[Anti-ascites effect of total saponins of Phytolaccae Radix on mice with ascites and mechanism].

This study investigated the anti-ascites effect of the total saponins of Phytolaccae Radix(PRTS) and the mechanism.H22 cell suspension was used(ip) to induce ascites in ICR male mice, and the model mice were randomized into model group, positive drug group(furosemide, 6 mg·kg~(-1)), total extract of Phytolaccae Radix(PRTE) group, and PRTS(1.29 g·kg~(-1)).Another 10 male mice were selected as the blank group.Mice in the blank group and model group were given(ig) normal saline containing 0.5% CMC-Na, and those in the positive drug group, PRTE group, and PRTS group received(ig) corresponding doses of drugs, once a day, for 8 consecutive days.The ascites volume, urine volume, and fecal water content in mice with ascites, serum levels of antidiure-tic hormone(ADH), renin in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS), angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ), and aldosterone(ALD), expression of aquaporin(AQP)1-AQP4 in kidney, expression of AQP1, AQP3 in colon, and expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3 K/Akt) pathway-related proteins were detected to explore the anti-ascites mechanism of PRTS.The results showed that the PRTS can increase the urine volume and fecal water content and decrease the ascites volume of ascites mice.Moreover, PRTS significantly reduced the expression of AQP1-AQP4 in kidney and AQP1, AQP3 in colon, serum levels of renin, AngⅡ, ALD, and ADH, and the expression of p-PI3 K and p-Akt in the kidney of ascites mice.PRTS exerts anti-ascites effect by promoting urination and defecation.The mechanism is that it inhibits the activities of RAAS and ADH and suppresses the phosphorylation of PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby restricting the expression of AQPs in the kidney and colon.

[Study on mechanism of Phytolaccae Radix and its split components based on network pharmacology].

This paper aimed to explore the mechanism of the split components of Phytolaccae Radix by means of network pharmaco-logy. Based on the theoretical hypothesis of the nature and taste of traditional Chinese medicine, the chemical components of the separated components of Phytolaccae Radix were selected by using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database(TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicines IntegratedDatabase(TCMID) databases in combination with related literatures. Relevant target analysis was carried out based on PubChem and SwissTargetPrediction databases. Targets corresponding to disease were excavated based on GeneCards for each split component, corresponding potential targets were obtained through mapping the target set of target compounds to disease targets. GO biological process analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the mapped targets with the help of DAVID database. Based on Cytoscape software and the corresponding efficacy, the network diagram of "medicinal material-split components-compound-target-pathway" was constructed to explore the mechanism of different efficacy of the separated components of Cytoscape. And the target purgation and diuretic mapping was used as the target of the traditional efficacy of smoothening secretion for the first time. The study explored esculentoside component, fatty oil component and phenolic acid component, a total of 30 target compounds and 301 corresponding targets, involving 44 potential targets for "anti-inflammatory", 50 potential targets for "immunoregulation", 52 potential targets for "smoothening secretion", 28 potential targets for "antibacterial activity", 28 potential targets for "antiviral effect", and 29 potential targets for "antitumor effect". Topological analysis revealed 14 key gene targets such as MAPK8, MAPK14, EGFR and PTGS2. A total of 684 GO entries and 235 KEGG pathways were obtained through bioinformatics enrichment analysis, mainly involving TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappaB signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. This study revealed the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel action mechanism of the split components of Phytolaccae Radix, which provided certain basis for the next step to clarify the split components of Phytolaccae Radix through the method of system biology, and injected new content and significance into the study of properties and flavors theory.

