Desfechos obstétricos adversos durante a COVID-19: uma série de casos retrospectiva / Adverse obstetric outcomes during COVID-19: a retrospective case series / Resultados obstétricos adversos durante el COVID-19: serie de casos retrospectiva

Objetivo: analisar as características e os desfechos obstétricos adversos em gestantes/puérperas infectadas pelo SARS-CoV-2 em serviço de referência. Método: série de casos retrospectiva entre gestantes com Covid-19 em um hospital universitário em Minas Gerais, Brasil, atendidas no serviço de 2020 a 2021, coletados em abril de 2022, empregando-se estatística descritiva para análise dos dados através do Statistical Package for the Social Science. Resultados: incluídas 26 gestantes, em sua maioria brancas, que tiveram como principais desfechos obstétricos adversos a internação em UTI (43,5%), parto prematuro (34,6%), dado reestratificado de semanas para dias para investigar o encurtamento da gestação, onde constatou-se média de 38,6 dias potenciais de gravidez perdidos dos 280 dias ideais, e ainda 15,4% evoluíram para óbito materno. Conclusão: o estudo proporcionou evidenciar a necessidade de vigilância e atenção às gestantes com foco nos principais desfechos adversos, podendo-se intervir em tempo oportuno para diminuir adversidades.

Objective: to analyze the characteristics and adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnant/puerperal women infected by SARS-CoV-2 at a reference service. Method: a retrospective case series conducted among pregnant women with Covid-19 in a university hospital from Minas Gerais, Brazil, treated at the service from 2020 to 2021. The cases were collected in April 2022 employing descriptive statistics for data analysis in the Statistical Package for the Social Science. Results: a total of 26 pregnant women were included, mostly white-skinned, whose main adverse obstetric outcomes were admission to the ICU (43.5%), premature birth (34.6%) and data restratified from weeks to days to investigate shortening of pregnancy, where a mean of 38.6 potential days of pregnancy were lost out of the ideal 280 days, and 15.4% resulted in maternal death. Conclusion: the study provided evidence of the need for surveillance and care for pregnant women with a focus on the main adverse outcomes, enabling timely intervention to reduce adversities.

Objetivo: analizar las características y resultados obstétricos adversos en gestantes/puérperas infectadas por SARS-CoV-2 en un servicio de referencia. Método: serie de casos retrospectiva entre gestantes con Covid-19 en un hospital universitario de Minas Gerais, Brasil, atendidas en el servicio de 2020 a 2021. Los datos se recolectaron en abril de 2022, se utilizó estadística descriptiva para analizar los datos mediante el Statistical Package for the Social Science. Resultados: se incluyeron 26 gestantes, la mayoría de raza blanca, cuyos principales resultados obstétricos adversos fueron ingreso a UCI (43,5%), parto prematuro (34,6%), dato reestratificado de semanas a días para investigar el acortamiento de la gestación, que arrojó como resultado un promedio de 38,6. Se comprobó que se perdieron en promedio 38,6 días potenciales de embarazo de los 280 días ideales, y muerte materna (15,4%). Conclusión: la evidencia que proporcionó el estudio indica que es necesario vigilar y atender a las gestantes enfocándose en los principales resultados adversos, lo que permite intervenir de forma oportuna para reducir adversidades.

Multidisciplinary team training in postpartum hemorrhage: impact on the use of blood products.

Objective: Compare the number of puerperal women submitted to blood transfusion before and after the implementation of a care protocol for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) with multidisciplinary team training. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a university hospital, analyzing births from 2015 to 2019, compared the use of blood products before and after the adoption of a PPH protocol with multidisciplinary training. Results: Between 2015 and 2019, there were 17,731 births, with 299 (1.7%) postpartum women receiving blood products and 278 postpartum women were considered for this analysis, 128 (0.7%) at Time 1 and 150 (0.8%) at Time 2. After the multiprofessional team training (T2), there was a difference in the complete use of the PPH protocol (use of oxytocin, misoprostol and tranexamic acid) (T1 = 5.1% x T2 = 49.5%, p≤0.0001). An individual categorized analysis revealed that, in the T2 period, there was lower use of blood component units per patient compared to T1 (Mann-Whitney, p=0.006). It should be noted that at T1 and T2, 54% and 24% respectively received two units of blood products. It is important to highlight that after the multidisciplinary team training for the PPH protocol, the goal of zero maternal death due to hemorrhage was reached. Conclusion: The adoption of a specific protocol for PPH, combined with the training of a multidisciplinary team, had an impact on the ability to identify women at high risk of hemorrhage, resulting in a decrease in the use of blood components.

Clinical, epidemiological characteristics and mortality of pregnant and postpartum women associated with COVID-19 in Brazil: cohort study.

