),(99.6±0.6),(96.1 ±2.1)from (93.6 ±2.5)(P=0.009),(93.0 ± 2.6) (P=0.009),(96.2 ± 1.3) (P=0.000) and (89.3 ± 4.5) (P--0.000),respectively.Care complaints were sharply dropped for all inpatient wards while numbers of management innovationand process reengineering were greatly increased (x2=8.884,P=0.031).Condusion Introduction of MBO in the hospital-level nursing quality control group does facilitate the continuous improvement of care quality.

Elementos de Dirección Estratégica en el desarrollo de medios audiovisuales en las Ciencias Médicas / Strategic elements in the audiovisual media development In Medical Sciences

Introducción: existe una creciente necesidad de que los medios audiovisuales estén presentes en los procesos docentes de las carreras de las Ciencias Médicas, así como de organizar y documentar la producción de estos.Objetivo: caracterizar la expresión de los elementos de Dirección Estratégica presentes en el sistema de acciones del Grupo de Tecnología Educativa de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana para el desarrollo de los medios audiovisuales de las carreras de las Ciencias Médicas durante los años 2003 al 2010. Material y Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, utilizando técnicas como: análisis de contenido, entrevista grupal focalizada y triangulación de la información. Resultados: los principales resultados reflejaron que la organización de la actividad, la gestión de las relaciones externas con otros centros y la capacitación de los recursos humanos fueron los factores que decidieron el cumplimiento con éxito de la misión, las áreas que incidieron en el logro de la tarea fueron: organización de la actividad, gestión de las relaciones externas con otros centros, infraestructura y logística, capacitación de los recursos humanos y calidad de los productos. Conclusiones: el estudio de los elementos de la dirección estratégica a partir del trabajo desarrollado con éxito por el grupo de tecnología educativa de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, permite tener elementos válidos para este proceso de gestión. La estructura resultante de este estudio conforma el orden básico potencial para un sistema de gestión estratégica para el desarrollo de este tipo de actividad(AU)

Introduction: there is a growing need for the media to be present in the teaching process of the careers of Medical Sciences, as well as to organize and document the production thereof. Objective: to characterize the expression of the elements present in the Strategic Management Group shares system of Educational Technology at the Havana Medical Sciences University for the development of audiovisual media of Medical Sciences careers during the years 2003 to 2010. Material and Methods: we conducted a retrospective descriptive study, using techniques such as content analysis, focused group interviews and triangulationof information. Results: the main results showed that the organization of the activity, managing external relations with other centers and the training of human resources were the factors that decided the successful completion of the mission, areas that affected the achievement of the task were: organizing work, managing external relations with other centers, infrastructure and logistics, human resources training and product quality. Conclusions: the study of the elements from the strategic direction of labor successfully developed by the group of educational technology at the Havana Medical Sciences University , to have valid elements for this type of management process. The structure resulting from this study forms the basic structure potential for a strategic management system for the development of this type of activity(AU)

Elementos de Dirección Estratégica en el desarrollo de medios audiovisuales en las Ciencias Médicas / Strategic elements in the audiovisual media development In Medical Sciences

Introducción: existe una creciente necesidad de que los medios audiovisuales estén presentes en los procesos docentes de las carreras de las Ciencias Médicas, así como de organizar y documentar la producción de estos. Objetivo: caracterizar la expresión de los elementos de Dirección Estratégica presentes en el sistema de acciones del Grupo de Tecnología Educativa de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana para el desarrollo de los medios audiovisuales de las carreras de las Ciencias Médicas durante los años 2003 al 2010. Material y Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, utilizando técnicas como: análisis de contenido, entrevista grupal focalizada y triangulación de la información. Resultados: los principales resultados reflejaron que la organización de la actividad, la gestión de las relaciones externas con otros centros y la capacitación de los recursos humanos fueron los factores que decidieron el cumplimiento con éxito de la misión, las áreas que incidieron en el logro de la tarea fueron: organización de la actividad, gestión de las relaciones externas con otros centros, infraestructura y logística, capacitación de los recursos humanos y calidad de los productos. Conclusiones: el estudio de los elementos de la dirección estratégica a partir del trabajo desarrollado con éxito por el grupo de tecnología educativa de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, permite tener elementos válidos para este proceso de gestión. La estructura resultante de este estudio conforma el orden básico potencial para un sistema de gestión estratégica para el desarrollo de este tipo de actividad.

Introduction: there is a growing need for the media to be present in the teaching process of the careers of Medical Sciences, as well as to organize and document the production thereof. Objective: to characterize the expression of the elements present in the Strategic Management Group shares system of Educational Technology at the Havana Medical Sciences University for the development of audiovisual media of Medical Sciences careers during the years 2003 to 2010. Material and Methods: we conducted a retrospective descriptive study, using techniques such as content analysis, focused group interviews and triangulationof information. Results: the main results showed that the organization of the activity, managing external relations with other centers and the training of human resources were the factors that decided the successful completion of the mission, areas that affected the achievement of the task were: organizing work, managing external relations with other centers, infrastructure and logistics, human resources training and product quality. Conclusions: the study of the elements from the strategic direction of labor successfully developed by the group of educational technology at the Havana Medical Sciences University , to have valid elements for this type of management process. The structure resulting from this study forms the basic structure potential for a strategic management system for the development of this type of activity.

[Management by objectives: an experience by transfusion and immunology service in Rabat]. / Contractualisation interne : expérience du service de transfusion et d'immunologie de Rabat.

The management by objectives method has become highly used in health management. In this context, the blood transfusion and haemovigilance service has been chosen for a pilot study by the Head Department of the Ibn Sina Hospital in Rabat. This study was conducted from 2009 to 2011, in four steps. The first one consisted in preparing human resources (information and training), identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the service and the identification and classification of the service's users. The second step was the elaboration of the terms of the contract, which helped to determine two main strategic objectives: to strengthen the activities of the service and move towards the "status of reference." Each strategic objective had been declined in operational objectives, then in actions and the means required for the implementation of each action. The third step was the implementation of each action (service, head department) so as to comply with the terms of the contract as well as to meet the deadlines. Based on assessment committees, the last step consisted in the evaluation process. This evaluation was performed using monitoring indicators and showed that management by objectives enabled the Service to reach the "clinical governance level", to optimize its human and financial resources and to reach the level of "national laboratory of reference in histocompatibility". The scope of this paper is to describe the four steps of this pilot study and to explain the usefulness of the management by objectives method in health management.

Application of MBO in the incentive mechanism of clinical teacher / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In view of the status of "emphasis on medical treatment,neglecting education,lack of teaching positivity and low teaching management level" in teaching hospital at present,MBO was applied in the incentive mechanism of clinical teachers as a means,which aroused the teachers' positivity effectively,ensured the teaching quality,improved the teaching level of management and achieved significant results. It also made our medical activities,teaching and researching develop harmoniously.