A systematic literature review on occupational accident factors in the rail construction industry: lessons learned from a quarter-century of studies globally.

The rail construction industry is notable for its large scale, substantial investment, extensive stakeholders involvement, long construction period, and intricate operation and technology. This industry is among the most dangerous due to the highest number of occupational accident cases worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to analyse and identify the existing literature on occupational accident factors in rail construction. To address the research aim, the study identified the factors that contribute to occupational accidents using systematic review methodology. This systematic literature review adheres to the rigorous Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Relevant publications from the past 25 years were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and Science Direct electronic databases. Through a meticulous review of 43 selected publications, five accident factor themes were discovered: worker, workplace, materials and equipment, organizational, and environmental influences. The detailed analysis of these themes has led to the identification of 19 specific sub-factors within these categories, providing a granular understanding of the intricate elements contributing to accidents. This study offers a foundational understanding of accident factors in the rail construction industry, paving the way for targeted OSH interventions aimed at preventing occupational accidents in the future.

Evaluation of Personal Protective Equipment Usage Among Construction Workers in Erbil City, Iraq.

Background and aim The construction industry is a high-risk environment where the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for worker safety. Despite the clear benefits of PPE, compliance rates among construction workers are often suboptimal. In response to these concerns, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes regarding PPE usage among construction workers in Erbil City, Iraq. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 15, 2022, to June 15, 2023, among construction workers in Erbil. Convenience sampling was used to collect data through a self-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire collected demographic information, as well as responses to a 15-item Knowledge Questionnaire and an 8-item Attitude Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28 (Released 2021; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Frequency and percentage were used to describe qualitative variables, while mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables. Parametric tests such as the independent sample t-test and ANOVA were used, along with multinomial logistic regression, to assess the relationships between knowledge, attitude, and various demographic factors. Results A total of 280 workers participated in the study. The mean knowledge score was 13.56 ± 1.17, indicating a good level of knowledge, while the mean attitude score was 6.86 ± 1.11, reflecting a fair attitude toward PPE usage. A significant majority of the participants, 97.9% (274), were categorized as having good knowledge, while 68.2% (191) exhibited a fair attitude towards PPE usage. The analysis showed that demographic factors such as age, marital status, working hours, work experience, and employment type did not significantly affect knowledge or attitude, with all odds ratios (ORs) near 1 and P-values above 0.05. Conclusion The findings indicate that construction workers in Erbil generally have good knowledge but only a fair attitude toward PPE usage. These results suggest that healthcare providers and policymakers should implement targeted educational interventions to improve workers' attitudes toward PPE, aiming to boost compliance and enhance workplace safety. Additionally, these interventions should address practical barriers to PPE usage, such as discomfort or lack of accessibility. By fostering more positive attitudes and ensuring the availability of necessary resources, overall safety in the construction industry can be significantly improved.

Workplace Violence against Emergency Medical Services (EMS): a prospective 12-month cohort study evaluating prevalence and risk factors within a large, multistate EMS agency.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of workplace violence (WPV) experienced by emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians across a large, multistate ground/air EMS agency. METHODS: We used a prospective cohort study design from 12/1/2022-11/30/2023. A checkbox was added within the electronic medical record (EMR) asking staff to indicate whether WPV occurred. Patient characteristics, encounter (run), and crew factors were abstracted. Potential risk factors for WPV were assessed using logistic regression, with the occurrence of any form of violence as the primary outcome of interest. Models were both univariable, assessing each risk factor individually, and multivariable assessing all risk factors together to identify independent factors associated with higher risk of WPV. Multivariable model results were reported using odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 102,632 runs were included, 95.7% (n= 98,234) included checkbox documentation. There were 843 runs (0.86 per 100 runs, 95% CI 0.80-0.92) identified by EMS clinicians as WPV having occurred, including verbal abuse (n= 482), physical assault (n= 142), and both abuse and assault (n= 219). Risk factors for violence included male patient gender (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.24 - 1.70, p <0.001), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) >1 (aOR 16.97, 95% CI 13.71 - 21.01, p < 0.001), and 9-1-1 runs to include emergent (P1; aOR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.17-2.63, p = 0.007) and urgent (P2; aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08-2.50, p = 0.021) priority, compared to P3/scheduled transfer or P4/trip requests. Factors associated with lower risk for violence included older patients (aOR per 10 years = 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 - 0.98, p = 0.007) and run time of day between 0601-1200 hours compared to 0000-0600 hours (aOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51 - 0.88, p = 0.004). Only 2.7% of violent runs captured through the EMR were reported through official processes. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal and/or physical violence is recognized in nearly 1% of EMS runs. We recommend prioritizing WPV prevention and mitigation strategies around identified risk factors and simplifying the WPV reporting process in order to reduce staff administrative burden and encourage optimal capturing of violent events.