Objective: To analyze the death of Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women due to COVID-19 or unspecific cause. Methods: This is retrospective, descriptive-exploratory, population-based study carried out with the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe) database, with pregnant and postpartum women of reproductive age who died from confirmed COVID-19 between 2020 and 2021. The chosen variables were: age, gestational period, type and number of comorbidities, skin color, using the statistical software R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform, version 4.0.3 and Statistical Package for Social Science, version 29.0 for analysis. Results: A total of 19,333 cases of pregnant and postpartum women aged between 10 and 55 years diagnosed with SARS were identified, whether due to confirmed COVID-19 or unspecific causes. Of these, 1,279 died, these cases were classified into two groups according to the cause of death: deaths from COVID-19 (n= 1,026) and deaths from SARS of unspecific cause (n= 253). Conclusion: The risk of death increased among black and brown women, in the postpartum period and with the presence of comorbidities, mainly diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity. The data presented here draw attention to the number of deaths from SARS, especially among sociodemographic profiles, precarious access to health, such as the black population. In addition, limitations in adequate access to health care are reinforced by even lower rates of ICU admissions among women who died from SARS of an unspecified cause.

Nationwide study of in-hospital maternal mortality in Ecuador, 2015-2022.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze estimates of in-hospital delivery-related maternal mortality and sociodemographic factors influencing this mortality in Ecuador during 2015 to 2022. Methods: Data from publicly accessible registries from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Censuses were analyzed. Maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) were calculated, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Results: There was an increase in in-hospital delivery-related maternal deaths in Ecuador from 2015 to 2022: MMRs increased from 3.70 maternal deaths/100 000 live births in 2015 to 32.22 in 2020 and 18.94 in 2022. Manabí province had the highest rate, at 84.85 maternal deaths/100 000 live births between 2015 and 2022. Women from ethnic minorities had a higher probability of in-hospital delivery-related mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 9.59 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.98 to 13.18). More maternal deaths were also observed in private health care facilities (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.84). Conclusions: Efforts to reduce maternal mortality have stagnated in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, an increase in maternal deaths in hospital settings was observed in Ecuador. Although the pandemic might have contributed to the stagnation of maternal mortality estimates, socioeconomic, demographic and clinical factors play key roles in the complexity of trends in maternal mortality. The results from this study emphasize the importance of addressing not only the medical aspects of care but also the social determinants of health and disparities in the health care system.

Maternal health surveillance panel: a tool for expanding epidemiological surveillance of women's health and its determinants / Painel de vigilância da saúde materna: uma ferramenta para ampliação da vigilância epidemiológica da saúde das mulheres e seus determinantes

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the methodology used in the development of two products for maternal health surveillance and its determinants and discuss their possible uses. Methods: Based on a theoretical model of the determinants of maternal death and databases of Brazilian health information systems, two free products were developed: an interactive panel "surveillance of maternal health" and an educational material "Aparecida: a story about the vulnerability of Brazilian women to maternal death", both available on the website of the Brazilian Obstetric Observatory. Results: More than 30 indicators were calculated for the period 2012-2020, containing information on socioeconomic conditions and access to health services, reproductive planning, prenatal care, delivery care, conditions of birth and maternal mortality and morbidity. The indicators related to severe maternal morbidity in public hospitalizations stand out, calculated for the first time for the country. The panel allows analysis by municipality or aggregated by health region, state, macro-region and country; historical series analysis; and comparisons across locations and with benchmarks. Information quality data are presented and discussed in an integrated manner with the indicators. In the educational material, visualizations with national and international data are presented, aiming to help in the understanding of the determinants of maternal death and facilitate the interpretation of the indicators. Conclusion: It is expected that the two products have the potential to expand epidemiological surveillance of maternal health and its determinants, contributing to the formulation of health policies and actions that promote women's health and reduce maternal mortality.

RESUME Objetivo: Apresentar a metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento de dois produtos para a vigilância da saúde materna e seus determinantes e discutir as suas possíveis utilizações. Métodos: A partir de modelo teórico dos determinantes do óbito materno e bases de dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde brasileiros, foram desenvolvidos dois produtos gratuitos: um painel interativo denominado "Vigilância da saúde materna" e um material educativo chamado "Aparecida: uma história sobre a vulnerabilidade da mulher brasileira à morte materna", ambos disponíveis no site do Observatório Obstétrico Brasileiro. Resultados: Foram calculados mais de 30 indicadores para o período 2012-2020, contendo informações sobre condições socioeconômicas e de acesso a serviços de saúde, planejamento reprodutivo, assistência pré-natal, assistência ao parto, condições de nascimento e mortalidade e morbidade materna. Destacam-se os indicadores relacionados à morbidade materna grave em internações públicas, calculados pela primeira vez para o país. O painel permite análises por município ou agregadas por região de saúde, unidade da federação, macrorregião e país; análises de série histórica; e comparações entre localidades e com padrões de referência. Dados de qualidade da informação são apresentados e discutidos de forma integrada aos indicadores. No material educativo, visualizações com dados nacionais e internacionais são apresentadas, visando auxiliar na compreensão dos determinantes do óbito materno e facilitar a interpretação dos indicadores. Conclusão: Espera-se que os produtos tenham o potencial de ampliar a vigilância epidemiológica da saúde materna e seus determinantes, contribuindo para a formulação de políticas e ações de saúde que promovam a saúde das mulheres e reduzam a mortalidade materna.

