Plasma colloid osmotic pressure in preeclampsia. Review of the Mexican literature 1997-2018.

En México, la presión coloidosmótica del plasma ha sido un tema clave del estudio de la mujer embarazada por más de dos décadas. Las investigaciones clínicas han permitido conocer sus valores en población abierta, mujeres con embarazo normal, puerperio fisiológico, preeclampsia severa, síndrome HELLP y eclampsia. También se ha reportado la relación de la presión coloidosmótica del plasma con la presión sanguínea (índice de Briones), síndrome de fuga capilar y la acumulación de líquido en cavidades serosas (derrame pleural, ascitis). Revisamos la base de datos PubMed, The Cochrane Library, OVID, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Artemisa, LILACS e IMBIOMED de 1997 a 2018 con las siguientes palabras clave: albúmina sérica, presión coloidosmótica del plasma, síndrome de fuga capilar, índice de Briones, derrame pleural, ascitis, preeclampsia severa, síndrome HELLP, eclampsia y cuidados críticos en obstetricia. Los criterios de inclusión fueron revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis, ensayos clínicos controlados y artículos con metodología de medicina basada en evidencia con recomendaciones sólidas. Incluimos 12 artículos mexicanos. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron: revisar la literatura médica de la presión coloidosmótica del plasma en preeclampsia reportada de 1997 a 2018, describir el tratamiento con albúmina humana y las perspectivas de la investigación en los siguientes años.In Mexico, plasma colloid osmotic pressure has been a key issue in the study of pregnant women for more than two decades. Clinical investigations have allowed to know their values in the open population, as well as in women with normal pregnancy, physiological puerperium, severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and eclampsia. The relationship of plasma colloid osmotic pressure with mean arterial pressure (Briones index), capillary leak syndrome and the accumulation of fluid in serous cavities (pleural effusion, and ascites) have also been reported. We reviewed the database of PubMed, The Cochrane Library, OVID, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Artemisa, LILACS, and IMBIOMED from 1997 to 2018 with the following keywords: serum albumin, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, capillary leak syndrome, Briones index, pleural effusion, ascites, severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, and obstetrics critical care. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, meta-analysis, clinical controlled trials, and articles with evidence-based medicine methodology with strong recommendations. We included 12 Mexican articles. The objectives of the present investigation were to review the medical literature on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in preeclampsia reported from 1997 to 2018, describe the treatment with human albumin and the perspectives of the research in the following years.

Edaphological and water quality conditions that limit agricultural development in semi-arid zones of Northeastern Mexico.

Salinity is one of the main causes of soil degradation, which reduces the capacity for biomass production. Naturally, saline soil is related to climatic, hydrogeological, and edaphic processes. Evaporite rocks are a potential source of gypsum and anhydrite in climates where annual rainfall does not exceed 400 mm. Like any salt, anhydrite contributes to salinity processes that reduce osmotic potential in plants, giving rise to water stress that reduces turgor in plants. In the Zona Media of San Luis Potosí, soil salinity is not homogeneous but rather varies spatially and is associated with soil genesis, agricultural irrigation water quality, and climate. Water sodicity (% Na), toxicity (pH, B3+ y Cl-), and salinity hazards were evaluated by applying agricultural water quality indices. Low sodicity hazard was found at all sample points; chloride and boron did not pose toxicity hazards, but high sulfate concentrations can lead to toxicity and calcium and magnesium deficiency. The salinity hazard was high, identified using OP, EC, TDS, ES, and PS indices. This condition is related to the region's evaporite soils and semi-arid climate.

Establishing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification under continuous aeration for the treatment of multi-electrolytes saline wastewater.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was established under continuous aeration (6 mgO2 L-1) aiming at achieving a feasible and simple operational strategy for treating multi-electrolyte saline wastewaters. Two Structured Fixed-Bed Reactors (SFBR) were used to assess SND performance with (Saline Reactor, SR) and without (Control Reactor, CR) salinity interference. Salinity was gradually increased (from 1.7 to 9 atm) based on the composition of water supplied in arid regions of Brazil. At 1.7 atm, N-NH4+ oxidation and Total Nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies of 95.9 ±â€¯2.8 and 65.76 ±â€¯7.5%, respectively, were obtained. At osmotic pressure (OP) of 9 atm, the system was severely affected by specific salt toxicity and OP. High chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was achieved at all operational conditions (97.2 ±â€¯1.6 to 78.5 ±â€¯4.6%). Salinity did not affect microbial diversity, although it modified microbial structure. Halotolerant genera were identified (Prosthecobacter, Chlamydia, Microbacterium, and Paenibacillus).