Ergonomic challenges of mortuary attendants in Ghana: an exploratory study.

Objective. Mortuary attendants in Ghana face various occupational health and safety hazards, including ergonomic and psychosocial factors, which can impact both their well-being and the quality of service provided. However, there is limited knowledge about the specific ergonomic hazards they encounter. This study aims to investigate and understand these ergonomic hazards at selected hospital mortuaries in Ghana. Methods. The study used a qualitative approach to investigate the experiences of 19 mortuary attendants, selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and recorded digitally, and focused on participants' demographics, work experiences, challenges and coping strategies. The collected data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Results. The study found that mortuary attendants face ergonomic hazards, leading to physical discomfort, sleep problems and the need for sick leave and self-medication. Poor working conditions were a major risk factor. Conclusion. The study recommends the immediate inclusion of fundamental occupational health and safety practices into the informal apprenticeship training for mortuary attendants. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of providing necessary equipment to mortuary attendants to reduce or eliminate ergonomic hazards in their work environments.

Prediction of human error probability in helicopter to ship transfer operation under an evidential reasoning extended CREAM approach.

Although the helicopter to ship transfer operation is rarely applied in ports around the world, some of the hub ports have encouraged it. The operational process poses challenges to safety due to the nature of the work to be completed by the ship crew. This article performs a systematic human error prediction to ensure safe helicopter to ship transfer operations under different circumstances since the human factor is becoming a significant contributor to maritime accidents. To accomplish this, the article addresses a cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) under the evidential reasoning (ER) approach. In the proposed approach, the CREAM provides a comprehensive human error prediction tool and ER is capable of supporting experts' judgment in decision-making. The findings of the research show that 'Secure the loose objects within or adjacent to the operating area' poses a high human error probability (4.50E-02) during helicopter to ship transfer operations.

From Public Forecasts to Occupational Heat Safety Management: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the National Weather Service's Operational Heat Risk Forecasts.

Heat poses a major environmental risk to occupational safety, necessitating timely insights into associated risks to safeguard workers. In June 2022, the National Weather Service (NWS) initiated operational wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) forecasts, offering valuable information for heat risk management. This study evaluates the effectiveness of NWS WBGT forecasts, aiming to identify potential areas of caution and improvements for their application for occupational safety management. To this end, the study examines 1.3 million hourly historical NWS WBGT forecast data, comparing it with observed data from 252 weather stations across the US during the summer of 2023. The results offer key insights, revealing that: (1) the accuracy of NWS WBGT forecasts is influenced more by the times of interest than by the forecast horizons; (2) NWS WBGT forecast accuracy varies across different climates in the US, with air temperature bias being the most influential factor in this inaccuracy; and (3) while NWS WBGT forecasts accurately identify the lowest heat risks (i.e. no heat risk), their performance decreases at higher risk levels, emphasizing the importance of careful interpretation in safety management. These insights offer guidance for more cautious interpretations of NWS WBGT forecasts and lay the foundation for future studies on leveraging operational weather forecasting services in effective heat mitigation strategies.

Inflammation related to inhalation of nano and micron sized iron oxides: a systematic review.

