Social media uses amongst adolescents: motives, minority stress and eudaimonic well-being / Uso de redes sociales en adolescentes: motivación, estrés de minorías y bienestar eudaimónico

Introduction: The scientific evidence regarding the effects of online social media use on the well-being of adolescents is mixed. In gen-eral, passive uses (receiving, viewing content without interacting) and more screen time are related to lower well-being when compared with active uses (direct interactions and interpersonal exchanges). Objectives:This study ex-amines the types and motives for social media usage amongst adolescents, differentiating them by gender identity and sexual orientation, as well as its effects on eudaimonic well-being and minority stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1259 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 (M= 16.19; SD= 1.08), analysing the Scale of Motives for Using Social Net-working Sites, eudaimonic well-being, the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory, screen time and profile type. Results:The results found that longer use time is related to finding partners, social connection and friendships; that gay and bisexual (GB) adolescents perceive more distal stressors online;and that females have higher levels of well-being. Discus-sion: The public profiles of GB males increase self-expression, although minority stress can be related to discrimination, rejection or exclusion. Dif-ferentiated socialization may contribute to a higher level of well-being in females, with both active and passive uses positively effecting eudaimonic well-being in adolescents.(AU)

Introduction: The scientific evidence regarding the effects of online social media use on the well-being of adolescents is mixed. In general, passive uses (receiving, viewing content without interacting) and more screen time are related to lower well-being when compared with active uses (direct interactions and interpersonal exchanges). Objectives: This study examines the types and motives for social media usage amongst adolescents, differentiating them by gender identity and sexual orientation, as well as its effects on eudaimonic well-being and minority stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1259 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 (M = 16.19; SD = 1.08), analysing the Scale of Motives for Using Social Networking Sites, eudaimonic well-being, the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory, screen time and profile type. Results: The results found that longer use time is related to finding partners, social connection and friendships; that gay and bisexual (GB) adolescents perceive more distal stressors online; and that females have higher levels of well-being. Discussion: The public profiles of GB males increase self-expression, although minority stress can be related to discrimination, rejection or exclusion. Differentiated socialization may contribute to a higher level of well-being in females, with both active and passive uses positively effecting eudaimonic well-being in adolescents.(AU)

Financial and digital financial literacy through social media use towards financial inclusion among batik small enterprises in Indonesia.

Batik, an Indonesian textile art form, holds immense economic and cultural importance. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) specialising in batik play a crucial role in Indonesia's economic growth and cultural preservation, contributing significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and preserving the nation's heritage. Nevertheless, these enterprises face several challenges, such as slow growth and limited access to credit. The batik industry also lags in financial literacy and the adoption of digital marketing strategies, hindering its development. This quantitative study aims to investigate the relationship between financial literacy, digital financial literacy, and financial inclusion in batik SMEs and also examined the moderating effect of online social networks. A survey was conducted involving 535 managers, owners, and financial officers of small batik enterprises. Subsequently, the SmartPLS statistical analysis method was employed for data analysis. The results demonstrate that financial literacy and digital financial literacy play a significant role in accessing financial inclusion for batik small enterprises. Moreover, the utilisation of social media was found to moderate these relationships, amplifying the impact of financial and digital literacy on financial inclusion. The findings contribute to the existing knowledge, provide insights for enhancing batik small enterprises, and propose a digital financial model to promote financial inclusion.

Representaciones sociales acerca de Instagram: Estudio cualitativo con adultos emergentes con diferente bienestar psicológico y autoestima corporal

Antecedentes existe una relación entre el uso de Instagram y diferentes influencias e interacciones con el bienestar y salud mental de este grupo etario. Objetivo Reconstruir las representaciones sociales acerca de la red social Instagram de adultos emergentes con diferentes niveles de bienestar psicológico y autoestima corporal. Método redes semánticas naturales y entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron aplicadas a N=12 adultos emergentes (19 - 27 años) divididos en dos grupos según sus niveles de autoestima corporal y bienestar psicológico. El análisis de datos estuvo basado en análisis de redes semánticas naturales y algunos procedimientos de codificación teórica. Resultados se muestra la presencia del concepto de "acoso" como núcleo central de la representación social de Instagram en el grupo con baja autoestima corporal y bajo bienestar psicológico, a diferencia del grupo con alta autoestima corporal y alto bienestar psicológico en donde el núcleo central fue "red social". Conclusiones en los grupos estudiados, se encontraron dos representaciones sociales diferentes respecto de Instagram. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para aportar a llenar el vacío de conocimiento sobre los significados subjetivos colectivos de los adultos emergentes, teniendo implicancias en la mejor comprensión de las diversas formas de relación que establecen con esta y otras redes sociales.