A novel osmotic pressure strategy to improve erythritol production by Yarrowia lipolytica from glycerol.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is polymer that was used to replace NaCl (reference media) as an osmotic stress agent for the synthesis of erythritol by the osmophilic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Two strains, the wild-type strain IMUFRJ 50682 and the lab strain W29, were grown in the presence of PEG of different molecular weights. For strain IMUFRJ 50682, the erythritol titer was increased by 40% in the presence of PEG2000 as compared to the reference media (with NaCl). A similar increase was also observed for strain W29, except that it occurred in the presence of PEG6000. Moreover, in those experimental conditions neither strain produced mannitol, in contrast to the control medium. These results highlight that PEG could be used to increase erythritol productivity and to simultaneously inhibit mannitol synthesis, representing a good substitute for NaCl as an osmotic stress agent.

Colloid osmotic pressure during and after surgical interventions in adult and geriatric dogs / Pressão coloidosmótica durante e depois de intervenção cirúrgica em cães adultos e geriátricos

The objective this study is to evaluate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) fluctuations in adult and senile dogs during surgical interventions. Thirty-six healthy dogs to surgical interventions, distributed in two groups, A and B, according to their age, and were all subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Values of albumin, total plasmatic protein and COP were evaluated from samples collected before pre-anesthetic medication, fifteen minutes after pre-anesthetic medication, and shortly after the end of the intervention. Results were tested using t-test to compare among groups and ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test to compare different moments within the same group. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In both groups, significant decreases were observed in colloid osmotic pressure, as well as albumin and total proteins (p<0.001). Despite slightly lower COP values for the group of adult animals, this difference was not significant as there was a high individual variation within groups. The results therefore indicate no difference in colloid osmotic pressure values or fluctuation patterns among adult and senile dogs (p=0.124). The observed results indicate that colloid osmotic pressure decreases significantly during surgical procedures, due to hypotension caused by the anesthetic drugs and to hemodilution caused by the fluid administration but there is no difference between groups. However, in both adult and senile dogs, these variables recover gradually after the animals awaken, through increased urine production and recovery of vascular tonus, indicating the successful reestablishment of homeostasis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as flutuações da pressão coloidosmótica (PCO) em cães adultos e idosos durante a intervenção cirúrgica. Foram utilizados 36 cães hígidos submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica, distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade e submetidos ao mesmo protocolo anestésico. Os valores de albumina, proteína plasmática total e PCO foram avaliados de amostras coletadas antes da medicação pré-anestésica, 15 minutos após e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste-t para comparação entre os grupos e ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguido do teste de Tukey para comparar diferentes momentos dentro do mesmo grupo. Foram considerados estastisticamente diferentes com p<0.05. Em ambos os grupos foram observados decréscimo dos valores da pressão coloidosmótica, como os valores de albumina e proteína total (p<0.001). Apesar de ligeiramente inferior, os valores de PCO para o grupo adulto não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença nos valores da pressão oncótica ou padrão de flutuação entre adultos e idosos (p=0,124). Os resultados observados indicam significativo decréscimo da pressão coloidosmótica durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos devido à hipotensão causada pelos fármacos anestésicos e pela hemodiluição causada pela administração de fluídos, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos. Entretanto, tanto em cães adultos como idosos, essas variações retornaram gradualmente após a recuperação dos animals, através do aumento da produção de urina e da recuperação do tônus vascular, indicando restabelecimento da homeostase.(AU)

Colloid osmotic pressure during and after surgical interventions in adult and geriatric dogs / Pressão coloidosmótica durante e depois de intervenção cirúrgica em cães adultos e geriátricos