Inhalation exposure to iron oxide occurs in many workplaces and respirable aerosols occur during thermal processes (e.g. welding, casting) or during abrasion of iron and steel products (e.g. cutting, grinding, machining, polishing, sanding) or during handling of iron oxide pigments. There is limited evidence of adverse effects in humans specifically linked to inhalation of iron oxides. This contrasts to oxides of other metals used to alloy or for coating of steel and iron of which several have been classified as being hazardous by international and national agencies. Such metal oxides are often present in the air at workplaces. In general, iron oxides might therefore be regarded as low-toxicity, low-solubility (LTLS) particles, and are often considered to be nontoxic even if very high and prolonged inhalation exposures might result in diseases. In animal studies, such exposures lead to cancer, fibrosis and other diseases. Our hypothesis was that pulmonary-workplace exposure during manufacture and handling of SPION preparations might be harmful. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature to understand how iron oxides deposited in the lung are related to acute and subchronic pulmonary inflammation. We included one human and several in vivo animal studies published up to February 2023. We found 25 relevant studies that were useful for deriving occupational exposure limits (OEL) for iron oxides based on an inflammatory reaction. Our review of the scientific literature indicates that lowering of health-based occupational exposure limits might be considered.

How Working Conditions in Civilian Jobs Can Affect Veterans' Health and Well-Being: Veterans' Issues in Focus.

Too often, policy discussions focus on employment rates over the quality of the jobs that are available to veterans. Ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for veterans should be a priority of policies and programs to improve employment opportunities for this population. Veterans have already put their lives and health on the line for their country, sometimes with long-term effects that make them vulnerable to additional hazards on the job. Understanding why veterans choose the occupations they do and the risks they are exposed to could lead to policies that improve veteran health and support for all workers.

Unable to comply with regulations: How deterrent and social learning factors contribute to workplace safety violation.

BACKGROUND: Workplace safety violation is a significant challenge for global enterprises. However, prior studies have generated inconsistent findings, which calls for a holistic framework to reveal the complex causality between antecedent conditions and workplace safety violations in high-risk industries. OBJECTIVE: By embracing deterrence theory and social learning theory, this study aimed to examine how punishment (i.e., perceived punishment certainty and perceived punishment severity), shame (i.e., perceived shame certainty and perceived shame severity) and coworker safety violations (CSV) combine into configurational causes of employee safety violations (ESV). METHODS: A two-wave sampling approach was used to obtain 370 usable samples from various high-risk industries in China. The confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test construct validity, and an emerging fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was conducted to explore the complex causality between ESV and its multiple antecedents. RESULTS: The fsQCA results indicate that no single antecedent condition is necessary for predicting high ESV, but three distinct configurations of multiple antecedents equivalently lead to high ESV. Among all configurations, a lack of perceived punishment severity, a lack of perceived shame certainty and severity, and high CSV play important roles in explaining ESV. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a pioneering endeavor utilizing fsQCA to explore how different combinations of punishment, shame and social learning antecedents contribute to high ESV, which goes beyond previous research focusing on antecedents independently and offers new insights into interconnected antecedents of ESV and their complex causality.

Prediction of accident-proneness among a sample of Iranian workers: usefulness of an adjusted version of the Health Belief Model with spiritual health.