Nationwide study of in-hospital maternal mortality in Ecuador, 2015-2022 / Estudio a nivel nacional de la mortalidad materna intrahospitalaria en Ecuador, 2015-2022 / Estudo nacional sobre mortalidade materna intra-hospitalar no Equador, 2015-2022

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to analyze estimates of in-hospital delivery-related maternal mortality and sociodemographic factors influencing this mortality in Ecuador during 2015 to 2022. Methods. Data from publicly accessible registries from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Censuses were analyzed. Maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) were calculated, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Results. There was an increase in in-hospital delivery-related maternal deaths in Ecuador from 2015 to 2022: MMRs increased from 3.70 maternal deaths/100 000 live births in 2015 to 32.22 in 2020 and 18.94 in 2022. Manabí province had the highest rate, at 84.85 maternal deaths/100 000 live births between 2015 and 2022. Women from ethnic minorities had a higher probability of in-hospital delivery-related mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 9.59 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.98 to 13.18). More maternal deaths were also observed in private health care facilities (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.84). Conclusions. Efforts to reduce maternal mortality have stagnated in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, an increase in maternal deaths in hospital settings was observed in Ecuador. Although the pandemic might have contributed to the stagnation of maternal mortality estimates, socioeconomic, demographic and clinical factors play key roles in the complexity of trends in maternal mortality. The results from this study emphasize the importance of addressing not only the medical aspects of care but also the social determinants of health and disparities in the health care system.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las cifras estimadas de mortalidad materna intrahospitalaria asociada al parto y los factores sociodemográficos que influyen en ella en Ecuador en el período 2015-2022. Métodos. Se analizaron datos de los registros de acceso público del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Ecuador. Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad materna (RMM) y se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística bivariados y multivariados para obtener los cocientes de posibilidades sin ajustar y ajustados. Resultados. Entre el 2015 y el 2022, se observó un aumento de las muertes maternas intrahospitalarias asociadas al parto en Ecuador: la RMM aumentó de 3,70 muertes maternas por 100 000 nacidos vivos en el 2015 a 32,22 en el 2020 y 18,94 en el 2022. En la provincia de Manabí se registró la cifra más alta, con 84,85 muertes maternas por 100 000 nacidos vivos entre el 2015 y el 2022. Las mujeres pertenecientes a minorías étnicas tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de muerte intrahospitalaria por causas relacionadas con el parto, con un cociente de posibilidades ajustado (aOR, por su sigla en inglés) de 9,59 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC del 95%]: 6,98 a 13,18). También se observó una mayor mortalidad materna en los establecimientos de salud privados (aOR: 1,99, IC del 95%: 1,4 a 2,84). Conclusiones. Los esfuerzos para reducir la mortalidad materna se han estancado en los últimos años. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se observó un aumento de las muertes maternas en el 2020 en entornos hospitalarios en Ecuador. Si bien la pandemia podría haber contribuido a que las cifras estimadas de mortalidad materna se estancaran, los factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y clínicos desempeñan un papel clave en la complejidad de las tendencias de la mortalidad materna. Los resultados de este estudio destacan la importancia de abordar no solo los aspectos médicos de la atención, sino también los determinantes sociales de la salud y las disparidades en el sistema de atención de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar estimativas de mortalidade materna relacionada ao parto intra-hospitalar e os fatores sociodemográficos que influenciaram esse tipo de mortalidade no período de 2015 a 2022 no Equador. Métodos. Foram analisados dados de registros de acesso público do Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas e Censos do Equador. Foram calculadas razões de mortalidade materna (RMM), com o uso de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada para obter razões de chance não ajustadas e ajustadas. Resultados. Houve um aumento nas mortes maternas relacionadas ao parto intra-hospitalar no Equador entre 2015 e 2022: as RMM aumentaram de 3,70 mortes maternas/100 mil nascidos vivos em 2015 para 32,22 em 2020 e 18,94 em 2022. A província de Manabí teve a taxa mais alta, com 84,85 mortes maternas/100 mil nascidos vivos entre 2015 e 2022. Mulheres de minorias étnicas tiveram maior probabilidade de mortalidade relacionada ao parto intra-hospitalar, com uma razão de chances ajustada (RCa) de 9,59 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 6,98 a 13,18). Também foram observadas mais mortes maternas em estabelecimentos de saúde privados (RCa: 1,99, IC95%: 1,4 a 2,84). Conclusões. As inciativas para reduzir a mortalidade materna estagnaram nos últimos anos. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em 2020, foi observado um aumento nas mortes maternas em hospitais do Equador. Embora a pandemia possa ter contribuído para a estagnação das estimativas de mortalidade materna, fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e clínicos desempenharam papéis fundamentais na complexidade das tendências de mortalidade materna. Os resultados deste estudo destacam a importância de abordar não apenas os aspectos clínicos da atenção, mas também os determinantes sociais da saúde e as disparidades do sistema de saúde.

