Cáncer oral: etiología, lesiones precancerosas y tratamiento / Oral cancer: etiology, precancerous lesions and treatment

Introducción: el cáncer oral es una de las neoplasias malignas más comunes en el mundo, sin embargo, a pesar de las herramientas diagnósticas actuales, existe un alto grado de morbilidad y mortalidad debido al diagnóstico tardío y a la falta de conciencia por parte de la población sobre el consumo de tabaco, alcohol, entre otras sustancias. Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión es brindar información actual sobre las lesiones precancerosas, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer oral. Material y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en cinco bases de datos digitales sobre artículos revisados por pares desde el 2015 hasta la actualidad. Conclusión: el cáncer oral es una patología frecuente que causa graves consecuencias y secuelas en las personas que lo padecen, un conocimiento amplio de las lesiones premalignas junto con el diagnóstico temprano por parte del profesional y una mayor conciencia sobre los factores de riesgo, juegan un papel fundamental para prevenir la presencia y desarrollo de esta patología (AU)

Introduction: oral cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in the world, despite the current diagnostic tools, there is a high degree of morbidity and mortality due to late diagnosis and lack of awareness of the population on the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, among other substances. Objective: the objective of this review is to provide present information of the precancerous lesions, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. Material and methods: a bibliographic search was carried out in five digital databases on peerreviewed articles from 2015 to the present. Conclusion: oral cancer is a frequent pathology that can cause serious consequences and sequelae in people who suffer it, an extensive knowledge of premalignant lesions among with an early diagnosis by the professional and a greater awareness of risk factors, play a fundamental role to prevent the establishment and/or progression of this pathology (AU)

Histopathological risk assessment in multisite epithelial dysplasia: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Histopathological grading of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is the current standard for stratifying cancer progression risk but is associated with subjectivity and variability. This problem is not commonly seen regarding the grading of epithelial dysplasia in other sites. This systematic review aims to compare grading systems for oral, anal, penile, and cervical epithelial dysplasia to determine their predictive accuracy for recurrence and malignant transformation (MT) outcomes. METHODS: The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023403035) and was reported according to the PRISMA checklist. A comprehensive search was performed in the main databases and gray literature. The risk of bias in individual studies was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for each study design. RESULTS: Forty-six studies were deemed eligible and included in this systematic review, of which 45 were included in the quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that the binary system demonstrated a higher predictive ability for MT/recurrence of OED compared to multilevel systems. Higher predictive accuracy of MT was also observed for binary grading systems in anal intraepithelial neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was found between the current grading systems of epithelial dysplasia in different body parts. However, binary grading systems have shown better clinical outcomes.

Caracterización de lesiones orales premalignas diagnosticadas en un servicio de Estomatología en Pinar del Río

Fundamento: las lesiones premalignas son aquellas que presentan alteraciones celulares, generan células sanguíneas anormales y pueden afectar los tejidos bucales del paciente. Suelen manifestarse inicialmente en la cavidad bucal, o luego de la diseminación desde otras partes del cuerpo por medio de sistemas linfáticos y sanguíneos. Objetivo: caracterizar las lesiones orales premalignas presentes en pacientes adultos. Métodos estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en pacientes pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Universitario Luis Augusto Turcios Lima, del municipio de Pinar del Río, en el período enero-diciembre de 2022. Del universo integrado por 5259 pacientes atendidos en consulta de Servicios Básicos Estomatológicos, se tomó una muestra de 53, seleccionada mediante un muestreo simple aleatorio. Los resultados fueron representados en tablas de frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, como medidas de resumen. Resultados la mayoría de los pacientes con lesiones orales premalignas pertenecieron al sexo masculino (78,5 %) y al grupo de 60 y más años (58,5 %). El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el hábito de fumar (86,8 %). Prevaleció la leucoplasia (69,8 %), con mayor frecuencia de localización en los labios (43,4 %). El tratamiento más empleado fue el medicamentoso-quirúrgico (58,5 %). Conclusiones las lesiones premalignas de la cavidad bucal en la serie de pacientes en estudio, se caracterizaron por su predominio en el sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años, y fumadores. La leucoplasia resultó la lesión más frecuente, y los labios el sitio más afectado. El tratamiento medicamentoso-quirúrgico fue el más empleado.