BACKGROUND: Workforce health is one of the primary and challenging issues, especially in industrialized countries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability to predict accident-proneness among Saveh Industry workers in Iran, based on an extended Health Belief Model, that included the construct of spiritual health. METHOD: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2022 on 384 workers in Saveh, Iran. The study aimed to explore relationships between accident proneness behavior, spiritual health, and health beliefs. The accident-proneness questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part included demographic questions, and the second part comprised 9 sections covering personality traits, workplace harmful factors, miscellaneous factors, musculoskeletal disorders, safety culture, safety attitudes, job stress, organization interest, and degree of risk-taking. The Health Belief Model included 31 questions, while spiritual health was measured with the 20-question Paloutzian and Ellison questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. RESULTS: In terms of accident proneness, 229 (59.6%), exhibited high levels, 148 (38.5%) had medium levels, and 7 (1.8%) showed low levels of accident-proneness. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that in the first model, variables of perceived self-efficacy, vulnerability, and severity independently predicted workers accident proneness, explaining a total of 43% of variance in accident proneness behavior. In the second step, perceived self-efficacy (ß = 34%), perceived sensitivity (ß = 27%), spiritual health (ß = 16%), and perceived severity (ß = 12%) were included, respectively, which explained a total of 46% of the variance of accident-prone behavior of workers. CONCLUSION: Given the high rate of accident proneness observed in this study, there is a critical need for policymakers and health planners to design policies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with occupational accidents. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of integrating spiritual health into the Health Belief Model, as a conceptual framework for planning effective intervention programs to enhance workplace safety.

Addressing Worker Safety and Health Through the Lens of Strategic Enforcement-Part One.

Ensuring the safety and health of workers in this country, who are employed at millions of workplaces that present a dizzying array of hazards, is daunting. Every day, workers are maimed or die from workplace injuries or occupational illnesses. Hence, government agencies must use all available means to ensure the laws intended to keep workers safe and healthy in their workplaces are maximally effective in accomplishing that purpose. This paper addresses this challenge through the lens of strategic enforcement. It examines how federal and state authority are designed to interact to ensure worker protection in this space, and focuses on what tools for deterring violations - many unrecognized or underutilized by worker safety agencies - are available to leverage the limited resources that inevitably constrain the agencies' reach. The forthcoming Part II will, among other things, showcase a number of noteworthy state and local initiatives that exceed the federal standard.

Study on the change of miners' psychological state under different illuminance levels.

The poor lighting environment in the underground coal mine is easy to cause the miners to have psychological irritability, which leads to the occurrence of accidents. In order to reduce the incidence of accidents and ensure the personal safety of miners. In this paper, different illumination levels are used as control variables. With the help of cognitive ability tests commonly used in psychology, accuracy(AC), reaction time(RT)and performance indicators(PI) are selected to describe how different illumination levels affect the psychological state of miners. The results show that: (1) In the two selected cognitive ability test tasks, when the illumination level is very low, the AC is not high and the RT is longer. As the illumination increases, the AC in the cognitive test task becomes higher and the RT becomes faster. The optimal value is reached at 200lux-300lux.At this time, the illumination level increases again, the AC value decreases, and the RT value increases. When the illuminance is lower than 200Lux, the results of the two tasks are not the same, but when 200Lux∼300Lux, the PI values are larger, and then increase the illuminance, the PI value decreases. (2)The regression analysis of three indicators and illuminance level was carried out, and the binary linear regression equation of different illuminance levels and PI/RT was established to monitor the influence of illuminance on the psychological state of miners. (3) Reasonable control of lighting environment can effectively promote the cognitive ability of miners in the work, and minimize the risk of coal mine accidents.

Trends in negative interpersonal relationships at work and awareness of occupational safety and health services: a 2014-2019 trend analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A good psychosocial climate at work, including positive interpersonal relationships, is a protective factor for health, whereas social conflict imposes a considerable health risk. Occupational safety and health (OSH) services can help create a positive working environment. In the present study, we analyzed trends in the awareness of OSH services and interpersonal relationships and whether these are linked. METHODS: We used time series data from the Italian Survey on Health and Safety at Work (INSuLa) from 2014 and 2019 (n = 16 000 employees). Negative interpersonal relationships included workplace bullying and lack of workplace support. The availability of OSH services was measured through items inquiring about the awareness of OSH representatives and OSH training. We used Poisson regression in reporting prevalence ratios and provided predicted probabilities and average marginal effects to show trends and differences in interpersonal relationships and OSH availability. RESULTS: Our findings suggest that negative interpersonal relationships at work increased, whereas awareness about OSH services declined between 2014 and 2019. These trends were particularly strong for young workers, for whom workplace bullying increased by 6.3% and awareness of OSH training declined by 11.7%. We also found that unawareness about OSH services is associated with negative interpersonal relationships at work. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that low OSH awareness may be an increasing problem, whereas exposure to an adverse social climate at work became more frequent at the same time. Given the role of OSH services in ensuring a positive working climate, it is important to increase workers' awareness about OSH services.