Multidisciplinary team training in postpartum hemorrhage: impact on the use of blood products

Abstract Objective Compare the number of puerperal women submitted to blood transfusion before and after the implementation of a care protocol for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) with multidisciplinary team training. Methods Cross-sectional study in a university hospital, analyzing births from 2015 to 2019, compared the use of blood products before and after the adoption of a PPH protocol with multidisciplinary training. Results Between 2015 and 2019, there were 17,731 births, with 299 (1.7%) postpartum women receiving blood products and 278 postpartum women were considered for this analysis, 128 (0.7%) at Time 1 and 150 (0.8%) at Time 2. After the multiprofessional team training (T2), there was a difference in the complete use of the PPH protocol (use of oxytocin, misoprostol and tranexamic acid) (T1 = 5.1% x T2 = 49.5%, p≤0.0001). An individual categorized analysis revealed that, in the T2 period, there was lower use of blood component units per patient compared to T1 (Mann-Whitney, p=0.006). It should be noted that at T1 and T2, 54% and 24% respectively received two units of blood products. It is important to highlight that after the multidisciplinary team training for the PPH protocol, the goal of zero maternal death due to hemorrhage was reached. Conclusion The adoption of a specific protocol for PPH, combined with the training of a multidisciplinary team, had an impact on the ability to identify women at high risk of hemorrhage, resulting in a decrease in the use of blood components.

Time series analysis: trend in late maternal mortality in Brazil, 2010-2019 / Análisis de serie temporal: tendencia de la mortalidad materna tardía en Brasil, 2010-2019 / Análise de série temporal: tendência da mortalidade materna tardia no Brasil, 2010-2019

Abstract: To analyze the temporal trend of the late maternal mortality ratio (LMMR) in Brazil and its geographic regions in the period from 2010 to 2019, an ecological time series study was conducted. Data related to late maternal mortality from information systems of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were used. Statistical analysis used Prais-Winsten autoregressive models. A total of 1,470 late maternal deaths were reported in Brazil, resulting in an LMMR of 5 deaths per 100,000 live births. The late maternal mortality records revealed regional disparities, with the lowest index in the North (3.5/100,000 live births) and the highest in the South (8.3/100,000 live births). The LMMR showed an increasing trend in the country, with a general increase in the LMMR in the period and a mean annual percentage variation of 9.79% (95%CI: 4.32; 15.54). The Central-West region led this increase, with a mean annual percentage change of 26.06% (95%CI: 16.36; 36.56), followed by the North and Northeast regions, with 23.5% (95%CI: 13.93; 33.88). About 83% of the reported late maternal deaths were investigated, and 65.6% were corrected by the Maternal Mortality Committees. These findings highlight the relevance of late maternal mortality as an important indicator for maternal health, which is often invisible. The increase in the LMMR result from the improvement in the quality of the registration of these deaths in recent years in Brazil, and especially from the work of investigating deaths. The fragility of reporting with regional disparities points to the need for a more comprehensive approach that promotes equity and prevention of avoidable late maternal mortality.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la tendencia temporal de la tasa de mortalidad materna tardía (TMMT) en Brasil y sus regiones geográficas para el período de 2010 a 2019, se realizó un estudio de serie temporal ecológica. Se utilizaron datos relacionados con la mortalidad materna tardía de los sistemas de información del Ministerio de la Salud de Brasil. El análisis estadístico empleó modelos de regresión de Prais-Winsten. Hubo 1.470 muertes maternas tardías en Brasil, lo que resultó en una TMMT de 5 muertes por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos. Los registros de mortalidad materna tardía revelaron disparidades regionales con la tasa más baja en la Región Norte (3,5/100.0000 nacidos vivos) y la más alta en la Región Sur (8,3/100.000 nacidos vivos). Hubo una tendencia a aumento de TMMT en el país, con un incremento general de TMMT para el período y una variación media porcentual anual de un 9,79% (IC95%: 4,32; 15,54). La Región Centro-oeste presentó las tasas más elevadas, con una variación media porcentual anual de un 26,06% (IC95%: 16,6; 36,56), seguida de las regiones Norte y Nordeste, con un 23,5% (IC95%: 13,93; 33,88). Aproximadamente el 83% de las muertes materna tardía reportadas fueron investigadas, y el 65,6% fue corregido por los Comités de Mortalidad Materna. Estos hallazgos muestran la relevancia de la mortalidad materna tardía como un indicador de importancia para la salud materna, muchas veces invisibilizada. El incremento en la TMMT encontrada puede deberse a la mejora en la calidad del registro de estas muertes en los últimos años en Brasil, especialmente de la investigación de las muertes. La debilidad de las notificaciones con disparidades regionales apunta a la necesidad de un enfoque más integral que promueva la equidad y la prevención de la mortalidad materna tardía evitable.