The objective this study is to evaluate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) fluctuations in adult and senile dogs during surgical interventions. Thirty-six healthy dogs to surgical interventions, distributed in two groups, A and B, according to their age, and were all subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Values of albumin, total plasmatic protein and COP were evaluated from samples collected before pre-anesthetic medication, fifteen minutes after pre-anesthetic medication, and shortly after the end of the intervention. Results were tested using t-test to compare among groups and ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test to compare different moments within the same group. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In both groups, significant decreases were observed in colloid osmotic pressure, as well as albumin and total proteins (p<0.001). Despite slightly lower COP values for the group of adult animals, this difference was not significant as there was a high individual variation within groups. The results therefore indicate no difference in colloid osmotic pressure values or fluctuation patterns among adult and senile dogs (p=0.124). The observed results indicate that colloid osmotic pressure decreases significantly during surgical procedures, due to hypotension caused by the anesthetic drugs and to hemodilution caused by the fluid administration but there is no difference between groups. However, in both adult and senile dogs, these variables recover gradually after the animals awaken, through increased urine production and recovery of vascular tonus, indicating the successful reestablishment of homeostasis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as flutuações da pressão coloidosmótica (PCO) em cães adultos e idosos durante a intervenção cirúrgica. Foram utilizados 36 cães hígidos submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica, distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade e submetidos ao mesmo protocolo anestésico. Os valores de albumina, proteína plasmática total e PCO foram avaliados de amostras coletadas antes da medicação pré-anestésica, 15 minutos após e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste-t para comparação entre os grupos e ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguido do teste de Tukey para comparar diferentes momentos dentro do mesmo grupo. Foram considerados estastisticamente diferentes com p<0.05. Em ambos os grupos foram observados decréscimo dos valores da pressão coloidosmótica, como os valores de albumina e proteína total (p<0.001). Apesar de ligeiramente inferior, os valores de PCO para o grupo adulto não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença nos valores da pressão oncótica ou padrão de flutuação entre adultos e idosos (p=0,124). Os resultados observados indicam significativo decréscimo da pressão coloidosmótica durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos devido à hipotensão causada pelos fármacos anestésicos e pela hemodiluição causada pela administração de fluídos, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos. Entretanto, tanto em cães adultos como idosos, essas variações retornaram gradualmente após a recuperação dos animals, através do aumento da produção de urina e da recuperação do tônus vascular, indicando restabelecimento da homeostase.(AU)

Colloid osmotic pressure during and after surgical interventions in adult and geriatric dogs

ABSTRACT: The objective this study is to evaluate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) fluctuations in adult and senile dogs during surgical interventions. Thirty-six healthy dogs to surgical interventions, distributed in two groups, A and B, according to their age, and were all subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Values of albumin, total plasmatic protein and COP were evaluated from samples collected before pre-anesthetic medication, fifteen minutes after pre-anesthetic medication, and shortly after the end of the intervention. Results were tested using t-test to compare among groups and ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukeys test to compare different moments within the same group. Statistical significance was set at p 0.05. In both groups, significant decreases were observed in colloid osmotic pressure, as well as albumin and total proteins (p 0.001). Despite slightly lower COP values for the group of adult animals, this difference was not significant as there was a high individual variation within groups. The results therefore indicate no difference in colloid osmotic pressure values or fluctuation patterns among adult and senile dogs (p=0.124). The observed results indicate that colloid osmotic pressure decreases significantly during surgical procedures, due to hypotension caused by the anesthetic drugs and to hemodilution caused by the fluid administration but there is no difference between groups. However, in both adult and senile dogs, these variables recover gradually after the animals awaken, through increased urine production and recovery of vascular tonus, indicating the successful reestablishment of homeostasis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as flutuações da pressão coloidosmótica (PCO) em cães adultos e idosos durante a intervenção cirúrgica. Foram utilizados 36 cães hígidos submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica, distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade e submetidos ao mesmo protocolo anestésico. Os valores de albumina, proteína plasmática total e PCO foram avaliados de amostras coletadas antes da medicação pré-anestésica, 15 minutos após e ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste-t para comparação entre os grupos e ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguido do teste de Tukey para comparar diferentes momentos dentro do mesmo grupo. Foram considerados estastisticamente diferentes com p 0.05. Em ambos os grupos foram observados decréscimo dos valores da pressão coloidosmótica, como os valores de albumina e proteína total (p 0.001). Apesar de ligeiramente inferior, os valores de PCO para o grupo adulto não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença nos valores da pressão oncótica ou padrão de flutuação entre adultos e idosos (p=0,124). Os resultados observados indicam significativo decréscimo da pressão coloidosmótica durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos devido à hipotensão causada pelos fármacos anestésicos e pela hemodiluição causada pela administração de fluídos, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos. Entretanto, tanto em cães adultos como idosos, essas variações retornaram gradualmente após a recuperação dos animals, através do aumento da produção de urina e da recuperação do tônus vascular, indicando restabelecimento da homeostase.