Overrepresentation of New Workers in Jobs with Multiple Carcinogen Exposures in Canada.

Background. In Canada, understanding the demographic and job-related factors influencing the prevalence of new workers and their exposure to potential carcinogens is crucial for improving workplace safety and guiding policy interventions. Methods. Logistic regression was performed on the 2017 Labour Force Survey (LFS), to estimate the likelihood of being a new worker based on age, industry, occupation, season, and immigration status. Participants were categorized by sector and occupation using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 Version 1.0 and National Occupational Classification (NOC) system 2016 Version 1.0. Finally, an exposures-per-worker metric was used to highlight the hazardous exposures new workers encounter in their jobs and industries. Results. Individuals younger than 25 years had 3.24 times the odds of being new workers compared to those in the 25-39 age group (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 3.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 3.18, 3.31). Recent immigrants (less than 10 years in the country) were more likely to be new workers than those with Canadian citizenship (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.41). The total workforce exposures-per-worker metric using CAREX Canada data was 0.56. By occupation, new workers were the most overrepresented in jobs in natural resources and agriculture (20.5% new workers), where they also experienced a high exposures-per-worker metric (1.57). Conclusions. Younger workers (under 25 years) and recent immigrants who had arrived 10 or fewer years prior were more likely to be new workers, and were overrepresented in jobs with more frequent hazardous exposures (Construction, Agriculture, and Trades).

Evaluation of safety culture factors in the construction industry: a cross-country study of sites.

In the construction industry, most safety culture studies are limited to a single country, with minimal attention to cross-country studies. This limits creating a foundation for a robust framework and reliable safety culture scale. This study addresses this gap by studying safety culture in 10 countries, including those without previous studies. The survey instrument, completed by 311 construction employees, identified seven key factors measuring safety culture, with content and construct validity ensuring the reliability and validity of survey findings. Results indicated that work experience, education level and employment status have significant impacts on employees' safety culture. Additionally, similarities and differences in these factors across countries were investigated, and the fatalism and optimism factor and the work pressure and priority factor are the most significant contributors to the weakening of safety culture in the construction industry. This research allows industry practitioners to systematically assess on-site safety culture, oversee practices and improve.

Impact of carbon dioxide exposures on sleep latency among healthy volunteers: A randomized order, paired crossover study, evidence from the multiple sleep latency test.

BACKGROUND: Daytime sleepiness affects work efficiency, occupational safety, and public health. Although previous studies have reported an association between environmental carbon dioxide (eCO2) and daytime sleepiness, it has been challenging to draw a firm conclusion due to the lack of standardized sampling and profiling protocols. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of pure CO2 exposure at 5000 (ppm, parts per million) on daytime sleepiness. METHODS: Eleven healthy participants (males of 24 ± 3 years, mean ± SD) completed a four-nap multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) protocol in the environmentally controlled chamber under two conditions: the CO2 condition (4851 ± 229 ppm) and the Control condition (1102 ± 204 ppm). The subjective sleepiness level and cognitive performances were also evaluated using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) questionnaire, Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), and Stroop test after each nap session. RESULTS: A significant reduction in sleep latency was observed in the CO2 exposure condition (Control vs. CO2 = 13.1 ± 3.3 min vs. 9.7 ± 3.2 min). The subjective sleepiness scores were also significantly higher in the CO2 exposure condition than in the Control condition (Control vs. CO2 = 2.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.7 ± 0.8). Cognitive responses after naps showed no significant difference across conditions. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that exposure to environmental CO2 at a concentration as high as the upper safety limit at work sites significantly shortened the sleep latency and enhanced subjective sleepiness during naps in the MSLT without affecting cognitive responses after each exposure. Our results demonstrated that exposure to high environmental CO2 induces daytime sleepiness that potentially compromises work efficiency and safety.