Resumo: Com o propósito de analisar a tendência temporal da razão de mortalidade materna tardia (RMMT) no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas no período de 2010 a 2019, conduziu-se um estudo ecológico de série temporal. Foram utilizados dados relacionados à mortalidade materna tardia, provenientes de sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde. A análise estatística empregou modelos autorregressivos de Prais-Winsten. Foram notificados 1.470 óbitos maternos tardios no Brasil, resultando em uma RMMT de 5 óbitos a cada 100 mil nascidos vivos. Os registros de mortalidade materna tardia revelaram disparidades regionais com o menor índice na Região Norte (3,5/100 mil nascidos vivos) e o maior na Região Sul (8,3/100 mil nascidos vivos). Houve tendência crescente da RMMT no país, com aumento geral no período e variação percentual média anual de 9,79% (IC95%: 4,32; 15,54). A Região Centro-oeste liderou esse aumento, com variação percentual média anual de 26,06% (IC95%: 16,36; 36,56), seguida pelas regiões Norte e Nordeste, com 23,5% (IC95%: 13,93; 33,88). Cerca de 83% das mortes maternas tardias declaradas foram investigadas, sendo que 65,6% foram corrigidas pelos Comitês de Mortalidade Materna. Esses achados ressaltam a relevância da mortalidade materna tardia como um indicador de importância para a saúde materna muitas vezes invisibilizado. O aumento da RMMT verificado pode ser resultado da melhoria da qualidade do registro desses óbitos nos últimos anos no Brasil, sobretudo do trabalho de investigação dos óbitos. A fragilidade das notificações com as disparidades regionais aponta a necessidade de uma abordagem abrangente que promova equidade e prevenção de mortalidade materna tardia evitáveis.

Clinical, epidemiological characteristics and mortality of pregnant and postpartum women associated with COVID-19 in Brazil: cohort study

Abstract Objective To analyze the death of Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women due to COVID-19 or unspecific cause. Methods This is retrospective, descriptive-exploratory, population-based study carried out with the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe) database, with pregnant and postpartum women of reproductive age who died from confirmed COVID-19 between 2020 and 2021. The chosen variables were: age, gestational period, type and number of comorbidities, skin color, using the statistical software R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform, version 4.0.3 and Statistical Package for Social Science, version 29.0 for analysis. Results A total of 19,333 cases of pregnant and postpartum women aged between 10 and 55 years diagnosed with SARS were identified, whether due to confirmed COVID-19 or unspecific causes. Of these, 1,279 died, these cases were classified into two groups according to the cause of death: deaths from COVID-19 (n= 1,026) and deaths from SARS of unspecific cause (n= 253). Conclusion The risk of death increased among black and brown women, in the postpartum period and with the presence of comorbidities, mainly diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity. The data presented here draw attention to the number of deaths from SARS, especially among sociodemographic profiles, precarious access to health, such as the black population. In addition, limitations in adequate access to health care are reinforced by even lower rates of ICU admissions among women who died from SARS of an unspecified cause.

Describing Trends in Maternal Mortality in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2009 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality is a significant public health concern, with varying impacts across different regions in Brazil, particularly affecting women from lower-income social classes with limited access to social resources. The aim of this study is to describe the trends in maternal mortality in São Paulo, Brazil, from 2009 to 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed an ecological approach utilizing a time-series design to examine maternal deaths. Secondary data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Births Information System (SINASC) from 2009 to 2019 were utilized. The analysis included all maternal deaths among women aged 10 to 49 years residing in the state of São Paulo. Time-series data for maternal mortality ratios were constructed for the seven regions within São Paulo State. Joinpoint regression analysis was applied to characterize the maternal mortality ratio. The study estimated the annual percentage variation, the average annual percentage variation, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In São Paulo, a total of 3075 maternal deaths were reported, resulting in a mortality ratio of 45.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. The leading causes of maternal death were eclampsia (7.13%), gestational hypertension (6.09%), and postpartum hemorrhage (5.89%). The analysis of the annual percentage change in the maternal mortality ratio for São Paulo State and its six clusters showed stationarity. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of the maternal mortality ratio in the state of São Paulo, Greater São Paulo, and Baixada Santista revealed an increase in the maternal death ratio over the studied period.

Factors associated with severe maternal outcome in patients admitted to an intensive care unit in northeastern Brazil with postpartum hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries; however, the majority of these deaths could be avoided with adequate obstetric care. Analyzing severe maternal outcomes (SMO) has been a major approach for evaluating the quality of the obstetric care provided, since the morbid events that lead to maternal death generally occur in sequence. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical profile, management, maternal outcomes and factors associated with SMO in women who developed PPH and were admitted to an obstetric intensive care unit (ICU) in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included a non-probabilistic, consecutive sample of postpartum women with a diagnosis of PPH who were admitted to the obstetric ICU of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) between January 2012 and March 2020. Sociodemographic, biological and obstetric characteristics and data regarding childbirth, the management of PPH and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The frequency of maternal near miss (MNM) and death was calculated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the adjusted odd ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for a SMO. RESULTS: Overall, 136 cases of SMO were identified (37.9%), with 125 cases of MNM (34.9%) and 11 cases of maternal death (3.0%). The factors that remained associated with an SMO following multivariate analysis were gestational age ≤ 34 weeks (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.12-3.64; p < 0.02), multiparity (AOR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.10-4.68; p = 0.02) and not having delivered in the institute (AOR = 2.22; 955 CI: 1.02-4.81; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Women admitted to the obstetric ICU with a diagnosis of PPH who had had two or more previous deliveries, gestational age ≤ 34 weeks and who had delivered elsewhere were more likely to have a SMO.

Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. METHODS: In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. CONCLUSIONS: This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Factores de riesgo predisponentes al desarrollo de preeclampsia y eclampsia en el embarazo / Risk factors for the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnancy

Resumen La preeclampsia es una patología de origen desconocido, de alta incidencia en la salud materna y neonatal. Caracterizada como una hipertensión gestacional grave multisistémica a partir de las 20 semanas de gestación hasta el parto y posparto, siendo de los trastornos más prevalentes en el mundo y la principal causa de muerte materna en Ecuador durante 2022. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto de los factores de riesgo que predisponen preeclampsia en embarazadas. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica de estudios correspondientes a factores predisponentes al desarrollo de preeclampsia y eclampsia en embarazadas cuyos resultados se enfocaron a pacientes adultas diagnosticadas con dichas patologías mediante estrategia PICO, aplicando criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La preeclampsia conlleva una diversidad de factores de riesgo familiares patológicos como preeclampsia previa, hipertensión o enfermedades renales, diabéticas y obesidad; otros factores incluyen: edad, raza, embarazos gemelares, multiparidad, progenitores de distinta índole. Los factores significativos para presentar la enfermedad fueron en su mayoría factores ginecoobstétricos donde destacaron multiparidad, edad, obesidad, malnutrición, hipertensión previa y factores hereditarios.

Abstract Preeclampsia is a condition of unknown origin, with a high incidence in maternal and neonatal health, characterized as a severe multisystemic gestational hypertension from the 20th week of gestation until childbirth and postpartum. Among the most prevalent disorders worldwide, in Ecuador was the main cause of maternal death during 2022. The objective was to conduct a literature review regarding risk factors that predispose pregnant women to preeclampsia. Through a literature review of studies corresponding to predisposing factors for the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnant women, whose results were focused on adult patients diagnosed with said pathologies through the PICO strategy, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Preeclampsia involves a variety of pathological familial risk factors such as prior preeclampsia, hypertension, renal diseases, diabetes, and obesity; other factors include age, race, twin pregnancies, multiparity, and diverse parental lineage. The significant factors for presenting the disease were mostly gynecobstetric factors, prominently multiparity, age, obesity, malnutrition, prior hypertension, and hereditary factors.

Maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective study of 154 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the main clinical and demographic outcomes related to Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) and adverse obstetric and fetal/neonatal outcomes. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the medical record data of 154 patients with PH who were admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 2011 and December 2020. RESULTS: According to the severity of elevated Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP), 82 women (53.2%) were included in the mild PH group, 34 (22.1%) were included in the moderate PH group, and 38 (24.7%) were included in the severe PH group. There were significant differences in the incidence of heart failure, premature delivery, Very-Low-Birth-Weight (VLBW) infants, and Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) infants among the three PH groups (p < 0.05). Five (3.2%) women died within 7-days after delivery, 7 (4.5%) fetuses died in utero, and 3 (1.9%) neonates died. The authors found that PASP was an independent risk factor for maternal mortality. After adjustment for age, gestational weeks, systolic blood pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), mode of delivery, and anesthesia, the risk of maternal mortality in the severe PH group was 20.21 times higher than that in the mild-moderate PH group (OR = 21.21 [95% CI 1.7∼264.17]), p < 0.05. All 131 (85.1%) patients were followed up for 12 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that the risk of maternal mortality in the severe PH group was significantly higher than that in the mild-moderate group, highlighting the importance of pulmonary artery pressure screening before pregnancy, early advice on contraception, and multidisciplinary care.

Profile of Maternal Mortality of COVID-19 in Ceará, in the Period of 2020.

The aim of this paper is to describe the profile of maternal mortality of COVID-19 in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in the period 2020. Ecological, exploratory, cross-sectional study, with secondary data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, were made available by the Obstetric Observatory Brazilian COVID-19. A total of 485 pregnant and postpartum women were included, and the analysis considered the notifications from the year 2020. The variables of interest and the outcome (death/cure by COVID-19) were analyzed in a descriptive way. Most pregnant and postpartum women were between 20 and 35 years old, brown/white skin color and residing in an urban area. The proportion of deaths was 5.8% in the year 2020. In that period, the rates of hospitalization in the ward increased by 95.5%, 12.6% of hospitalization in the Unit of Intensive Care (ICU), and 7.2% needed invasive ventilatory support. Maternal mortality from COVID-19 suggests an emergency in terms of the development of health actions and policies due to the aggravation and risks due to this disease.

