You can't nudge into vaccination: Comparing the effects of nudge types and Covid-19 vaccination attitudes on vaccine willingness.

Nudges can be an effective strategy to promote vaccination. However, it is necessary to better identify the characteristics of nudges that produce the strongest effects and how they interact with individuals' attitudes. Here we sequentially test the effectiveness of three nudge characteristics (framing, nudge type, and presentation modality) and the role of participants' attitudes toward Covid-19 vaccination, social solidarity and authoritarianism in vaccination decisions. In studies 1-4, participants were presented with a nudge manipulating a target characteristic (e.g. positive/negative framing, nudge type) and measuring willingness to vaccinate and related variables compared a control nudge. Study 5 used a single combined nudge reflecting the combination of successful nudges in previous studies. Results over all studies show that nudging has unreliable effects while vaccine attitudes are more reliably linked to all measures of vaccines willingness. These results suggest that attitudes play a more reliable role on effective adoption of vaccinations.

¿Es posible obligar a las personas a vacunarse? Nudge contra el coronavirus / Is it possible to force people to be vaccinated? Nudge against coronavirus / É possível obrigar as pessoas a vacinar-se? Cutucar contra o coronavírus

Resumen: Sabemos que el mundo enfrenta una terrible pandemia. La ciencia, con esfuerzo y prontitud, ha podido desarrollar diversas vacunas contra el covid-19, generando ello grandes expectativas. Sin embargo, por diversos factores, los procesos masivos de vacunación no han avanzado a la velocidad requerida; uno de los principales es la resistencia de muchas personas a vacunarse, aduciendo diferentes razones. Frente a esta situación se ha oscilado entre la realización de campañas de publicidad hasta propuestas de imposición forzada. Una alternativa para ir más allá de lo meramente lírico y lo coercitivo es generar formas de motivación para que aquellas personas decidan voluntariamente vacunarse a través de diversas medidas, directas e indirectas, apelando a "Nudge" -o "teoría del pequeño empujón"-, con el fin de propiciar la mejor protección de la salud individual y colectiva, tema del que trata el presente artículo, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica sobre la materia y diversas experiencias en la lucha contra el coronavirus.

Abstract: We all know that the world is facing a terrible pandemic. Science, with effort and promptness, has been able to develop various vaccines against Covid-19, generating great expectations. However, mass vaccination processes have not advanced at the required speed due to various factors; one of the main ones is the resistance of many people to get vaccinated, for different reasons. Faced with this situation, it has oscillated between carrying out advertising campaigns to proposals for forced imposition. An alternative to go beyond the merely lyrical and coercive is to generate forms of motivation for those people to voluntarily decide to be vaccinated through various measures, direct and indirect, appealing to "Nudge" -or the "little push theory" - in order to promote the best protection of individual and collective health, the subject of this article, based on the bibliographic review on the matter and various experiences in the fight against coronavirus.

Resumo: Sabemos que o mundo enfrenta uma terrível pandemia. A ciência, com esforço e prontidão, pode desenvolver diversas vacinas contra a Covid-19, gerando grandes expectativas. Sem dúvida, os processos massivos de vacinação não avançaram à velocidade requerida por diversos fatores; um dos principais é a resistência de muitas pessoas a vacinar-se, alegando diferentes razões. Frente a esta situação, observou-se uma oscilação entre a realização de campanhas de publicidade a propostas de imposição forçada. Uma alternativa para ir além do meramente lírico e do coercitivo é gerar formas de motivação para que as pessoas decidam voluntariamente vacinar-se através de diversas medidas, diretas e indiretas, apelando a "Nudge" -ou a "teoria do pequeno empurrão"- a fim de propiciar a melhor proteção da saúde individual e coletiva, tema do que trata o presente artigo, a partir da revisão bibliográfica sobre a matéria e diversas experiências na luta contra o coronavírus.

Eating in the Amazon: Nutritional Status of the Riverine Populations and Possible Nudge Interventions.

The Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and a source of healthy food, such as fruits and fish. Surprisingly, the Amazonian riverine population present an increased prevalence (as high as 58%) of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension and insulin resistance, even higher than that described for the urban population of the Amazon. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the nutritional status and associated risk of the riverine population. Body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, and neck circumference (NC) were evaluated, and risk analysis was assayed. Furthermore, data about occupation and the prevalence of consumers of the different groups of food were analyzed. All anthropometric parameters revealed high proportions of individuals at risk, WC and NC being the factors that had more high-risk women and men, respectively. Our data confirmed the characteristic profile of the riverine communities with a high number of fish consumers, but also observed different patterns probably associated to a phenomenon of nutrition transition. Based on our data, some nudge interventions that take into account the principles of behavior analysis are discussed and proposed for these populations, aiming to improve the nutritional status and avoid the long-term consequences of the results showed by this work.

Decisiones, bienestar y desarrollo humano en departamentos de bienestar estudiantil. Discusión de hallazgos / Decisões, bem-estar e desenvolvimento humano em departamento de bem-estar estudantil. Discussão de resultados / Decisions, well-being and human development in departments of student well-being. Discussion of findings

El presente estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo explorar la arquitectura para la toma de decisiones que se promueve en los programas institucionales de bienestar y desarrollo humano, ofrecidos en tres instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín y el municipio de Bello en Antioquia, Colombia. Para lograrlo, se conocieron los programas institucionales y se detectaron los componentes asociados con la arquitectura para la toma de decisiones. Se realizaron quince entrevistas semi-estructuradas a líderes encargados de los programas institucionales en las universidades objeto de estudio y un grupo focal con estudiantes universitarios. Para el análisis se utilizó un proceso de codificación y triangulación de las entrevistas. Esta información fue contrastada con la revisión documental y la investigación empírica, las cuales enfatizan la importancia de diseñar contextos para aumentar el bienestar de las personas. Finalmente, sugerimos un programa de formación en toma de decisiones para los arquitectos encargados de estas áreas.

Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo explorar a arquitetura para a tomada de decisão promovida nos programas institucionais de bem-estar e desenvolvimento humano, oferecidos em três instituições de ensino superior na cidade de Medellín e no município de Bello, em Antioquia, na Colômbia. Para realizá-lo, foram analisados os programas institucionais e detectados os componentes associados à arquitetura para tomada de decisão. Foram realizado quinze entrevistas semi-estruturadas aos líderes responsáveis dos programas institucionais nas universidades em estudo. Para a análise, foi utilizado um processo de codificação e triangulação das entrevistas. Esta informação foi contrastada com a revisão documental e a pesquisa empírica, que enfatizam a importância de projetar contextos para aumentar o bem-estar das pessoas. Finalmente, sugerimos um programa de Formação na tomada de decisão para os arquitetos responsáveis destas áreas.

The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the architecture for decision making promoted in the institutional programs of welfare and human development, offered in three institutions of higher education in the city of Medellin and the municipality of Bello in Antioquia, Colombia. To achieve this, we got the information about the institutional programs. Then, we extract the components associated with the architecture for decision making. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with leaders in charge of institutional programs at the universities under study. For the analysis, we used a process of coding and triangulation of the interviews. This information was contrasted with the documentary review and empirical research, which emphasize the importance of designing contexts to increase human well-being. Finally, we suggest a training program in decision making for the architects in charge of these areas.