Study on mechanism of Phytolaccae Radix and its split components based on network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This paper aimed to explore the mechanism of the split components of Phytolaccae Radix by means of network pharmaco-logy. Based on the theoretical hypothesis of the nature and taste of traditional Chinese medicine, the chemical components of the separated components of Phytolaccae Radix were selected by using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database(TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicines IntegratedDatabase(TCMID) databases in combination with related literatures. Relevant target analysis was carried out based on PubChem and SwissTargetPrediction databases. Targets corresponding to disease were excavated based on GeneCards for each split component, corresponding potential targets were obtained through mapping the target set of target compounds to disease targets. GO biological process analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the mapped targets with the help of DAVID database. Based on Cytoscape software and the corresponding efficacy, the network diagram of "medicinal material-split components-compound-target-pathway" was constructed to explore the mechanism of different efficacy of the separated components of Cytoscape. And the target purgation and diuretic mapping was used as the target of the traditional efficacy of smoothening secretion for the first time. The study explored esculentoside component, fatty oil component and phenolic acid component, a total of 30 target compounds and 301 corresponding targets, involving 44 potential targets for "anti-inflammatory", 50 potential targets for "immunoregulation", 52 potential targets for "smoothening secretion", 28 potential targets for "antibacterial activity", 28 potential targets for "antiviral effect", and 29 potential targets for "antitumor effect". Topological analysis revealed 14 key gene targets such as MAPK8, MAPK14, EGFR and PTGS2. A total of 684 GO entries and 235 KEGG pathways were obtained through bioinformatics enrichment analysis, mainly involving TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappaB signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. This study revealed the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel action mechanism of the split components of Phytolaccae Radix, which provided certain basis for the next step to clarify the split components of Phytolaccae Radix through the method of system biology, and injected new content and significance into the study of properties and flavors theory.

Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Phytolaccae Radix and prediction of quality markers: research advances / 国际药学研究杂志

Phytolaccae Radix is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, its study has gradually been deepened, and its effective ingredients and pharmacological effects have attracted much attention, and it has broad application prospects in the treatment of various diseases. Phytolaccae Radix mainly contains triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, phenolic acids and other components. According to modern pharmacological studies, it has diuretic, immunomodulatory and expectorant effects. On the basis of the studies, and according to the definition of quality marker(Q-marker), we predict its Q-markers from the aspects of the traditional efficacy, traditional medicinal properties, new clinical use, measurable composition, composition changes before and after processing, the plasma composition, and so on, which provides a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Phytolaccae Radix.

Research progress of Phytolaccae Radix / 中草药

This paper summarizes the herbal textual research, authenticity identification, processing, composition and pharmacology, clinical studies, industry and agriculture resources development of Phytolaccae Radix based on the ancient herbology works and references. The herbal textual research showed that Phytolaccae Radix had different names like Shanglu or Danglu or Zhanglu. The effects are external application of carbuncle, swelling and sore toxin, internal administration of diuretic and hydroncus. The main producing area is transferred from northwest to southeast. The root has the abnormal structure of concentric ring, which is different from the eight kinds of common adulterants. It is mainly processed with vinegar to reduce toxicity and increase efficacy. Triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides and pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAPs) are the main effective components of Phytolaccae Radix, which have the functions of diuresis and diarrhea, improving inflammation of kidney, liver, respiratory tract and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and other pharmacological activities. It is mainly used for the treatment of cirrhosis ascites, nephrotic syndrome and external application for the treatment of constipation clinically. Phytolaccae Radix has important application value in plant disease resistance, insect resistance and environmental restoration. The clinical efficacy of Phytolaccae Radix is clear and it has made important progress in the research of components, pharmacology, industrial and agricultural resources development, which provides support for the rational development and comprehensive utilization of it.

Analysis of Mechanism of Phytolaccae Radix and Its Processed Products on Doxorubicin-induced Nephropathy in Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To compare the protective effect of Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products on nephropathy induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in rats, and explore its mechanism. Method: A rat model of nephropathy was established by a single tail intravenous injection of DOX hydrochloride. Content of esculentoside A (EsA) in Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products was determined by HPLC-ELSD. Contents of serum total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), total cholesterol (TC) and urine protein (UP) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in renal tissue of rats was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Result: A single intravenous injection of DOX could induce a severe nephrotic syndrome associated with decreased serum TP, Alb and elevated serum BUN, SCr, TC, and a high urinary excretion of protein (Pβ in renal tissue of model group rats was significantly higher than that of blank group (PPPConclusion: Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products can improve the symptoms of DOX nephropathy model rats in different degrees, among which the vinegar prepared products have the strongest effect, and this effect may be related to the reduction of TGF-β expression in renal tissue.