Comparative study of the pathogenicity of seabed isolates of Fusarium equiseti and the effect of the composition of the mineral salt medium and temperature on mycelial growth

The pathogenicity of seven strains of Fusarium equiseti isolated from seabed soil was evaluated on different host plants showing pre and post emergence damage. Radial growth of 27 strains was measured on culture media previously adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to - 144.54 bars) at 15º, 25º and 35º C. Significant differences and interactive effects were observed in the response of mycelia to osmotic potential and temperature.

Uso de albumina humana em pacientes graves: controvérsias e recomendações / Albumin in critically ill patients: controversies and recommendations

O uso de albumina humana como terapêutica nas unidades de terapia intensiva é tradicional há mais de 50 anos. No entanto, estudos no final dos anos 90 apontaram um possível malefício em relação ao seu uso em pacientes graves. O efeito da controvérsia causado por esta publicação perdurou mesmo após a publicação de outras meta-análises e estudos randomizados e controlados, que não encontraram relação de prejuízo para o uso desta solução coloide. No Brasil, vários serviços públicos e privados seguiram recomendações da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária sobre usos adequados ou não da albumina venosa. Nesta revisão, procuramos abordar as razões da administração de albumina, assim como reunir evidências metabólicas e imunomoduladoras de possíveis efeitos deste coloide no paciente grave. Os estudos de maior impacto desde 1998 até os dias atuais foram pormenorizados, demonstrando que não parece existir aumento de mortalidade com o uso de albumina venosa, em relação às soluções cristaloides. As indicações da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária foram discutidas diante das evidências atuais sobre o uso de albumina no doente crítico.

Human albumin has been used as a therapeutic agent in intensive care units for more than 50 years. However, clinical studies from the late 1990s described possible harmful effects in critically ill patients. These studies' controversial results followed other randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that showed no harmful effects of this colloid solution. In Brazil, several public and private hospitals comply with the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency) recommendations for appropriate administration of intravenous albumin. This review discusses indications for albumin administration in critically ill patients and analyzes the evidence for metabolic and immunomodulatory effects of this colloid solution. We also describe the most significant studies from 1998 to the present time; these reveal an absence of incremental mortality from intravenous albumin administration as compared to crystalloid solutions. The National Health Surveillance Agency indications are discussed relative to the current body of evidence for albumin use in critically ill patients.

Comparative study of the pathogenicity of seabed isolates of Fusarium equiseti and the effect of the composition of the mineral salt medium and temperature on mycelial growth.

The pathogenicity of seven strains of Fusarium equiseti isolated from seabed soil was evaluated on different host plants showing pre and post emergence damage. Radial growth of 27 strains was measured on culture media previously adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to -144.54 bars) at 15°, 25° and 35° C. Significant differences and interactive effects were observed in the response of mycelia to osmotic potential and temperature.

Comparative study of the pathogenicity of seabed isolates of Fusarium equiseti and the effect of the composition of the mineral salt medium and temperature on mycelial growth

The pathogenicity of seven strains of Fusarium equiseti isolated from seabed soil was evaluated on different host plants showing pre and post emergence damage. Radial growth of 27 strains was measured on culture media previously adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to - 144.54 bars) at 15º, 25º and 35º C. Significant differences and interactive effects were observed in the response of mycelia to osmotic potential and temperature.