Background There is a relationship between the use of Instagram and various influences and interactions with the well-being and mental health of this age group. Objective To reconstruct the social representations of the Instagram social network among emerging adults with different levels of psychological well-being and body esteem. Method Natural semantic networks and semi-structured interviews were conducted with N=12 emerging adults (19 - 27 years old) divided into two groups based on their body self-esteem and psychological well-being levels. Data analysis relied on natural semantic network analysis and theoretical coding. Results The concept of "harassment" is revealed as the central core of the social representation of Instagram in the group with low body self-esteem and low psychological well-being, unlike the group with high body esteem and high psychological well-being where the central core was the "social network" itself. Conclusions Two different social representations of Instagram were found in the studied groups. These results could contribute to filling the knowledge gap about the collective subjective meanings of emerging adults, impacting the better understanding of the diverse relationships they establish with this and other social networks.

Redes sociais virtuais, satisfação corporal e práticas corporais: um estudo com jovens adultos / Virtual social networks, body satisfaction and body practices: a study with young adults

Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada a partir de uma perspectiva psicossocial, que buscou relacionar a satisfação corporal de jovens adultos com suas práticas corporais e o uso que fazem de redes sociais virtuais. Participaram do estudo 207 jovens, que responderam um questionário online autoaplicado, cujas respostas foram tratadas com estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados indicaram que a satisfação corporal é mais presente entre os praticantes de atividades físicas, e, em contrapartida, observou-se menor satisfação corporal entre os participantes mais aderentes a dietas e cirurgias plásticas estéticas. Algumas práticas corporais encontraram associação estatística significativa com o uso das redes sociais virtuais: praticantes de atividade física as acessam por menor tempo diário e visualizam conteúdos alusivos à saúde; dietas e cirurgias plásticas estão associadas ao maior acesso a conteúdos de influenciadores digitais. Assim, a satisfação corporal e a forma como jovens utilizam redes sociais virtuais podem ter influência sobre suas práticas corporais.

This was a study conducted from a psychosocial perspective, which sought to relate the body satisfaction of young adults with their body practices and the use they make of virtual social networks. Participants were 207 young people who answered a self-administered online questionnaire, whose responses were treated using descriptive and inferential statistics. Body satisfaction was more present among practitioners of physical activities, and, on the other hand, low body satisfaction was observed among participants more adherent to diets and aesthetic plastic surgeries. Some bodily practices were significantly associated with the use of virtual social networks: practitioners of physical activity access them for less time daily and view content alluding to health; diets and plastic surgery are associated with greater access to content from digital influencers. Thus, body satisfaction and the way young people use virtual social networks can influence their body practices.

Deep reinforcement learning-based approach for rumor influence minimization in social networks.

Spreading malicious rumors on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and WeChat can trigger political conflicts, sway public opinion, and cause social disruption. A rumor can spread rapidly across a network and can be difficult to control once it has gained traction.Rumor influence minimization (RIM) is a central problem in information diffusion and network theory that involves finding ways to minimize rumor spread within a social network. Existing research on the RIM problem has focused on blocking the actions of influential users who can drive rumor propagation. These traditional static solutions do not adequately capture the dynamics and characteristics of rumor evolution from a global perspective. A deep reinforcement learning strategy that takes into account a wide range of factors may be an effective way of addressing the RIM challenge. This study introduces the dynamic rumor influence minimization (DRIM) problem, a step-by-step discrete time optimization method for controlling rumors. In addition, we provide a dynamic rumor-blocking approach, namely RLDB, based on deep reinforcement learning. First, a static rumor propagation model (SRPM) and a dynamic rumor propagation model (DRPM) based on of independent cascade patterns are presented. The primary benefit of the DPRM is that it can dynamically adjust the probability matrix according to the number of individuals affected by rumors in a social network, thereby improving the accuracy of rumor propagation simulation. Second, the RLDB strategy identifies the users to block in order to minimize rumor influence by observing the dynamics of user states and social network architectures. Finally, we assess the blocking model using four real-world datasets with different sizes. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach on heuristics such as out-degree(OD), betweenness centrality(BC), and PageRank(PR).