Foundation premalignant lesions are those that present cellular alterations, generate abnormal blood cells and can affect the patient's oral tissues. They usually manifest initially in the oral cavity, or after spreading from other parts of the body through lymphatic and blood systems. Objective to characterize premalignant oral lesions present in adult patients. Methods descriptive, cross-sectional study, in patients belonging to the Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Teaching Polyclinic, in the Pinar del Río municipality, from January to December 2022. From the universe made up of 5,259 patients treated in the Basic Stomatological Services consultation, a sample of 53 was taken, selected through simple random sampling. The results were represented in absolute frequencies and percentages charts, as summary measures. Results the majority of patients with premalignant oral lesions belonged to the male sex (78.5%) and to the group aged 60 and over (58.5%). The most frequent risk factor was smoking (86.8%). Leukoplakia prevailed (69.8%), with a greater frequency of location on the lips (43.4%). The most used treatment was medication-surgical (58.5%). Conclusions premalignant lesions of the oral cavity in the series of patients under study were characterized by their predominance in males, over 60 years of age, and smokers. Leukoplakia was the most common lesion, and the lips were the most affected site. Medication-surgical treatment was the most used.

Nivel de conocimientos sobre lesiones premalignas bucales en pacientes geriátricos

Fundamento: El nivel de conocimiento sobre lesiones premalignas en la población geriátrica es un factor significativo que incide en la prevención, evitando la progresión a un cáncer bucal. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes geriátricos sobre las lesiones premalignas bucales. Metodología: Entre septiembre de 2019 y junio de 2021 se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el Consultorio Médico de la Familia # 12 del municipio Cabaiguán, provincia Sancti Spíritus. La población estuvo constituida por 158 pacientes geriátricos y mediante un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple la muestra quedó conformada por 80. Se aplicaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico, estadístico y matemático. Las variables utilizadas fueron edad, sexo, escolaridad, nivel de conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo y signos clínicos, conocimientos sobre el autoexamen bucal y la conducta a seguir. Resultados: Se constató que el nivel de conocimientos sobre factores de riesgo fue regular y sobre signos clínicos y forma y frecuencia del autoexamen bucal fue mal. La mayoría de la muestra en estudio conocía donde acudir y afirmó haber recibido información al respecto. Conclusiones: En su mayoría el nivel de conocimientos sobre lesiones premalignas se observó entre regular y mal con un descenso significativo del nivel de conocimientos en los pacientes de edades más avanzadas.

Background: The knowledge level about premalignant lesions in the geriatric population is a significant factor that influences on prevention, avoiding progression into mouth neoplasms. Objective: To diagnose the knowledge level in geriatric patients about buccal premalignant lesions. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted between September 2019 and June 2021 at the Family Medical Office # 12 of Cabaiguán municipality, Sancti Spíritus province. The population was constituted by 158 geriatric patients and by means of a simple random probabilistic sampling, the sample was made up by 80. Theoretical, empirical, statistical and mathematical methods were applied. The used variables were age, sex, schooling, risk factors and clinical signs knowledge, knowledge of buccal self-examination and conduct to be followed. Results: The knowledge level about risk factors was found to be regular and on clinical signs and form and frequency of buccal self-examination was bad. The majority of the sample under study knew where to go and affirmed that they had received information about it. Conclusions: Mostly the knowledge level of premalignant lesions was observed to be regular to bad with a significant decrease in the knowledge level in more elderly patients.