Presión coloidosmótica plasmática, índice de Briones y ascitis en preeclampsia-eclampsia / Plasma colloid osmotic pressure, Briones index and ascites in preeclampsia-eclampsia

Introducción: La fuga capilar en la preeclampsia-eclampsia se puede evaluar calculando la presión coloidosmótica de las proteínas plasmáticas (PCO) y el índice de Briones. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue informar los valores de la PCO y del índice de Briones en preeclampsiaeclampsia, y comparar su correlación con ascitis. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 225 pacientes gestantes con preeclampsia-eclampsia. Se calculó la PCO y el índice de Briones como grupo total y en tres categorías: a) preeclampsia severa sin síndrome HELLP, b) preeclampsia severa con síndrome HELLP y c) eclampsia. Se comparó la correlación de ambos parámetros entre sí y con la ascitis. Pruebas estadísticas: t de Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: La PCO total fue de 20.14 ± 2.52 mm Hg, en 148 casos (65.78 %) resultó normal (21.54 ± 1.60 mm Hg) y en 77 (34.22 %) fue baja (17.55 ± 1.71 mm Hg) (p = 0.058). No hubo diferencia entre las tres categorías (p > 0.05). El índice de Briones total fue de 0.18 ± 0.03, en 87 casos (38.67 %) resultó normal (0.22 ± 0.01) y en 138 (61.33 %) se encontró bajo (0.16 ± 0.01) (p = 0.07). No hubo diferencia entre las tres categorías (p > 0.05). Se documentó ascitis (627.27 ± 85.21 ml) en 11 pacientes (4.89 %). La r de la PCO versus índice de Briones fue de 0.55, PCO versus ascitis fue de −0.03 y del índice de Briones versus ascitis fue de −0.43. Conclusiones: Se encontraron valores bajos de la PCO en 34.22 % y del índice de Briones en 61.33 %. Ambos parámetros tuvieron correlación negativa con la ascitis.

BACKGROUND: Capillary leak in preeclampsia-eclampsia (P-E) can be evaluated by calculating the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and the Briones index (BI). We undertook this study to report the values of plasma COP and BI in patients with P-E. We compared their correlation with ascites. METHODS: We studied 225 pregnant patients with P-E. We calculated plasma COP and BI as a total group and in three categories: 1) severe preeclampsia (SP) patients without HELLP syndrome, 2) SP patients with HELLP syndrome and 3) patients with eclampsia. We compared the correlation of both parameters as well as the correlation of each with ascites. Student's t test and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Total COP was 20.14 +/- 2.52 mmHg. In 148 cases (65.78%) the results were normal (21.54 +/- 1.60 mmHg) and in 77 cases (34.22%) results were low (17.55 +/- 1.71 mmHg) (p = 0.058). There was no difference among the three categories (p >0.05). Total BI was 0.18 +/- 0.03, in 87 cases (38.67 %) it was normal (0.22 + 0.01) and in 138 cases (61.33 %) it was low (0.16 +/- 0.01) (p = 0.07). There were no differences among the three categories (p >0.05). We documented ascites of 627.27 +/- 85.21 ml in 11 patients (4.89%). The r of the COP vs. BI was 0.55, COP vs. ascites was -0.03 and BI vs. ascites was -0.43. CONCLUSIONS: We found low levels of COP in 34.22% and BI in 61.33% of patients. Both parameters had negative correlation with ascites.

Performance of 2% and 20% glucose-containing potato agar for quantitative and qualitatively detecting molds and yeasts from noninspected honey samples / Performance do ágar batata contendo 2% e 20% de glicose para a detecção quantitativa e qualitativa de bolores e leveduras de amostras de mel não inspecionadas

The Brazilian Official Methodology had established the employment of two culture media for determining molds and yeasts in honey samples, being one containing 2% glucose and other 20%. From 2003 onward, it has been established the use of 2% glucose-containing medium only for this purpose. Variation in glucose concentration into culture media may induce interference on osmotic pressure, which may cause difference on fungi identification and counting results. In this study, 30 samples of honey informally traded in the city of São Paulo were analyzed for determining the occurrence of molds and yeasts through spread plate on potato agar media containing 2% and 20% of glucose. No significant difference in fungicounting (CFU.g -1) was found when the cultures in both media were compared, although higher numbers of molds (CFU.g -1), mainly Penicillium spp, were observed in 2% medium. The 20% glucose-containing medium showed the best performance in detecting yeasts (CFU.g -1). In view of the honey be considered as an adverse environment for mycotoxigenesis, although susceptible to yeast fermentation, the 20% glucose medium should be chosen for performing the honey microbiological quality analyses.

