Effect of street trees shade on perceived thermal comfort in a south temperate climate: The sidewalks of Montevideo (Uruguay).

The use of vegetation in cities is one of the most promising strategies for urban climate change adaptation and mitigation. Tree shade influences heat storage from surfaces reducing long wave radiation emission which directly affects people. People 's heat perception depends more on insolation and the temperature of surrounding objects than on air temperature itself. There is a need for analyzes that include the combined effects of physical and human variables on thermal comfort, as well as location-based studies to address its climatic and social conditions. In order to compare the effect of the trees on microenvironmental temperature and perceived thermal comfort, we measured physical parameters and performed structured interviews on three downtown streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, which had sections with and without trees on four dates during the summer. Generally, people surveyed under both treatments stated they did not feel fully comfortable due to summer heat, but the proportion of people who stated feeling in thermal comfort under tree shade was more than double than the unshaded sections. The seasonal ARIMA analysis supported that the tree shade reduced the microenvironmental temperature by its effect on radiant temperature. By using a statistical decision tree methodology that combines all the variables in the same analysis, we found a greater impact of physical variables than personal variables on people's thermal comfort and thermal preferences. We also identified gender as a significant variable that affects people's thermal preferences, where 46.4 % of females preferred a slightly colder environment.

Assessment of Water Quality in A Tropical Reservoir in Mexico: Seasonal, Spatial and Multivariable Analysis.

Agricultural activities are highly related to the reduction of the availability of water resources due to the consumption of freshwater for crop irrigation, the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, the water quality of the Adolfo López Mateos (ALM) reservoir was evaluated. This is one of the most important reservoirs in Mexico since the water stored is used mainly for crop irrigation in the most productive agricultural region. A comprehensive evaluation of water quality was carried out by analyzing the behavior of 23 parameters at four sampling points in the period of 2012-2019. The analysis of the spatial behavior of the water quality parameters was studied by spatial distribution graphs using the Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation. Pearson correlation was performed to better describe the behavior of all water quality parameters. This analysis revealed that many of these parameters were significantly correlated. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was carried out and showed the importance of water quality parameters. Ten principal components were obtained, which explained almost 90% of the total variation of the data. Additionally, the comprehensive pollution index showed a slight water quality variation in the ALM reservoir. This study also demonstrated that the main source of contamination in this reservoir occurs near sampling point one. Finally, the results obtained indicated that a contamination risk in the waterbody and further severe ecosystem degradations may occur if appropriate management is not taken.

A multivariable assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids performance on the sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi in Chile.

Synthetic pyrethroids have been widely used in Chile to control the sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi, a major ectoparasite of farmed salmon. Although resistance of C. rogercresseyi to pyrethroids has been reported in Chile, there is no information regarding the geographic extent of this problem. In this study we explored the spatial and temporal variation of C. rogercresseyi's response to pyrethroids in Chile from 2012 to 2013. We modeled lice abundance one week after treatment with a linear mixed-effects regression, and then we performed spatial and spatio-temporal cluster analyses on farm-level effects and on treatment-level residuals, respectively. Results indicate there were two areas where the post-treatment lice counts were significantly higher than in the rest of the study area. These spatial clusters remained even once we adjusted for environmental and management predictors, suggesting unmeasured factors (e.g. resistance) were causing the clustering. Further investigation should be carried out to confirm this hypothesis.

Evaluation of the heat damage of whey and whey proteins using multivariate analysis.

Maillard reaction (MR) was assessed in 10 powdered whey samples. Initial stages of MR were evaluated using furosine, intermediate stages with hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and absorbance at 284nm, advanced stages with color parameters (CIELab color) and final stages with browning index; additionally, insolubility, pH and water activity (Aw) were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to establish the heat damage of samples based on relations between variables. Three principal components were found which explained 79.0% of the total variance and they were the basis for cluster analysis where 5 clusters were formed. PCA and CA can separate samples according to their heat damage and they help in a clearer interpretation of the information from indicators which shows that samples with high lactose content exhibited the higher heat damage.

Ronda clínica y epidemiológica. Introducción al análisis multivariable (parte II) / Clinical and epidemiological round. Introduction to multivariable analysis (part II) / Ronda clínica e epidemiológica. Introdução à análise multi-variáveis (parte II

En la primera parte de este tema presentamos su definición, principales usos y los tres métodos de análisis multivariable más utilizados en la literatura científica. En esta segunda parte profundizaremos en los criterios para la incorporación de variables independientes al análisis, las herramientas para evaluar qué tan adecuado es el modelo seleccionado y la interpretación de los resultados y de los coeficientes en cada tipo de regresión.

In the first part of this topic, we explained the definition of multivariable analysis, its main uses, and the three most commonly used methods in the scientific literature. In this second part, we will delve into the inclusion criteria of independent variables to the analysis, the tools to assess how the model fits the data and the interpretation of the results and coefficients in each regression model.