Queilite actínica ("Lábios de Marinheiro"): uma Revisão para o Clínico / Actinic cheilitis ("sailor's lips"): A review for the clinician

A Queilite Actínica (QA), também conhecida como "lábios de marinheiro", é uma patologia com potencial de malignização e, ainda que seja de fácil diagnóstico e prevenção, casos diagnosticados tardiamente podem evoluir para carcinoma de lábios. Seu principal fator etiológico é a exposição aos raios ultravioletas, e por este motivo, indivíduos que se expõem muito ao sol, incluindo militares, podem ser considerados grupo de risco para a doença. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi descrever os principais fatores de risco e prognósticos da QA e apresentar uma revisão para o cirurgião-dentista, facilitando a identificação e conduta. Para tal, foi realizada busca de artigos pertinentes ao tema nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e PubMed, de 1987 a 2022. O seguinte perfil do paciente com QA foi identificado: homem, na quinta década de vida, pele clara, com lesões no lábio inferior e com histórico de longo tempo de atividades ocupacionais ao ar livre/intensa exposição solar. O cirurgião-dentista possui papel fundamental na identificação dos grupos de risco, no reconhecimento precoce da doença e, em casos mais avançados, realizar o diagnóstico e o correto encaminhamento para atendimento especializado.

Actinic Cheilitis (AC), also known as "sailor's lips", is a premalignant pathology, and although it is easy to diagnose and prevent, late diagnosed cases may progress to lip carcinoma. Since its main etiological factor is exposure to ultraviolet rays, individuals often exposed to the sun, including military personnel, can be considered a risk group for the disease. The aim of this study was to describe the main risk and prognostic factors of AC and to create a clinical protocol for dental surgeons, making easier to identify and conduct each case. For this purpose, a search for articles relevant to the topic was carried out in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and PubMed databases, from 1987 to 2022. The following AC patient profile was identified: male, in the fifth decade of life, fair skinned, with lesions on the lower lip and with a long history of outdoor occupational activities/intense sun exposure. The dentist has a fundamental role in identifying risk groups, early recognition of the disease and in more advanced cases, making the correct diagnosis and recommendation to specialized care.

Manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas de la eritroplasia bucal en pacientes fumadores de tabaco

Fundamento la eritroplasia es la lesión precancerosa más agresiva de la cavidad oral, con un gran potencial de transformación maligna. Al momento de practicar la biopsia y analizar la muestra, puede aparecer una displasia severa o un carcinoma invasivo. Objetivo describir las manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas de la eritroplasia bucal en pacientes fumadores activos de tabaco. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con 12 fumadores diagnosticados clínica e histopatológicamente con eritroplasia bucal, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Saturnino Lora Torres, de Santiago de Cuba. Para la recolección del dato primario se confeccionó una encuesta con las variables: edad, sexo, diagnóstico clínico, tiempo en el hábito de fumar, diferentes formas de consumir tabaco, localización anatómica y estudio histopatológico de la enfermedad. Resultados prevaleció el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 60 y más años, y los fumadores convencionales de 21 y más años. El infiltrado inflamatorio crónico intenso y la displasia epitelial severa resultaron los cambios hísticos más comunes. Los signos displásicos tisulares mayormente implicados fueron la alteración de los clavos interpapilares, pérdida de la polaridad de las células basales e hiperplasia de las células del estrato basal; mientras que los displásicos citológicos más relevantes resultaron la hipercromasia de núcleos y nucleolos, el pleomorfismo nuclear y el aumento de la relación núcleo-citoplasma, siendo el paladar blando el sitio más frecuente. Conclusiones todos los pacientes fumadores mostraron lesiones eritroplásicas al examen clínico bucal, lo cual fue confirmado por estudio histopatológico.

Foundation erythroplasia is the most aggressive precancerous lesion in the oral cavity, with great potential for malignant transformation. At the time of performing the biopsy and analyzing the sample, severe dysplasia or invasive carcinoma may appear. Objective to describe the clinical and histopathological manifestations of oral erythroplasia in patients who are active tobacco smokers. Methods a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, with 12 smokers clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with oral erythroplasia, attended in the Specialties Polyclinic stomatological consultation of the Saturnino Lora Torres Hospital, in Santiago de Cuba. For the collection of the primary data, a survey was made with the variables: age, sex, clinical diagnosis, time in the smoking habit, different ways of consuming tobacco, anatomical location and histopathological study of the disease. Results the male sex, the age group of 60 years old and over, and conventional smokers of 21 and over prevailed. Intense chronic inflammatory infiltrate and severe epithelial dysplasia were the most common tissue changes. The tissue dysplastic signs most involved were alteration of the interpapillary nails, loss of polarity of the basal cells, and hyperplasia of the basal layer cells; while the most relevant cytological dysplastics were hyperchromasia of nuclei and nucleoli, nuclear pleomorphism and increased nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, with the soft palate being the most frequent site. Conclusions all the smoking patients showed erythroplastic lesions on oral clinical examination, which was confirmed by histopathological study.