A comprehensive review of security threats and solutions for the online social networks industry.

The term "cyber threats" refers to the new category of hazards that have emerged with the rapid development and widespread use of computing technologies, as well as our growing reliance on them. This article presents an in-depth study of a variety of security and privacy threats directed at different types of users of social media sites. Furthermore, it focuses on different risks while sharing multimedia content across social networking platforms, and discusses relevant prevention measures and techniques. It also shares methods, tools, and mechanisms for safer usage of online social media platforms, which have been categorized based on their providers including commercial, open source, and academic solutions.

Electronic device and social network use and sleep outcomes among adolescents: the EHDLA study.

BACKGROUND: Considering the evident risk in the literature between the use of screen devices and sleep, there are still few studies on the relationship between each electronic screen device, media programs and sleep duration and sleep-related problems among adolescents and which variables interfere in these relationships. Therefore, this study has the following objectives: (1) to determine which are the most common electronic display devices related to sleep time and outcomes and (2) to determine which are the most common social network applications, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, associated with sleep outcomes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 1101 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Age, sex, sleep, psychosocial health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), sport practice, and time spent on screen devices were assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Linear regression analyses were applied, adjusting for several covariables. Poisson regression was applied between the sexes. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Cell phone use was more associated with sleep time (13%). In boys, time spent on cell phones (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; p < 0.001) and videogames (PR = 1.08; p = 0.005) had a higher prevalence ratio. When psychosocial health was included in the models, we found the greatest association (Model 2: PR = 1.15; p = 0.007). For girls, time spent on the cell phone was significantly associated with sleep-related problems (PR = 1.12; p < 0.001), and adherence to the MD became the second most important in the model (PR = 1.35; p < 0.001), followed by psychosocial health and cell phone use (PR = 1.24; p = 0.007). Time spent on WhatsApp was associated with sleep-related problems only among girls (PR = 1.31; p = 0.001) and was the most important variable in the model along with MD (PR = 1.26; p = 0.005) and psychosocial health (PR = 1.41; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a relationship between cell phones, video games, and social networks with sleep-related problems and time.

Public effect of the 2022 Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign delivered through a metaverse platform.

Purpose: The Korean Society of Coloproctology has been conducting Colorectal Cancer Awareness Campaign, also known as the Gold Ribbon Campaign, every September since 2007. The 2022 campaign was held through a metaverse platform targeting the younger age group under the slogan of raising awareness of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to analyze the impact of the 2022 campaign on a metaverse platform. Methods: Anonymized survey data were collected from participants in the metaverse campaign from September 1 to 15, 2022. The satisfaction score of the participants was evaluated by sex, age group, and previous campaign participation status. Results: During the campaign, 2,770 people visited the metaverse. Among them, 455 people participated in the survey (response rate, 16.4%). Approximately 95% of the participants reported being satisfied with the information provided by the campaign, understood the necessity of undergoing screening for and prevention of early-onset CRC, and were familiar with the structure of the metaverse. The satisfaction score for campaign information tended to decrease as the participants' age increased. When the participants' overall level of satisfaction with the metaverse platform was assessed, teenagers scored particularly lower than the other age groups. The satisfaction scores for CRC information provided in the metaverse, as well as the scores for recognizing the seriousness and necessity of screening for early-onset CRC, indicated a high positive tendency (P<0.001). Conclusion: Most of the 2022 Gold Ribbon Campaign participants were satisfied with the metaverse platform. Medical society should pay attention to increasing participation in and satisfaction with future public campaigns.

Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review.