Na primeira parte deste tema apresentamos sua definição, principais usos e os três métodos de análises multi-variável mais utilizados na literatura científica. Nesta segunda parte aprofundaremos nos critérios para a incorporação de variáveis independentes à análise, as ferramentas para avaliar que tão adequado é o modelo selecionado e a interpretação dos resultados e dos coeficientes em cada tipo de regressão.

Genetic diversity in common bean accessions / Diversidade genética em acessos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L. )

The correct characterization of genetic resources allows to identify sources of variability, a genetic profit during the plant breeding and use of these resources in the crop science. This research was aimed at evaluating genetic divergence in bean accessions of a germplasm of Santa Catarina, through interrelation among the agronomic character descriptor. Twenty bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions were evaluated carried out in October 2005, using the randomized block design with three replications. The genotypes were studied using multivariable techniques to measure genetic divergence represented by the generalized distance of Mahalanobis. On the basis of the genetic similarity matrix, it was generated average distance grouping. Among 12 variable evaluated, the weight of 100 seeds had the higher contribution in the separation of the genotypes, followed for the pod width, pod length and yield of grains. The BAF 42, BAF 46, BAF 47 and BAF 57 accessions had the high productivity level and it must be better characterized to be incorporated in the programs of genetic breeding or use of these resources in the crop science.(AU)

Os recursos genéticos devem ser devidamente caracterizados para permitir ganhos genéticos mais promissores no melhoramento e para o uso destes recursos pelo próprio agricultor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de acessos de feijão comum do germoplasma existente na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, através de inter-relações entre os descritores agronômicos. O experimento foi conduzido a partir de outubro de 2005, constituído por 20 acessos de feijão comum, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 3 repetições. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise multivariada para medir a divergência genética representada pela distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. Com base na matriz de dissimilaridade genética gerada, foi construído o dendrograma pelo método de agrupamento da distância média. Das 12 variáveis envolvidas no estudo, o peso de 100 sementes teve a maior contribuição na separação dos genótipos, seguido pela espessura do legume, pelo comprimento do legume e pelo rendimento de grãos. Os acessos BAF 42, BAF 46, BAF 47 e BAF 57 se destacaram quanto ao nível de produtividade (3.500 a 5.000kg ha-1) e devem ser mais bem caracterizados para serem incorporados nos programas de melhoramento da cultura e/ou indicado para os agricultores.(AU)

Análise de Sobrevida em Pacientes com Câncer de Pulmão

O câncer de pulmão é uma das maiores causas de morte no mundo, sendo a primeira causa em morte por câncer entre homens no Brasil. A história natural da doença inclui elevada letalidade e evolução agressiva, quase sempre com o paciente chegando ao médico quando a doença já se encontra em fase avançada. Nos últimos 40 anos a taxa de sobrevida em neoplasias de pulmão melhorou em 8 %, nos Estados Unidos, apesar do avanço nas tecnologias de detecção precoce e no refinamento das técnicas de tratamento. Um desafio contínuo é descrever o papel das variáveis clínicas, assistenciais e demográficas dos pacientes com câncer de pulmão. Neste sentido, este trabalho avaliou uma amostra da população de pacientes acompanhados pelo Programa de Oncopneumologia, do Instituto de Doenças do Tórax e do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (UFRJ). Neste estudo de coorte não concorrente foi estimado a importância das variáveis clínicas, demográficas e assistenciais, na sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pulmão. Um total de 585 pacientes foram incluídos e suas principais características são: 77,8 % de homens, 85,6 % com tipo histológico não-pequenas células, 67,7 % em estágios IIIB/IV pelo TNM, e 84,4 % com história de tabagismo. A sobrevida mediana foi de 7 meses, com 5,4 % dos pacientes permanecendo vivos em 5 anos. Tabagismo, tratamento, níveis de PS e estagiamento foram determinantes prognósticos independentes para a sobrevida desta população. Apesar das limitações do desenho de estudo retrospectivo utilizando registros médicos, estudos como este são importantes para a compreensão do padrão da doença na população.

Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in the world, and the first one in cancer-related death, in Brazil. The natural history of disease includes high lethality and aggressive clinical course, with the patient usually presenting advanced disease at first medical evaluation. Although improvement of medical technologies, early detection and newest therapies, the mortality rate was reduced only 8% in the last 40 years, in U.S.A. The role of patient’s clinical, social and health assistance characteristics, in lung cancer survival, is a continuous challenge. In this way, we evaluated a sample of patients treated at Rio de Janeiro Federal University, by Onco-Pneumology Program, a multidisciplinary group of Thorax Diseases Institute and Clementino Fraga Filho Universitary Hospital. In this non concurrent cohort study was estimated the influence of clinical, demographic and health assistance related variables in survival of lung cancer patients. A total of 585 patients were reviewed and their main characteristics are: 77,8 % males, 85,6 % with non-small-cell histology, 67,7 % IIIB/IV TNM stages, and 84,4 % with positive smoke history. The median survival time was 7 months, with 5,4 % of the patients alive in 5 years. Smoking, treatment, PS levels and TNM stage were independent prognostic determinants of survival in this population. Despite of the limitations of a retrospective design using medical records, studies like this one are important for understanding the pattern of the diseases in a population.