Aspectos histológicos, genéticos y moleculares de las lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica / Histological, genetic and molecular aspects of preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa

Siendo el cáncer gástrico la 3ª causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile, y existiendo estrategias de tamizaje consistentes en pesquisa de lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica, es relevante conocer los aspectos genéticos y moleculares que puedan ser aplicados, en la optimización de dichas estrategias a grupos de mayor riesgo. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue revisar la evidencia actual en los aspectos señalados, y de la inmunohistoquímica de 4 marcadores (p53, CDX2, MUC2 y S100A9) en la mucosa gástrica normal y en las lesiones preneoplásicas de la misma.

SUMMARY: Since gastric cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in Chile, and there are screening strategies consisting of screening for preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa, it is important to know certain genetic and molecular aspects that can be applied in optimizing these strategies for higher risk groups. The aim of this manuscript was to review the current evidence on the aforementioned aspects, and on the immunohistochemistry of 4 markers (p53, CDX2, MUC2 and S100A9) in normal gastric mucosa and in its preneoplastic lesions.

Avaliação do conhecimento e da percepção de cirurgiões-dentistas e estudantes de odontologia acerca de desordens potencialmente malignas / Knowledge assessment and perception among dentists and dental students about potentially malignant disorders

Introdução: As desordens potencialmente malignas (DPM) são condições da cavidade oral que apresentam risco significativo para o desenvolvimento do câncer. Desse modo, o diagnóstico precoce torna-se essencial no prognóstico de lesões orais. Para isso, analisar o perfil de conhecimento acerca dessas desordens é fundamental ao identificar lacunas na educação e promover alternativas para melhorar a qualidade no diagnóstico. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de cirurgiões-dentistas (CDs) e estudantes de Odontologia brasileiros acerca de seu conhecimento e capacidade de identificar DPM. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal através de aplicação de questionário online. Foram aplicados dois questionários com 24 questões, um para estudantes e outro para CDs, divididos em três seções: dados demográficos e acadêmicos, treinamento, atitudes e autopercepção sobre DPM e conhecimento de DPM. A análise estatística envolveu os testes de Pearson, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: O estudo foi composto por 209 participantes, 76 CDs e 133 estudantes de odontologia. A maioria dos participantes nunca realizou curso que envolvia o diagnóstico de desordens potencialmente malignas. A pontuação sobre o conhecimento de DPM variou de 0 a 10 pontos, sendo a média entre estudantes de 6,29±1,77 e entre CDs de 7,01±1,82. A maior taxa de acertos foi para as questões que discutiam a conduta clínica e a definição das desordens. Já as questões com menor taxa de acertos foram sobre lesões que não são consideradas potencialmente malignas, potencial de malignização e definição de Carcinoma in Situ. Conclusão: Há lacunas no conhecimento de estudantes de odontologia e CDs na identificação das desordens potencialmente malignas. Logo, essa deficiência reforça a necessidade de mais treinamentos e investimentos em educação, bem como de acompanhamento periódico de pacientes com tais desordens, a fim de prevenir potenciais transformações malignas.