Online social networks (OSNs) are rapidly growing and have become a huge source of all kinds of global and local news for millions of users. However, OSNs are a double-edged sword. Although the great advantages they offer such as unlimited easy communication and instant news and information, they can also have many disadvantages and issues. One of their major challenging issues is the spread of fake news. Fake news identification is still a complex unresolved issue. Furthermore, fake news detection on OSNs presents unique characteristics and challenges that make finding a solution anything but trivial. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are still incapable of overcoming this challenging problem. To make matters worse, AI techniques such as machine learning and deep learning are leveraged to deceive people by creating and disseminating fake content. Consequently, automatic fake news detection remains a huge challenge, primarily because the content is designed in a way to closely resemble the truth, and it is often hard to determine its veracity by AI alone without additional information from third parties. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of fake news research as well as a fundamental review of existing approaches used to detect and prevent fake news from spreading via OSNs. We present the research problem and the existing challenges, discuss the state of the art in existing approaches for fake news detection, and point out the future research directions in tackling the challenges.

An SEIR model for information propagation with a hot search effect in complex networks.

We formulate an SEIR model for information propagation with the effect of a hot search in complex networks. Mathematical analysis is conducted in both a homogeneous network and heterogenous network. The results reveal that the dynamics are completely determined by the basic propagation number if the effect of a hot search is absent. On the other hand, when the effect of a hot search is taken into account, there exists no information-free equilibrium, and the information-propagating equilibrium is stable if the threshold is greater than 1. Numerical simulations were performed to examine the sensitivity of the parameters to the basic propagation number and the propagable nodes. Furthermore, the proposed model has been applied to fit the collected data for two types of information spreading in Sina Weibo, which confirmed the validity of our model and simulated the dynamical behaviors of information propagation.

A novel rumor detection with multi-objective loss functions in online social networks.

COVID-19 quickly swept across the world, causing the consequent infodemic represented by the rumors that have brought immeasurable losses to the world. It is imminent to achieve rumor detection as quickly and accurately as possible. However, the existing methods either focus on the accuracy of rumor detection or set a fixed threshold to attain early detection that unfortunately cannot adapt to various rumors. In this paper, we focus on textual rumors in online social networks and propose a novel rumor detection method. We treat the detection time, accuracy and stability as the three training objectives, and continuously adjust and optimize this objective instead of using a fixed value during the entire training process, thereby enhancing its adaptability and universality. To improve the efficiency, we design a sliding interval to intercept the required data rather than using the entire sequence data. To solve the problem of hyperparameter selection brought by integration of multiple optimization objectives, a convex optimization method is utilized to avoid the huge computational cost of enumerations. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with state-of-art counterparts in three different datasets, the recognition accuracy is increased by an average of 7%, and the stability is improved by an average of 50%.

How Social Capital is Related to Migration Between Communities?

In addition to economic and infrastructural factors, social connections of people also influence migration patterns. This influence can be attributed to the resources that are made available by social contacts: social capital, which can also be utilized in the process of migration. Based on previous literature, we identify three different aspects of social capital and test their relationship with domestic migration simultaneously. First, we analyse if the intensity of connections within communities (local social capital) restrains from migration. Second, if the intensity of connections between two communities (bridging social capital) is associated with increased migration between them. Finally, we consider, if the extent to which local community networks exhibit open or closed structures (bonding social capital) contributes to higher or lower migration rates. We create indicators for these measures using archived online social network data, covering 40% of the adult population of Hungary, and combine them with official migration data of 175 subregions. Based on point-to-point gravity and negative binomial models, we find that bridging social capital between subregions is associated with increased migration flows, but we do not find that local social capital restrains from migration.

The Asymmetric Influence of Emotion in the Sharing of COVID-19 Science on Social Media: Observational Study.