Mechanism of renal injury in rats induced by Phytolaccae Radix based on network toxicology / 中草药

Objective: Based on the strategy of network toxicology, the potential mechanism of renal injury in rats induced by Phytolaccae Radix was preliminarily explored. Methods: Firstly, by consulting the online database and mining the text, the chemical composition library of Phytolaccae Radix was established. The reverse molecular docking technology based on pharmacophores was performed to predict the relevant targets of chemical components and the target of nephrotoxicity induced by Phytolaccae Radix was obtained by intersecting with the target of nephrotoxicity. Potential substance basis of nephrotoxicity induced by Phytolaccae Radix was obtained by reverse analysis. Secondly, a large-scale protein-protein interactions were used to screen key targets, and key pathways for nephrotoxicity were analyzed by GO and KEGG biological annotation. Finally, a rat model of nephrotoxicity induced by esculentoside A was constructed and molecular biology methods were used to detect the expression of important targets in related pathways. Results: A total of 56 chemical components and 148 potential targets were obtained through literatures and related databases. Among them, 38 components, 34 targets, and 93 pathways were closely related to the generation of nephrotoxicity, mainly involving TNF signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and VEGF signaling, thus participating in the beginning and end of nephrotoxicity events. Pathological results showed that the kidney tissues of rats were damaged to varying degrees after 7 d of treatment with esculentoside A. Western blot showed that the expression of IκBα was down-regulated (P < 0.01) and the expression of p-IκBα was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Quantitative detection of TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA showed that both expressions were up-regulated (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Network toxicology can be used to preliminarily screen potential toxic substances. Esculentoside A based on network toxicology screening can induce nephrotoxicity in rats. Its molecular mechanism is related to activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and overexpression of inflammatory factors.

[Effect of vinegar processing on esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction and main toxic components in Phytolaccae Radix].

This study was to investigate the effect of vinegar processing on esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction and the contents of the main toxic components esculentoside B (EsB) and esculentoside C (EsC) in Phytolaccae Radix pieces. n-BuOH fraction of Phytolaccae Radix pieces was processed with vinegar according to the processing method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. HPLC-MS-MS was adopted to analyze the esculentosides composition changes in n-BuOH fraction before and after vinegar processing. HPLC-ELSD was used to detect EsC and EsB contents in raw and vinegar processed Phytolaccae Radix pieces, and investigate the content changes before and after vinegar processing. Results showed that the esculentosides contents in n-BuOH fraction were significantly decreased except esculentoside A (EsA); there were significant changes in saponins compositions, but no new compounds were generated in n-BuOH fraction after vinegar processing. The contents of EsC and EsB were 0.12% and 0.20% respectively in raw Phytolaccae Radix, and decreased to 0.048% and 0.094% accordingly after vinegar processing. It showed that vinegar processing could significantly change the composition of esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction from Phytolaccae Radix and reduce the contents of toxic components EsC and EsB, indicating the scientificity of vinegar processing for Phytolaccae Radix.

Effect of vinegar processing on esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction and main toxic components in Phytolaccae Radix / 中国中药杂志

This study was to investigate the effect of vinegar processing on esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction and the contents of the main toxic components esculentoside B (EsB) and esculentoside C (EsC) in Phytolaccae Radix pieces. n-BuOH fraction of Phytolaccae Radix pieces was processed with vinegar according to the processing method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. HPLC-MS-MS was adopted to analyze the esculentosides composition changes in n-BuOH fraction before and after vinegar processing. HPLC-ELSD was used to detect EsC and EsB contents in raw and vinegar processed Phytolaccae Radix pieces, and investigate the content changes before and after vinegar processing. Results showed that the esculentosides contents in n-BuOH fraction were significantly decreased except esculentoside A (EsA); there were significant changes in saponins compositions, but no new compounds were generated in n-BuOH fraction after vinegar processing. The contents of EsC and EsB were 0.12% and 0.20% respectively in raw Phytolaccae Radix, and decreased to 0.048% and 0.094% accordingly after vinegar processing. It showed that vinegar processing could significantly change the composition of esculentosides in n-BuOH fraction from Phytolaccae Radix and reduce the contents of toxic components EsC and EsB, indicating the scientificity of vinegar processing for Phytolaccae Radix.

Processing technique of Phytolaccae Radix stir-baked with vinegar / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the best processing technique of Phytolaccae Radix stir-baked with vinegar. Methods L9(34) orthogonal test was used with three factors: baked temperature, time, and vinegar amount. The content of esculentoside A was determined by RP-HPLC, and the mucosa irritation test of mice was detected. The processing technology was optimized by comprehensive evaluation. Results: The optimized processing technology was satisfied with some conditions as the following: stir-baked with 30% vinegar for 30 min at the temperature of 120 °C. Phytolaccae Radix was moistened with vinegar to be exhausted. Conclusion: The optimized processing technology of Phytolaccae Radix is stable and feasible with reliable repetition.