Introduction: Potentially malignant disorders (PMD) are conditions of the oral cavity that present a significant risk for the development of cancer. Thus, early diagnosis becomes essential in the prognosis of oral lesions. Therefore, assessing the knowledge profile of these disorders is essential to identify gaps in education and to promote alternatives to improve the quality of their diagnosis. Objective: Evaluate the perception of brazilian dentists and dental students about their knowledge and ability to identify PMD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire. Two questionnaires with 24 questions were applied, one for students and other for dentists, divided into three sections: demographic and academic data, training, attitudes and self-perception about potentially malignant disorders and knowledge of potentially malignant disorders. Statistical analysis involved Pearson, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The study consisted of 209 participants, 76 dentists and 133 dentistry students. Most participants never attended a course that involved the diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders. The score of knowledge about potentially malignant disorders ranged from 0 to 10 points, with a mean of 6.29±1.77 among students and 7.01±1.82 among dentists. The highest rate of correct answers was for questions that discussed clinical management and the definition of disorders. The questions with the lowest rate of correct answers were about lesions that are not considered potentially malignant, malignancy potential and the definition of Carcinoma in Situ. Conclusion: There are gaps in the knowledge of dental students and dentists in the identification of potentially malignant disorders. Therefore, this deficit reinforces the needed of more training and investments in education, as well as more training and investments in education and periodic follow-up of patients with such disorders are needed in order to prevent potential malignant transformations.

Intervenciones endoscópicas para mejorar la tasa de detección de lesiones serradas durante la colonoscopia

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad por cáncer en el mundo. Las lesiones serradas son responsables de 10 a 20% de todos los CCR. Los pólipos serrados, en particular los adenomas serrados sésiles (ASS) y adenomas serrados tradicionales (AST), tienen una apariencia sutil y localización proximal, y por ello presentan una alta tasa de lesiones perdidas. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue evaluar la evidencia disponible sobre el uso de diversas intervenciones endoscópicas para mejorar la tasa de detección de las lesiones serradas, para de esta forma, disminuir la mortalidad relacionada al CCR.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality in the world. Serrated lesions are responsible for 10 to 20% of all CRCs. Serrated polyps, particularly sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA), have a subtle appearance and proximal location, and therefore have a high miss rate. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available evidence on the use of various endoscopic interventions for improving serrated lesion detection rate, thus reducing CRC related mortality.

Prevalence of Gastric Preneoplastic Lesions in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Gastric Cancer: a Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the 5th cancer with the highest incidence and the 4th in mortality. To reduce it, one strategy is to diagnose preneoplastic lesions (PNL): atrophic gastritis (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and dysplasia (DYS); to form risk groups on which to focus surveillance efforts as are first-degree relatives (FDR). The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of gastric PNL in FDR of patients with GC, and to study association with sex, age, and Helicobacter pylorii (Hp) infection. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. One hundred and ten FDR, aged between 50 and 65 years, 54.5 female, obtained through convenience sampling, were studied. Biodemographic data survey and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with histological study were applied according to Sidney protocol, and focal lesions found. Diagnosis of these lesions and condition of mucosa was carried out by applying OLGA and OLGIM systems. Descriptive statistics, estimation of prevalence, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (95CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Median age of study group was 56.5 years. Prevalence of PNL, AG, IM, and DYS were 86.4%, 82.7%, 54.5%, and 12.7% respectively. Advanced stages of OLGA and OLGIM were verified in 18.0% and 16.3% respectively. No association with sex, age, and Hp infection were found ([OR 3.10; 95CI 1.0; 9.64]; [OR 0.74; 95CI 0.26; 2.14]; [OR 0.58; 95CI 0.12; 2.77]) respectively. CONCLUSION: FDR of patients with GC have a high prevalence of PNL, which makes them a risk group in which endoscopic surveillance should be applied.

Evaluation of trefoil factor 3 as a non-invasive biomarker of gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer in a high-risk population.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma is preceded by chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a peptide secreted by goblet cells, which is abundantly present in intestinal metaplasia. AIM: To evaluate the utility of serum TFF3 as a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. METHODS: Single-center, cross-sectional study of 274 patients who consecutively underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with gastric biopsies (updated Sydney system). TFF3 levels were measured in serum by a commercial ELISA kit. Patients with normal histology or chronic atrophic gastritis without intestinal metaplasia comprised the control group. In addition, 14 patients with invasive gastric cancer were included as a reference group. The association between TFF3 levels and intestinal metaplasia was assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Patients with intestinal metaplasia (n=110) had a higher median TFF3 level as compared to controls (n=164), 13.1 vs. 11.9ng/mL, respectively (p=0.024). Multivariable logistic regression showed a no significant association between TFF3 levels and intestinal metaplasia (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 0.87-1.65; p-trend=0.273). The gastric cancer group had a median TFF3 level of 20.5ng/mL, and a significant association was found (OR=3.26; 95%CI: 1.29-8.27; p-trend=0.013). CONCLUSION: Serum levels of TFF3 do not discriminate intestinal metaplasia in this high-risk Latin American population. Nevertheless, we confirmed an association between TFF3 levels and invasive gastric cancer.