Background: Unlike past pandemics, COVID-19 is different to the extent that there is an unprecedented surge in both peer-reviewed and preprint research publications, and important scientific conversations about it are rampant on online social networks, even among laypeople. Clearly, this new phenomenon of scientific discourse is not well understood in that we do not know the diffusion patterns of peer-reviewed publications vis-à-vis preprints and what makes them viral. Objective: This paper aimed to examine how the emotionality of messages about preprint and peer-reviewed publications shapes their diffusion through online social networks in order to inform health science communicators' and policy makers' decisions on how to promote reliable sharing of crucial pandemic science on social media. Methods: We collected a large sample of Twitter discussions of early (January to May 2020) COVID-19 medical research outputs, which were tracked by Altmetric, in both preprint servers and peer-reviewed journals, and conducted statistical analyses to examine emotional valence, specific emotions, and the role of scientists as content creators in influencing the retweet rate. Results: Our large-scale analyses (n=243,567) revealed that scientific publication tweets with positive emotions were transmitted faster than those with negative emotions, especially for messages about preprints. Our results also showed that scientists' participation in social media as content creators could accentuate the positive emotion effects on the sharing of peer-reviewed publications. Conclusions: Clear communication of critical science is crucial in the nascent stage of a pandemic. By revealing the emotional dynamics in the social media sharing of COVID-19 scientific outputs, our study offers scientists and policy makers an avenue to shape the discussion and diffusion of emerging scientific publications through manipulation of the emotionality of tweets. Scientists could use emotional language to promote the diffusion of more reliable peer-reviewed articles, while avoiding using too much positive emotional language in social media messages about preprints if they think that it is too early to widely communicate the preprint (not peer reviewed) data to the public.

Mining and modelling temporal dynamics of followers' engagement on online social networks.

A relevant fraction of human interactions occurs on online social networks. In this context, the freshness of content plays an important role, with content popularity rapidly vanishing over time. We therefore investigate how influencers' generated content (i.e., posts) attracts interactions, measured by the number of likes or reactions. We analyse the activity of influencers and followers over more than 5 years, focusing on two popular social networks: Facebook and Instagram, including more than 13 billion interactions and about 4 million posts. We investigate the influencers' and followers' behaviour over time, characterising the arrival process of interactions during the lifetime of posts, which are typically short-lived. After finding the factors playing a crucial role in the post popularity dynamics, we propose an analytical model for the user interactions. We tune the parameters of the model based on the past behaviour observed for each given influencer, discovering that fitted parameters are pretty similar across different influencers and social networks. We validate our model using experimental data and effectively apply the model to perform early prediction of post popularity, showing considerable improvements over a simpler baseline.

Interaction between official institutions and influential users of rumor control in online social networks.

Online interactions have become major channels for people to obtain and disseminate information during the new normal of COVID-19, which can also be a primary platform for rumor propagation. There are many complex psychological reasons for spreading rumors, but previous studies have not fully analyzed this problem from the perspective of the interaction between official institutions and influential users. The purpose of this study is to determine optimal strategies for official institutions considering the impact of two different influential user types (trolls and reputed personalities) by designing two game-theoretic models, namely "Rumor Clarification and Interaction Model" and "Rumor Verification and Interaction Model," which can, respectively decide whether to clarify and when to clarify. The results of this article show that clarification strategies can be decided according to the characteristics of rumors and the influential user's reactions. Meanwhile, publishing verified information prevents trolls' "loophole advantages" and prevents reputed personalities from spreading false information due to the vague authenticity of rumors. Results also show that the verification strategy is limited by cost, period, and verification index.

Autoestima e intenções sexuais de usuários de aplicativos de relacionamento / Self-esteem and sexual intentions of users of relationship applications / Autoestima e intenciones sexuales de usuarios de aplicaciones de relación

O presente estudo visou detectar o nível de autoestima, conservadorismo e liberalismo sexual dos participantes, bem como coletar informações sobre o uso dos aplicativos de relacionamento no brasil. participaram da pesquisa 210 universitários matriculados em diferentes cursos de uma mesma instituição de ensino respondendo a um questionário presencial. obteve-se o resultado de que o nível de autoestima é semelhante entre os sexos, no entanto, os homens no geral pontuaram mais no quesito liberalismo sexual, sendo mais irrestritos sexualmente e propensos a se envolverem em sexo casual a partir dos aplicativos de relacionamento do que as mulheres que se mostraram mais conservadoras. o liberalismo sexual masculino foi associado ao sentimento de vazio quando relacionado às relações virtuais. conclui-se que o assunto pode ter relação com políticas de prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis.(AU)

