RESUMO
One of the main characteristics of the skin of all amphibians is the presence of venomous and mucous glands in the dermis. However, some groups have specialized glands for certain functions, such as the sexually dimorphic glands, identified as related to intraspecific chemical communication during reproduction. Anurans of the family Microhylidae are generally fossorial, with an ovoid body and very short arms, which makes it difficult to perform a nuptial embrace or amplexus. In some species of this group, specialized glands known as adhesive glands have been described in the ventral skin of males, whose function is the male's fixation over the female's back at the moment of the amplexus. The skin morphology of the microhylid Elachistocleis cesarii had never been studied before, and therefore the presence of adhesive glands was unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to study the general skin morphology and description of the cutaneous glands through histological methods. We aimed at the investigation of the presence of adhesive glands in males, identification of their distribution on the ventral skin, and their comparison with those of other species already described, such as the North American species Gastrophryne carolinensi and the Brazilian species Dermatonotus muelleri. Histological and histochemical data revealed similarities of the glands among these species, both from the morphological point of view and in relation to their distribution on the body the data also showed that there are particularities present only in E. cesarii, thus contributing to the knowledge of its natural history. In future stages, more in-depth morphological studies will be carried out using electron microscopy, as well as the analysis of the secretion of this species, in order to verify the presence of compounds that may be related to their adhesion properties.
Uma das principais características da pele de todos os anfíbios é a presença na derme de glândulas venenosas e mucosas. Porém, alguns grupos possuem glândulas especializadas para determinadas funções, como por exemplo as glândulas sexualmente dimórficas, apontadas como relacionadas com a comunicação química intraespecífica no momento da reprodução. Os anuros da família Microhylidae são geralmente fossórios, com o corpo ovóide e braços muito curtos, o que dificulta a realização do amplexo ou abraço nupcial. Em algumas espécies desse grupo, já foram descritas na pele ventral dos machos glândulas especializadas, conhecidas como glândulas adesivas, que tem como função o firmamento do macho sobre o dorso da fêmea no momento do amplexo. A morfologia da pele do microhilídeo Elachistocleis cesarii, nunca havia antes sido estudada, sendo, portanto, desconhecida a presença das glândulas adesivas. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo o estudo geral da morfologia da pele e a descrição das glândulas cutâneas através de métodos histológicos. Objetivamos investigar a presença das glândulas adesivas nos machos e identificar a sua distribuição na pele ventral, comparando-as com as de outras espécies já descritas, como por exemplo, da espécie norte-americana Gastrophryne carolinensi e da espécie brasileira Dermatonotus muelleri. Os dados histológicos e histoquímicos revelaram semelhanças das glândulas entre essas espécies, tanto do ponto de vista morfológico como em relação à sua distribuição no corpo. Também mostraram haver particularidades presentes somente em E. cesarii, assim contribuindo para o conhecimento da sua história natural. Em etapas futuras, serão realizados estudos morfológicos mais aprofundados através de microscopia eletrônica, bem como a análise da secreção dessa espécie, a fim de verificar a presença de compostos que possam estar relacionados com as suas propriedades adesivas.
RESUMO
We describe a new species of frog of the genus Chiasmocleis from the montane forests of southeastern Ecuador, at the western slopes of Cordillera del Cَndor, between 1,2241,630 m of elevation. Based on new sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA we present phylogenetic relationships of the new species and its congeners. The phylogeny shows a close relationship to C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova and C. tridactyla. The new species is part of a clade of species that were previously assigned to the genus Syncope. This clade has a sister relationship to a clade that contains all remaining species of Chiasmocleis. The new species differs from its congeners by its reddish-brown to dark-brown (sepia) dorsum with minute yellowish-white spots. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. is similar to Chiasmocleis antenori in lacking digit I of both hands and feet but Chiasmocleis parkeri differs in coloration, arrangement and size of pale spots, and the absence of a pale line in the canthal region. We describe the calls, which are characterized by having non-pulsed notes, and we provide ecological data from the type locality and adjacent areas.