Factors associated with the evolution of COVID-19 in pregnant women: a Brazilian population-based study / Factores asociados a la evolución de la COVID-19 en mujeres embarazadas: un estudio poblacional brasileño / Fatores associados à evolução da COVID-19 em gestantes: estudobrasileiro de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the evolution of COVID-19 among Brazilian pregnant women, identifying sociodemographic and clinical predictors related to admission to ICU - Intensive Care Unit and death. Method: Cross-sectional, population-based study, carried out with a secondary database, based on data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by multiple linear regression with Poisson response, adopting critical p < 0.05. Results: Intensive care admission rates of 28.2% and death rates of 9.5% were identified. Region of residence, gestational trimester, number of comorbidities and respiratory signs and symptoms were associated with the risk of admission to intensive care. Age over 34 years, comorbidities, oxygen saturation equal to or less than 95%, admission to intensive care and ventilatory support, invasive or not, increased the risk of death. Conclusion: Sociodemographic and clinical predictors showed an association with hospitalization in intensive care and death of pregnant women with COVID-19.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de la COVID-19 entre gestantes brasileñas, identificando predictores sociodemográficos y clínicos relacionados con el ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos y la muerte. Método: Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, realizado con una base de datos secundaria, a partir de datos del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, seguido de regresión lineal múltiple con respuesta de Poisson, adoptando una p crítica <0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron tasas de ingreso a cuidados intensivos del 28,2% y tasas de mortalidad del 9,5%. La región de residencia, el trimestre gestacional, el número de comorbilidades y los signos y síntomas respiratorios se asociaron con el riesgo de ingreso a cuidados intensivos. La edad mayor de 34 años, las comorbilidades, la saturación de oxígeno igual o inferior al 95%, el ingreso a cuidados intensivos y el soporte ventilatorio, sea invasivo o no, aumentaron el riesgo de muerte. Conclusión: Los predictores sociodemográficos y clínicos mostraron asociación con la hospitalización en cuidados intensivos y la muerte en gestantes con COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução da COVID-19 entre gestantes brasileiras, identificando-se os preditores sociodemográficos e clínicos relacionados à internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e ao óbito. Método: Estudo transversal e de base populacional, realizado com banco de dados secundários, a partir de dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. Realizou-se análise descritiva, seguida de regressão linear múltipla com resposta Poisson, adotando-se p crítico <0,05. Resultados: Identificaram-se taxas de internação em terapia intensiva de 28,2% e de óbito de 9,5%. Região de residência, trimestre gestacional, número de comorbidades e sinais e sintomas respiratórios associaram-se ao risco de internação em terapia intensiva. Idade superior a 34 anos, comorbidades, saturação de oxigênio igual ou inferior a 95%, internação em terapia intensiva e suporte ventilatório, invasivo ou não, aumentaram o risco de óbito. Conclusão: Preditores sociodemográficos e clínicos mostraram associação com a hospitalização em terapia intensiva e com o óbito de gestantes com COVID-19.

Maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective study of 154 patients

Abstract Objectives: To determine the main clinical and demographic outcomes related to Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) and adverse obstetric and fetal/neonatal outcomes. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed the medical record data of 154 patients with PH who were admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 2011 and December 2020. Results: According to the severity of elevated Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP), 82 women (53.2%) were included in the mild PH group, 34 (22.1%) were included in the moderate PH group, and 38 (24.7%) were included in the severe PH group. There were significant differences in the incidence of heart failure, premature delivery, Very-Low-Birth-Weight (VLBW) infants, and Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) infants among the three PH groups (p < 0.05). Five (3.2%) women died within 7-days after delivery, 7 (4.5%) fetuses died in utero, and 3 (1.9%) neonates died. The authors found that PASP was an independent risk factor for maternal mortality. After adjustment for age, gestational weeks, systolic blood pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), mode of delivery, and anesthesia, the risk of maternal mortality in the severe PH group was 20.21 times higher than that in the mildmoderate PH group (OR = 21.21 [95% CI 1.7~264.17]), p < 0.05. All 131 (85.1%) patients were followed up for 12 months postpartum. Conclusions: The authors found that the risk of maternal mortality in the severe PH group was significantly higher than that in the mild-moderate group, highlighting the importance of pulmonary artery pressure screening before pregnancy, early advice on contraception, and multidisciplinary care.

Morbimortalidade materna no Brasil e a urgência de um sistema nacional de vigilância do near miss materno / Maternal morbidity and mortality in Brazil and the urgency of a national surveillance system for maternal near miss / La morbimortalidad materna en Brasil y la urgencia de un sistema nacional de vigilancia del near miss materno