The present study aimed to detect the self-esteem level, conservatism and sexual liberalism of the participants, also to collect information about the use of relationship applications in brazil. 210 university students, enrolled in different courses of the same teaching institution, participated in the research, responding a face-to-face questionnaire. the result was that the level of self-esteem is similar between the genders; however, men in general scored more on the question of sexual liberalism, being more sexually unrestrained and likely to engage in casual sex from the relationship applications than women who have shown themselves to be more conservative. male sexual liberalism was associated with the feeling of emptiness when related to virtual relationships. it is concluded that the subject may be related to policies for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.(AU)

El presente estudio apunta a detectar el nivel de autoestima, conservadurismo y liberalismo sexual de los participantes y recoger informaciones sobre el uso de las aplicaciones de relación en brasil. participaron de la encuesta 210 universitarios matriculados en diferentes cursos de una misma institución de enseñanza respondiendo a un cuestionario presencial. se obtuvo el resultado acorde al que propone que el nivel de autoestima es similar entre los sexos, sin embargo, los hombres en general puntualizaron más en el aspecto liberalismo sexual, siendo más irrestrictos sexualmente y propensos a involucrarse en el sexo casual a partir de las aplicaciones de relación que las mujeres que se mostraron más conservadoras. El liberalismo sexual masculino se asoció al sentimiento de vacío cuando se relacionó con las relaciones virtuales. Se concluye que por ser más liberales sexualmente, los hombres son más propensos a contraer una enfermedad de transmisión sexual.(AU)

Gamification in a Physical Activity App: What Gamification Features Are Being Used, by Whom, and Does It Make a Difference?

Background: Gamification is purported to enhance engagement with health behavior apps, ultimately improving their effectiveness. This study aimed to examine (1) whether the inclusion of gamification features in a physical activity smartphone app was associated with improved app usage and goal adherence, describe (2) use of the gamification features, and (3) by whom, and determine (4) whether engagement was associated with increased physical activity. Methods: Data from community-dwelling adult participants (mean age 42.1 years, standard deviation [SD 11.9], 74% female) in the gamified (n = 134) and nongamified (n = 155) conditions from a three-group randomized controlled trial were analyzed. Physical activity was assessed at baseline and 9 months using a survey and accelerometers. App usage (number of days steps were logged), goal adherence (number of days step count was ≥10,000), and behavioral engagement with gamification features were obtained from server logs. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the study aims. Results: Participants who received the gamified app showed more days of usage than those who received the nongamified app (M = 113 days [SD 88] vs. M = 81 days [SD 54], P = 0.006), whereas goal adherence did not differ between groups. The leaderboard and "status" gamification features were the most frequently used gamification features (M = 83 [SD 114] and M = 50 [SD 67] views, respectively). Older age (P = 0.008) and lower body mass index (P = 0.004) were associated with more status views. Participants who reported higher stress symptoms sent more gifts (P = 0.04). The use of gamification features was associated with increased physical activity (P = 0.04). Conclusion: The gamified app was used substantially longer than the nongamified app. Use of gamification features was positively associated with change in physical activity. Leaderboards promoting social comparison may be a promising form of gamification. Research on different forms of gamification is warranted.

Measuring user engagement with low credibility media sources in a controversial online debate.

We quantify social media user engagement with low-credibility online news media sources using a simple and intuitive methodology, that we showcase with an empirical case study of the Twitter debate on immigration in Italy. By assigning the Twitter users an Untrustworthiness (U) score based on how frequently they engage with unreliable media outlets and cross-checking it with a qualitative political annotation of the communities, we show that such information consumption is not equally distributed across the Twitter users. Indeed, we identify clusters characterised by a very high presence of accounts that frequently share content from less reliable news sources. The users with high U are more keen to interact with bot-like accounts that tend to inject more unreliable content into the network and to retweet that content. Thus, our methodology applied to this real-world network provides evidence, in an easy and straightforward way, that there is strong interplay between accounts that display higher bot-like activity and users more focused on news from unreliable sources and that this influences the diffusion of this information across the network.

Pregnant women's coping strategies, participation roles and social support in the online community during the COVID-19.