Se describe una especie nueva de rana del género Chiasmocleis de los bosques montanos del suroriente del Ecuador, en las laderas occidentales de la Cordillera del Cóndor, entre 1.025-1.630 m de altitud. En base a nuevas secuencias de ADN mitocondrial y nuclear presentamos las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie y sus congéneres. La filogenia muestra una relación cercana a C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova, y C. tridactyla. La nueva especie forma parte de un clado integrado por especies que previamente habían sido asignadas al género Syncope. Este clado es hermano de otro conformado por el resto de especies de Chiasmocleis. La nueva especie difiere de sus congéneres por su dorso café ladrillo a café obscuro (sepia) cubierto por puntos diminutos blanco-amarillentos. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. se parece a Chiasmocleis antenori por la ausencia del dedo I, tanto en las manos como en los pies, pero difiere en la coloración, la disposición y tamaño de las manchas claras y la ausencia de una línea clara en la región cantal. La especie nueva presenta algunos rasgos que le distinguen de especies similares. Describimos el canto, caracterizado por tener notas sin pulsos y aportamos datos ecológicos de la localidad típica y áreas adyacentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Anuros/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Filogenia , EquadorRESUMO
RESUMEN Se describe una especie nueva de rana del género Chiasmocleis de los bosques montanos del suroriente del Ecuador, en las laderas occidentales de la Cordillera del Cóndor, entre 1.025-1.630 m de altitud. En base a nuevas secuencias de ADN mitocondrial y nuclear presentamos las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie y sus congéneres. La filogenia muestra una relación cercana a C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova, y C. tridactyla. La nueva especie forma parte de un clado integrado por especies que previamente habían sido asignadas al género Syncope. Este clado es hermano de otro conformado por el resto de especies de Chiasmocleis. La nueva especie difiere de sus congéneres por su dorso café ladrillo a café obscuro (sepia) cubierto por puntos diminutos blanco-amarillentos. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. se parece a Chiasmocleis antenori por la ausencia del dedo I, tanto en las manos como en los pies, pero difiere en la coloración, la disposición y tamaño de las manchas claras y la ausencia de una línea clara en la región cantal. La especie nueva presenta algunos rasgos que le distinguen de especies similares. Describimos el canto, caracterizado por tener notas sin pulsos y aportamos datos ecológicos de la localidad típica y áreas adyacentes.
ABSTRACT We describe a new species of frog of the genus Chiasmocleis from the montane forests of southeastern Ecuador, at the western slopes of Cordillera del Cóndor, between 1,224-1,630 m of elevation. Based on new sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA we present phylogenetic relationships of the new species and its congeners. The phylogeny shows a close relationship to C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova and C. tridactyla. The new species is part of a clade of species that were previously assigned to the genus Syncope. This clade has a sister relationship to a clade that contains all remaining species of Chiasmocleis. The new species differs from its congeners by its reddish-brown to dark-brown (sepia) dorsum with minute yellowish-white spots. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. is similar to Chiasmocleis antenori in lacking digit I of both hands and feet but Chiasmocleis parkeri differs in coloration, arrangement and size of pale spots, and the absence of a pale line in the canthal region. We describe the calls, which are characterized by having non-pulsed notes, and we provide ecological data from the type locality and adjacent areas.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Se describe una especie nueva de rana del género Chiasmocleis de los bosques montanos del suroriente del Ecuador, en las laderas occidentales de la Cordillera del Cóndor, entre 1.025-1.630 m de altitud. En base a nuevas secuencias de ADN mitocondrial y nuclear presentamos las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie y sus congéneres. La filogenia muestra una relación cercana a C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova, y C. tridactyla. La nueva especie forma parte de un clado integrado por especies que previamente habían sido asignadas al género Syncope. Este clado es hermano de otro conformado por el resto de especies de Chiasmocleis. La nueva especie difiere de sus congéneres por su dorso café ladrillo a café obscuro (sepia) cubierto por puntos diminutos blanco-amarillentos. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. se parece a Chiasmocleis antenori por la ausencia del dedo I, tanto en las manos como en los pies, pero difiere en la coloración, la disposición y tamaño de las manchas claras y la ausencia de una línea clara en la región cantal. La especie nueva presenta algunos rasgos que le distinguen de especies similares. Describimos el canto, caracterizado por tener notas sin pulsos y aportamos datos ecológicos de la localidad típica y áreas adyacentes.