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda a análise dos casos de morbidade materna severa/near miss materno como complemento às análises das mortes de mães, dado que a incidência é mais elevada e os fatores preditivos dos dois desfechos são semelhantes. Tendo em vista que as razões de mortalidade materna, no Brasil, têm se mantido constantes apesar do compromisso firmado durante a Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em 2015, o objetivo deste artigo é propor um sistema nacional de vigilância de near miss materno. Propõe-se a inclusão dos eventos near miss materno na Lista Nacional de Notificação Compulsória de Doenças, Agravos e Eventos de Saúde Pública, por meio da compatibilização dos critérios diagnósticos de near miss materno, informados pela OMS, com os códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID) para identificação dos casos. Tendo em vista que a vigilância em saúde se faz baseada em diversas fontes de informações, a notificação poderia ser feita pelos profissionais dos serviços de saúde tão logo fosse identificado um caso confirmado ou suspeito. A partir do estudo dos fatores associados aos desfechos, espera-se a avaliação mais qualificada dos serviços voltados à assistência obstétrica e consequente implementação de políticas mais eficientes de prevenção não apenas do óbito materno, mas de eventos que podem tanto causar sequelas irreversíveis à saúde da mulher quanto aumento do risco de óbito fetal e neonatal.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the analysis of severe maternal morbidity/maternal near miss cases as complementary to the analysis of maternal deaths since the incidence is higher and the predictive factors of the two outcomes are similar. Considering that the reasons for maternal mortality in Brazil have remained constant despite the commitment made during the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2015, this article aims to propose a nationwide maternal near miss surveillance system. We propose the inclusion of maternal near miss events in the National List of Compulsory Notification of Diseases, Injuries, and Public Health Events, via the compatibility of the diagnostic criteria of maternal near miss, informed by the WHO, with the codes of the International Classification of Diseases for the identification of cases. Considering that health surveillance is based on several sources of information, notification could be made by health service professionals as soon as a confirmed or suspected case is identified. With the study of the factors associated with the outcomes, we expect a qualified evaluation of the services focused on obstetric care and consequent implementation of more efficient policies to prevent not only maternal death but also events that can both cause irreversible sequelae to women's health and increase the risk of fetal and neonatal death.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda el análisis de los casos de morbilidad materna grave/near miss materno como complemento a los análisis de las muertes maternas, dado que la incidencia es más elevada y los factores predictivos de los dos resultados son similares. Teniendo en vista que las razones de mortalidad materna, en Brasil, se han mantenido constantes a pesar del compromiso firmado durante la Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, en el año 2015, el objetivo de este artículo es proponer un sistema de vigilancia de near miss materno de alcance nacional. Se propone la inclusión de los eventos de near miss materno en la Lista Nacional de Notificación Obligatoria de Enfermedades, Agravios y Eventos de Salud Pública, por medio de la compatibilización de los criterios diagnósticos de near miss materno; informados por la OMS, con los códigos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades para identificación de los casos. Teniendo en vista que la vigilancia en salud se basa en diversas fuentes de Informaciones, la notificación podría ser hecha por los profesionales de los servicios de salud, tan pronto fuese identificado un caso confirmado o sospechoso. Se espera que el estudio de los factores asociados a los resultados conduzca a una evaluación más calificada de los servicios de atención obstétrica y a la consecuente implementación de políticas más eficientes de prevención no solo de la muerte materna; sino de eventos que pueden tanto causar secuelas irreversibles a la salud de la mujer como aumento del riesgo de muerte fetal y neonatal.

Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial

Abstract Objectives Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. Methods In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. Conclusions This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Doppler de la arteria oftálmica: un modelo para predicción de preeclampsia / Ophthalmic artery Doppler: a model for the prediction of preeclampsia

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: En México, la preeclampsia sigue siendo un problema de salud pública; en la actualidad es la principal causa de muerte materna. Su incidencia es de 47.3 casos por cada 1000 nacimientos. La preeclampsia trae consigo repercusiones en la madre y el feto; de ahí la necesidad de la validación de modelos de tamizaje efectivos que permitan su diagnóstico oportuno. La evaluación Doppler de la arteria oftálmica sigue siendo motivo de diversas investigaciones porque aporta información valiosa de los cambios hemodinámicos intracraneales que suceden, incluso, antes del curso sintomático de la enfermedad. OBJETIVO: Analizar las recomendaciones emitidas por diferentes autores que han evaluado la utilización del Doppler de la arteria oftálmica como modelo de tamizaje para la predicción y diagnóstico tempranos de preeclampsia. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo basado en la búsqueda exhaustiva en diferentes bases de datos de metanálisis y estudios clínicos aleatorizados que describieran, detalladamente, la población estudiada y los parámetros de la arteria oftálmica evaluados. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 22 publicaciones y en el cribado se excluyeron 8 artículos que estaban duplicados, 2 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión y 1 por encontrarse en otro idioma diferente al inglés; al final se revisaron 11 títulos y para complementar el tema de estudio se revisaron otros 60 artículos. CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación mediante Doppler de la arteria oftálmica es un examen simple, rápido, reproducible, seguro y no invasivo que puede incorporarse a la predicción y diagnóstico temprano de pacientes con alto riesgo de preeclampsia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia remains a public health problem in Mexico and is currently the leading cause of maternal death. Its incidence is 47.3 cases per 1000 live births. Pre-eclampsia has consequences for the mother and the fetus, so there is a need to validate effective screening models for early diagnosis. Doppler assessment of the ophthalmic artery continues to be studied because it provides valuable information on intracranial hemodynamic changes that occur before the symptomatic course of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of different authors who have evaluated the use of ophthalmic artery Doppler as a screening model in the prediction and early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study based on the search exhaustive search of different databases of meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials describing in detail the population studied and the ophthalmic artery parameters evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-two publications were identified and after screening, 8 articles were excluded as duplicates, 2 for not meeting the inclusion criteria and 1 for being in a language other than English; finally, 11 titles were reviewed, and another 60 articles were reviewed to complement the study topic. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler evaluation of the ophthalmic artery is a simple, rapid, reproducible, safe, and noninvasive test that can be used to evaluate the ophthalmic artery.