Até o ano de 2003, a Metodologia Oficial Brasileira determinava o uso de dois meios de cultura para executar a análise de bolores e leveduras, um contendo 2% e outro com 20% de glicose; atualmente, recomenda-se apenas o de 2%. Concentrações distintas de glicose implicam em pressões osmóticas diferentes, o que pode influenciar no resultado da quantificação e da identificação dos fungos. No presente trabalho, 30 amostras de mel comercializadas informalmente na cidade de São Paulo foram analisadas visando o isolamento de bolores e leveduras por meio de semeadura em superfície em ágar batata contendo 2% e 20% de glicose. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre as contagens de fungos (CFU.g-1) nos dois tipos de meios, embora tenham sido observados números maiores de bolores (CFU.g -1), especialmente Penicillium spp nas amostras cultivados em meio contendo 2% de glicose. O meio com 20% de glicose apresentou melhor desempenho para detectar leveduras (CFU.g -1). Considerando que o mel é um ambiente muito adverso para a micotoxigênese, mas passível de fermentação pelas leveduras, pode-se inferir que o meio com 20% de glicose seja a melhor alternativa para avaliar a qualidade microbiológica desse produto.

Performance of 2% and 20% glucose-containing potato agar for quantitative and qualitatively detecting molds and yeasts from noninspected honey samples / Performance do ágar batata contendo 2% e 20% de glicose para a detecção quantitativa e qualitativa de bolores e leveduras de amostras de mel não inspecionadas

The Brazilian Official Methodology had established the employment of two culture media for determining molds and yeasts in honey samples, being one containing 2% glucose and other 20%. From 2003 onward, it has been established the use of 2% glucose-containing medium only for this purpose. Variation in glucose concentration into culture media may induce interference on osmotic pressure, which may cause difference on fungi identification and counting results. In this study, 30 samples of honey informally traded in the city of São Paulo were analyzed for determining the occurrence of molds and yeasts through spread plate on potato agar media containing 2% and 20% of glucose. No significant difference in fungicounting (CFU.g -1) was found when the cultures in both media were compared, although higher numbers of molds (CFU.g -1), mainly Penicillium spp, were observed in 2% medium. The 20% glucose-containing medium showed the best performance in detecting yeasts (CFU.g -1). In view of the honey be considered as an adverse environment for mycotoxigenesis, although susceptible to yeast fermentation, the 20% glucose medium should be chosen for performing the honey microbiological quality analyses.

Até o ano de 2003, a Metodologia Oficial Brasileira determinava o uso de dois meios de cultura para executar a análise de bolores e leveduras, um contendo 2% e outro com 20% de glicose; atualmente, recomenda-se apenas o de 2%. Concentrações distintas de glicose implicam em pressões osmóticas diferentes, o que pode influenciar no resultado da quantificação e da identificação dos fungos. No presente trabalho, 30 amostras de mel comercializadas informalmente na cidade de São Paulo foram analisadas visando o isolamento de bolores e leveduras por meio de semeadura em superfície em ágar batata contendo 2% e 20% de glicose. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre as contagens de fungos (CFU.g-1) nos dois tipos de meios, embora tenham sido observados números maiores de bolores (CFU.g -1), especialmente Penicillium spp nas amostras cultivados em meio contendo 2% de glicose. O meio com 20% de glicose apresentou melhor desempenho para detectar leveduras (CFU.g -1). Considerando que o mel é um ambiente muito adverso para a micotoxigênese, mas passível de fermentação pelas leveduras, pode-se inferir que o meio com 20% de glicose seja a melhor alternativa para avaliar a qualidade microbiológica desse produto.