ABSTRACT We describe a new species of frog of the genus Chiasmocleis from the montane forests of southeastern Ecuador, at the western slopes of Cordillera del Cóndor, between 1,224-1,630 m of elevation. Based on new sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA we present phylogenetic relationships of the new species and its congeners. The phylogeny shows a close relationship to C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova and C. tridactyla. The new species is part of a clade of species that were previously assigned to the genus Syncope. This clade has a sister relationship to a clade that contains all remaining species of Chiasmocleis. The new species differs from its congeners by its reddish-brown to dark-brown (sepia) dorsum with minute yellowish-white spots. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. is similar to Chiasmocleis antenori in lacking digit I of both hands and feet but Chiasmocleis parkeri differs in coloration, arrangement and size of pale spots, and the absence of a pale line in the canthal region. We describe the calls, which are characterized by having non-pulsed notes, and we provide ecological data from the type locality and adjacent areas.
RESUMO
We describe a new species of frog of the genus Chiasmocleis from the montane forests of southeastern Ecuador, at the western slopes of Cordillera del Cَndor, between 1,2241,630 m of elevation. Based on new sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA we present phylogenetic relationships of the new species and its congeners. The phylogeny shows a close relationship to C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova and C. tridactyla. The new species is part of a clade of species that were previously assigned to the genus Syncope. This clade has a sister relationship to a clade that contains all remaining species of Chiasmocleis. The new species differs from its congeners by its reddish-brown to dark-brown (sepia) dorsum with minute yellowish-white spots. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. is similar to Chiasmocleis antenori in lacking digit I of both hands and feet but Chiasmocleis parkeri differs in coloration, arrangement and size of pale spots, and the absence of a pale line in the canthal region. We describe the calls, which are characterized by having non-pulsed notes, and we provide ecological data from the type locality and adjacent areas.(AU)
Se describe una especie nueva de rana del género Chiasmocleis de los bosques montanos del suroriente del Ecuador, en las laderas occidentales de la Cordillera del Cóndor, entre 1.025-1.630 m de altitud. En base a nuevas secuencias de ADN mitocondrial y nuclear presentamos las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie y sus congéneres. La filogenia muestra una relación cercana a C. antenori, C. carvalhoi, C. magnova, y C. tridactyla. La nueva especie forma parte de un clado integrado por especies que previamente habían sido asignadas al género Syncope. Este clado es hermano de otro conformado por el resto de especies de Chiasmocleis. La nueva especie difiere de sus congéneres por su dorso café ladrillo a café obscuro (sepia) cubierto por puntos diminutos blanco-amarillentos. Chiasmocleis parkeri sp. nov. se parece a Chiasmocleis antenori por la ausencia del dedo I, tanto en las manos como en los pies, pero difiere en la coloración, la disposición y tamaño de las manchas claras y la ausencia de una línea clara en la región cantal. La especie nueva presenta algunos rasgos que le distinguen de especies similares. Describimos el canto, caracterizado por tener notas sin pulsos y aportamos datos ecológicos de la localidad típica y áreas adyacentes.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Anuros/genética , Filogenia , Especificidade da Espécie , EquadorRESUMO
This paper presents a review of the geographical distribution of Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885), based on data from literature, scientific collections, and field notes. Our reviewing significantly enlarges the distribution of the species within the Brazilian territory, with new records for the states of Bahia, Maranhão, and Tocantins. Among all species of the genus, C. albopunctata can be considered the one with the widest latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, as well as greater environmental plasticity.
Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da distribuição geográfica de Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885), a partir de dados da literatura, coleções científicas e anotações em campo. Os dados aqui apresentados ampliam consideravelmente a distribuição da espécie dentro do território brasileiro, com novos registros para os estados da Bahia, Maranhão, Tocantins. Dentre todas as espécies do gênero, C. albopunctata pode ser considerada a espécie que apresenta maior variação altitudinal e latitudinal, bem como maior plasticidade ambiental.
RESUMO
O girino de Chiasmocleis alagoanus é descrito pela primeira vez a partir de exemplares coletados na Mata do Catolé, município de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. O girino tem hábitos lêntico e nectônico. Corpo triangular em vista lateral e oval em vista dorsal; focinho truncado em vista lateral, dorsal e ventral. Olhos laterais e aberturas nasais ausentes. Espiráculo mediano e com ampla abertura. Tubo anal ventral curto com abertura central, sem margem livre. Abertura oral terminalmente localizada, sem peças queratinizadas. Abas labiais superiores semicirculares recobrindo parcialmente a abertura oral. Fileiras de dentículos córneos ausentes. Comprimento da cauda correspondendo a 59,1 por cento do comprimento total. Em preservativo o corpo é castanho claro e as vísceras parcialmente visíveis. Notas sobre o ambiente e comparação com outros girinos do gênero são apresentados.