Analysis of the effectiveness and user experience of employing virtual reality to enhance the efficacy of occupational safety and health learning for electrical workers and graduate students.

Introduction: The integration of engineering approaches in education and training is pivotal for reducing workplace incidents. Effective safety education increases workers' awareness of potential risks and fosters a robust Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) culture. Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive experiences that enhance the efficacy of safety training. Method: This study evaluated VR's effectiveness through two experiments that demonstrated improved learning capacities. The first study employed quantitative methods and quasi-experiments with electrical sector technical support professionals. The second study used a qualitative approach with scenario case studies involving graduate students. Results: The quantitative study revealed significant improvements in OSH understanding among electrical workers, highlighting VR-based training's superiority over traditional methods. The qualitative study found positive outcomes in VR usability and user experience among graduate students, affirming VR's effectiveness in OSH education. Conclusion: VR has proven to be an effective and efficient training tool for both graduate students and experienced workers. It significantly advances skills, knowledge, and proficiency in electrical engineering by providing realistic, immersive, and tailored learning experiences. As VR technology continues to evolve, its role in shaping the future of electrical technical education and training appears increasingly promising.

Enhancing radiation safety awareness and practices among female radiographers: a comprehensive approach.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the level of radiation safety awareness and adherence to protective practices among pregnant female radiographers in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to identify gaps and develop targeted interventions for enhancing occupational safety. METHODS: Employing a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed 133 female radiographers using a self-developed questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and knowledge, workplace practices, communication, and satisfaction. RESULTS: The survey showed high awareness among radiographers, with 97% acknowledging radiation risks during pregnancy, although 42.9% had not received formal training. Concerns over long-term health effects were significant, with 66.2% of participants worried about potential impacts. Despite these concerns, 83.5% had been informed about radiation risks and protective measures, indicating active information provision in many workplaces. However, inconsistencies in information dissemination across different work settings were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the need for standardized radiation safety protocols for pregnant radiographers. The variability in safety training and information dissemination suggests the importance of establishing uniform safety practices. Recommendations include developing comprehensive education and training programs for pregnant radiographers, ensuring open communication for radiation safety and pregnancy-related concerns, and enforcing clear guidelines for workplace accommodations.

Evaluation of psychosocial risks affecting academician using the sine trigonometric pythagorean fuzzy (ST-PFN) DEMATEL method.

BACKGROUND: In the realm of academia, psychosocial risk factors play a pivotal role, exerting considerable influence on the well-being and performance of scholars. Factors such as excessive workloads, unrelenting performance expectations, time constraints, and competitive atmospheres can detrimentally affect their health and overall quality of life. Moreover, issues like social isolation, work-life imbalance, and academic anxiety further compound these challenges, impeding academic progress and success. OBJECTIVE: Thus, it is imperative to identify, mitigate, and manage psychosocial risk factors effectively to foster a conducive academic environment conducive to productivity and achievement. METHODS: This study employs a novel approach, integrating expert opinions and utilizing sine trigonometry Pythagorean fuzzy numbers to ascertain the degrees of importance and rank psychosocial risk factors through the DEMATEL method. This methodology presents a unique contribution to existing literature, offering fresh insights into this critical area of study. RESULTS: Evaluation of 25 factors reveals burnout, job dissatisfaction, precarious working conditions, lack of trust, unfair treatment, job insecurity, and limited developmental opportunities as primary concerns, underscoring the multifaceted nature of these challenges. CONCLUSIONS: In the occupational sphere, active participation from all stakeholders in addressing psychosocial risks is paramount for effective problem resolution. It is incumbent upon parties involved to discharge their duties, foster collaboration, enhance working conditions, ensure equity, and facilitate avenues for professional growth. Each identified risk factor addressed and preempted translates into a tangible reduction in workplace accidents and occupational ailments, underscoring the tangible benefits of proactive risk management.