Synthesis of sorbitol by Zymomonas mobilis under high osmotic pressure

The bacterium Zymomonas mobilis presents potential for sorbitol production when grown in culture medium with high sugar concentration. Sorbitol is produced and accumulated in the periplasma of the bacterium to protect the cells from the harmful effects of high osmotic pressure that results from the action of invertase on sucrose. The conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose increases the osmolarity of the medium. However, an excessive increase in the osmotic pressure may decrease the sorbitol production. In this work Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase was added two media containing sucrose 200 and 300 g.L-1. Sorbitol production in sucrose at 200 g.L-1 was 42.35 and 38.42 g.L-1, with and without the invertase treatment, respectively. In the culture medium with 300 g.L-1 sucrose, production reached 60.4 g.L-1 and with invertase treatment was 19.14 g.L-1. These results indicated that the excessive rise in osmotic pressure led to a significant decrease in sorbitol production by the Zymomonas mobilis bacterium in the sucrose medium treated with invertase.

A bactéria Zymomonas mobilis, apresenta potencial para produção de sorbitol quando crescida em meio com alta concentração de açúcar. O sorbitol produzido é acumulado no periplasma da bactéria para conter os efeitos prejudiciais da elevada pressão osmótica, que resulta pela ação da enzima invertase, que promove hidrólise da sacarose. A conversão da sacarose em glicose e frutose aumentando a osmolaridade do meio. Entretanto, um aumento excessivo na pressão osmótica pode inibir a produção de sorbitol pela bactéria. Este trabalho empregou invertase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae nos meios de fermentação com sacarose a 200 e 300 g.L-1. A produção de sorbitol no meio com sacarose a 200 g.L-1 foi de 42,35 g.L-1 e 38,42 g.L-1 com e sem tratamento com invertase respectivamente. No meio com 300 g.L-1 sem tratamento, a produção foi de 60,42 e com tratamento 19,14 g.L-1. Estes resultados indicaram que a elevação excessiva da pressão osmótica, pela adição de invertase levou a uma diminuição significativa na produção de sorbitol pela bactéria Zymomonas mobilis.

Reproductive biology of donkey. III. pH, osmolality and eletrolytes concentration of the semen / Biologia reprodutiva de jumentos. III. pH, osmolalidade e níveis de eletrólitos no sêmen

Seminal samples of six jackass of Pega breed were analysed for pH (n=70), osmolality (n=69) and Na (n=49), K (n=51), Ca(n=51) and Mg (n=51) levels determinations. The pH values ranged from 7.0 to 7.8 with the average of 7.29± 1.18 for the total ejaculate number. Seminal plasma osmolality stayed between 273 and 373 mOsm, with the total average of 302.89± 15.03 mOsm, which represents a freezing point depression of 0.56C. The meamconcentrations of Na, K, Ca and Mg in the seminal plasma were, respectively, 238.26±67.92,1 05.20±32.14,13.24± 1.62 and 1.54±0.10 mg%. All the result obtained at the present study were compared to scientific information about donkeys and horses. Both species are quite semilar apart from Mg levels that was lower for the donkeys. Due to the similarities between jackass and stallion seminal characteristics we believe that procedures for equine semen in vitro conservation might also be used for jackass semen. Complementary research is need to confirm the procedures viability.

Amostras de sêmen e plasma seminal de seis jumentos da raça Pêga foram analisadas para determinação do pH (n=70), osmolalidade (n=69) e níveis de Na (n=49), K (n=51), Ca (n=51) e Mg (n=51 ). Os valores de pH variaram de 7,0 a 7,8 com uma média de 7,29 ± 0,18 para o total de ejaculados. A osmolalidade do plasma seminal oscilou entre 273 e 373 mOsm tendo como média global o valor de 302,89 ± 15,03 mOsm, o que corresponde a um ponto crioscópico de -0,56C. As concentrações média de Na, K, Ca e Mg foram, respectivamente, 238,26 ± 67,92, 105,20 ± 32,14, 13,24 ± 1,62 e 1,54 ± 0,10 mg para cada 100 ml de plasma seminal. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram confrontados com dados publicados relativos a jumentos e garanhões, sendo em geral muito próximos. A exceção foram os níveis de Mg que se mostraram relativamente baixos nos animais por nós encaminhados. Pela semelhança existente entre as características seminais de asininos e eqüinos, acredita-se que os métodos utilizados para a congelação de sêmen eqüino possam, em princípio, ser utilizados para o sêmen de jumentos. A confirmação desta hipótese fica na dependência de estudos complementares.