Tadpoles of Chiasmocleis alagoanus were collected from a temporary pond in a remnant of Atlantic Forest, municipal district of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. The tadpole presents lentic and nektonic habit. Body triangular in lateral view and oval in dorsal view; snout truncate in lateral, dorsal and ventral view. Eyes lateral and nostrils absent. Spiracle medial with wide opening. Anal tube ventral and short, with central opening, without free margin. Oral opening terminal, with marginal papillae and jaw sheaths absent, with the superior semicircular labial flaps suspended on the extremities of the mouth. Tooth rows absent. Tail length representing 59.1 percent of total length. In preservative the body is brown light and the viscera is partially visible. Notes on the environment and comparison with other tadpoles of the genera are provided.
Assuntos
Ecologia/classificação , Fauna/análise , Fauna/classificaçãoRESUMO
The reproductive pattern of Elachistocleis bicolor (Guérin Méneville, 1838) was studied at Serra da Bodoquena, from October 2000 to September 2001. Reproduction occurred in the wet season (October to April) and was correlated to high continuous pluviometric precipitation. The species presents sexual size dimorphism, with females larger than males. The number of mature eggs per ovary was 620 ± 251 (n=39) and mature eggs measured 1.15 ± 0.30 mm (n=40). Elachistocleis bicolor presented significant relations between snout-vent length and number of mature eggs (n=39; r²=0.25; p=0.001), individual weight and number of mature eggs (n=41, r²=0.30; p=0.002), snout-vent length and ovarian weight (n=35; r²=0.47; p 0.01), and individual weight and ovarian weight (n=36; r²=0.55; p 0.01). Weight and volume are better to study size-fecundity relationships than snout-vent length. The females invested 22.7 ± 6.3 % (n=35) of their weights in reproduction and the variance associated to this variable was high, related to the reproductive mode of the species.
RESUMO
The reproductive pattern of Elachistocleis bicolor (Guérin Méneville, 1838) was studied at Serra da Bodoquena, from October 2000 to September 2001. Reproduction occurred in the wet season (October to April) and was correlated to high continuous pluviometric precipitation. The species presents sexual size dimorphism, with females larger than males. The number of mature eggs per ovary was 620 ± 251 (n=39) and mature eggs measured 1.15 ± 0.30 mm (n=40). Elachistocleis bicolor presented significant relations between snout-vent length and number of mature eggs (n=39; r²=0.25; p=0.001), individual weight and number of mature eggs (n=41, r²=0.30; p=0.002), snout-vent length and ovarian weight (n=35; r²=0.47; p 0.01), and individual weight and ovarian weight (n=36; r²=0.55; p 0.01). Weight and volume are better to study size-fecundity relationships than snout-vent length. The females invested 22.7 ± 6.3 % (n=35) of their weights in reproduction and the variance associated to this variable was high, related to the reproductive mode of the species.
RESUMO
The reproductive pattern of Elachistocleis bicolor (Guérin Méneville, 1838) was studied at Serra da Bodoquena, from October 2000 to September 2001. Reproduction occurred in the wet season (October to April) and was correlated to high continuous pluviometric precipitation. The species presents sexual size dimorphism, with females larger than males. The number of mature eggs per ovary was 620 ± 251 (n=39) and mature eggs measured 1.15 ± 0.30 mm (n=40). Elachistocleis bicolor presented significant relations between snout-vent length and number of mature eggs (n=39; r²=0.25; p=0.001), individual weight and number of mature eggs (n=41, r²=0.30; p=0.002), snout-vent length and ovarian weight (n=35; r²=0.47; p 0.01), and individual weight and ovarian weight (n=36; r²=0.55; p 0.01). Weight and volume are better to study size-fecundity relationships than snout-vent length. The females invested 22.7 ± 6.3 % (n=35) of their weights in reproduction and the variance associated to this variable was high, related to the reproductive mode of the species.