Pregnant women are experiencing enormous physical changes and suffering pregnancy-related losses, which may lead to depression symptoms during pregnancy. Given that the onslaught of COVID-19 had exacerbated pregnant women's anxiety because of disruptions in antenatal care and concerns regarding safe delivery, it is worth exploring how they obtain social support to cope with stress during COVID-19. Although many works have explored the impact of coping resources that people have on coping strategies, few studies have been done on the relationship between people's coping strategies and their acquisition of coping resources such as social support. To fill this gap, based on the stress and coping theory (SCT) and social penetration theory (SPT), this study investigates the impacts of pregnant women's different coping strategies on the acquisition of social support and the moderating role of the adverse impacts of COVID-19 and their online participation roles (support providers vs. support seekers) using the data of 814 pregnant women's online behavior from a parenting community in China. Our study indicates that both women's superficial level disclosure and personal level disclosure positively affect online social support received. Moreover, self-disclosure about the adverse impacts of COVID-19 negatively moderates the relationship between personal level disclosure and social support received. Participation role positively moderates the relationship between personal level disclosure and social support received, but negatively moderates the relationship between superficial level disclosure and social support received. This paper makes theoretical contributions to the literature of SCT, SPT and the literature about social support in online communities.

Análise de dados sobre postagens e documentos veiculados em Serviços de Redes Sociais On-line para informação sobre a covid-19 / Data analysis of posts and documents about covid-19 in Online Social Network Services / Análisis de datos en postes y documentos publicados en Servicios de Red Social en Línea para información sobre covid-19

O objetivo foi analisar as postagens relacionadas à covid-19 em Serviços de Redes Sociais On-line por parte do Corpo de Bombeiros Militares, especialmente o caráter informativo desta instituição, com o propósito de identificar a relação entre postagens e documentos oficiais. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram delimitadas as seguintes ações: coletar os dados das postagens; analisar os dados, incluindo o cálculo de representatividade de postagens com suporte de documentos, os serviços mais utilizados e os períodos das postagens; verificar os termos de classificação; e realizar a análise dos documentos oficiais. A amostra foi delimitada ao Corpo de Bombeiros Militar dos estados do Pará, do Ceará, de São Paulo, de Santa Catarina e de Goiás ­ no Facebook, no Instagram e no Twitter. Os resultados apontam tempestividade na publicação de conteúdos nesses serviços nos primeiros dias. As publicações foram marcadas com termos da temática e do georreferenciamento. Identificou-se um baixo percentual de publicações ligadas a documentos oficiais: 5,05% do total analisado. Destacam-se o Instagram, com maior veiculação, e a atuação nos estados de Goiás, Santa Catarina e Pará.

The objective was to analyze the posts on Online Social Network Services by the Military Firefighters Corps related to covid-19, especially the informative character of the institution, to identify the relationship between posts and official documents. As methodological procedures, the following actions were defined: collect data from the posts; analyze the data including the calculation of representativeness of posts supported by documents, most used services and post periods; check classification terms; and perform the analysis of official documents. The sample was limited to the Military Fire Brigades of the states of Pará, Ceará, São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Goiás on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The results show timeliness in the publication of content in these services in the early days. The publications were marked with terms of the theme and georeferencing. It was identified a low percentage of publications linked to official documents, 5.05% of the publications. Instagram stands out, with the greatest coverage, and the actions taken by the states of Goiás, Santa Catarina, and Pará.

El objetivo fue analizar las publicaciones en los los Servicios de Redes Sociales en Línea de los Cuerpos de Bomberos Militares relacionadas con el covid-19, especialmente el carácter informativo de esta entidad, con el fin de identificar la relación entre las publicaciones y los documentos oficiales. Como procedimientos metodológicos se definieron las siguientes acciones: recolección de datos de las publicaciones; análisis de los datos, incluido el cálculo de la representatividad de las publicaciones respaldados por documentos, servicios y periodos de publicación más utilizados; consulta a los términos de clasificación; y la análisis de documentos oficiales. La muestra se limitó a los Bomberos Militares de los estados de Pará, Ceará, São Paulo, Santa Catarina y Goiás en Facebook, Instagram y Twitter. Los resultados muestran la puntualidad en la publicación de contenidos en estos servicios en los primeros días. Las publicaciones fueron marcadas con términos de la temática y georreferenciación. Se identificó un bajo porcentaje de publicaciones vinculadas a documentos oficiales: 5,05% del total analizado. Se destacan Instagram, con la mayor cobertura, y la actuación de los estados de Goiás, Santa Catarina y Pará.