Efeito da furosemida endovenosa sobre os parâmetros hemodinämicos e na pressäo coloidosmótica em pacientes com congestäo pulmonar / Intravenous Furosemide Effects Over Hemodynamics Variables and Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Patients with Pulmonary Edema

Objetivo - Avaliar o efeito da furosemida endovenosa sobre os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e na pressão coloidosmótica pulmonar em pacientes com congestão pulmonar. Métodos - Foram avaliados oito pacientes com congestão pulmonar, com idade média de 58,3 ±7,5, sendo 6 do sexo masculino. A monitorização hemodinâmica foi realizada com cateter de Swan-Ganz em artéria pulmonar obtendo-se as pressões médias de átrio direito (PAD), capilar pulmonar (PMCP), em mmHg, e freqüência cardíaca (FC) em bpm. O débito cardíaco (DC) obtido pela técnica da termodiluição. Como parâmetros derivados calculou-se o índice cardíaco (IC) em L/min/m2 e o índice sistólico (IS) em ml. A pressão arterial média (PAM), em mmHg, foi obtida através de cateter em artéria radial. Os pacientes foram tratados com furosemida na dose de 20 mg, via endovenosa, e submetidos a medidas hemodinâmicas antes e após 5, 15, 30, 60 e 120 min. A pressão coloidosmótica pulmonar (PCOP) foi determinada pelo oncômetro de Weil (IL 196). Resultados - Observou-se redução estatisticamente significante das PAD (p = 0,002 e da PMCP (p < 0,0001), FC (p = 0,02), PCOP (p < 0,0001) e de gradiente entre a PMCP-PCOP (p < 0,0001). A queda da PAD e PMCP foram mais significativas nos primeiros 5 minutos e, ao contrário, a PCOP teve uma redução lenta e gradual nos 120 min. O gradiente entre a PMCP-PCOP, inicialmente positivo, permaneceu negativo durante todo o estudo. A PAM, IC, IS e RVS não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclusão - A administração de furosemida produz redução nas PAD, PMCP, FC, PCOP e do gradiente entre a PMCP-PCOP, provavelmente devido a redistribuição do excesso de líquidos do interstício para o intravascular e, devido ao predomínio da PCOP, ocorre a reinversão da direção do fluxo de líquidos, que durante o edema pulmonar era do intravascular para o interstício

Purpose - To evaluate the effects of intravenous furosemide over hemodynamics variables and colloid osmotic pressure in patients with pulmonary edema. Methods - Eight patients with pulmonary edema, mean age of 58.3 ± 7.5 years, 6 men, were evaluated. Hemodynamic monitorization was performed by Swan-Ganz catheter in pulmonary artery to obtain RAP and PAWP, in mmHg, and HR, in bpm. Cardiac ouput (CO) was obtained by termodilution method. Cardiac index (CI) in L/min/m2, and systolic index, in ml, arised from variables above. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), in mmHg, patients were treated with 20 mg of intravenous furosemide, and hemodynamic variables were measured before and after 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. COP was measured in Weil oncometer (IL 196) at same intervals. Results - A significant reduction of RAP (p=0,002) and PAWP (p<0,0001), HR (p=0,02), COP (p<0,0001) and gradient between PAWPCOP (p<0,0001) were observed. RAP and PAWP reduction was greater in the first five minutes and, otherwise, COP reduction was gradual in 120 min. PAWP-COP gradient inicially positive, stayed negative during all study. MAP, CI, SI and SVR did not show statistical differences. Conclusion - Furosemide administration reduced RAP, PAWP, HR, COP and PAWP-COP gradient, probably by a redistribuition offluid excess in the intersticial to intravascular space, through changes in driving fluid forces, with predominance in colloid osmotic pressure, which reverse fluid from intravascular to intersticial observed in pulmonary edema.