Assessment of reflectance confocal microscopy for monitoring treatment of actinic keratosis and field cancerization with daylight photodynamic therapy.

Actinic keratosis (AK) is the most common pre-malignant cutaneous lesion of the skin, often associated with field cancerization. Daylight photodynamic therapy (DL-PDT) is used as treatment, showing good histological results. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may be useful as a non-invasive, real-time approach to monitor treatment, however, there is a lack of data on the correlation between RCM and histopathological findings in AK patients treated with DL-PDT. To correlate histological and RCM findings and evaluate the efficacy of DL-PDT in patients with AK and field cancerization treated with DL-PDT. Patients with field cancerization and a minimum of six AK lesions on the face were included in the study. A single session combining methyl aminolevulinate followed by two-hour daylight exposure of the face was performed. RCM and biopsy were performed before and after three months of the intervention to compare efficacy between patients using the Wilcoxon test, and concordance of the findings based on the different methods was analysed using the Kappa test. Twenty-four patients completed the study. An improvement in photodamage and a decrease in the number of AK lesions (45.3% reduction) was observed. Regression in atypia and dysplasia was observed via histopathology and RCM, however, there was poor agreement between the methods. No changes were observed after treatment for inflammation, fibroplasia and acantholysis. Concordance between histological and RCM findings was poor, suggesting that RCM cannot replace the histopathological examination, however, it may be used as an adjuvant test for follow-up of patients. Despite this, DL-PDT proved to be an effective method for treating AK.

The Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) system as a marker for gastric cancer and dysplasia in a Colombian population at risk: A multicenter study / Sistema OLGA (Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment) como marcador para cáncer gástrico y displasia en una población colombiana de alto riesgo: estudio multicéntrico.

Introduction. The OLGA system has been proved to be useful in Asia and Europe as a risk marker of gastric cancer. However, its usefulness in high-risk populations in Colombia is still unknown. Objective. To assess potential associations between the OLGA staging system and an increased risk of gastric cancer and dysplasia in a high-risk Colombian population and to establish diagnostic capacity of the scale to assess the risk. Materials and methods. We carried out a multicenter study including patients with cancer and dysplasia (cases) and patients with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (controls). A total of 506 patients were recruited from three centers in an area with a high risk population in Colombia. The endoscopic and histopathologic studies were evaluated according to the Sydney system and the OLGA staging system proposed by Rugge. The effect of each variable on the disease (gastric cancer and dysplasia) was evaluated using bivariate and multivariate models. Statistical significance was set considering a p value inferior to 0.05. Results. Advanced stages of the OLGA system (III-IV) were associated with a higher risk of dysplasia and gastric cancer (adjusted OR = 8.71; CI95% = 5.09-14.9; p=0.001), sensitivity=54.9%, specificity=89.3% and positive likelihood ratio=5.17. Conclusions. The OLGA staging system is a risk marker for gastric cancer and dysplasia in the studied population. We recommend its implementation to improve the timely diagnosis and follow-up of patients with the highest cancer risk.

Introducción. En Asia y Europa, el sistema OLGA ha sido útil como marcador de riesgo de cáncer gástrico. Sin embargo, su utilidad en poblaciones de alto riesgo en Colombia aún se desconoce. Objetivo. Establecer si los estadios OLGA se asocian con un mayor riesgo de cáncer y displasia en una población de alto riesgo en Colombia y determinar la capacidad diagnóstica de la escala para evaluar dicho riesgo.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico con pacientes con cáncer gástrico y displasia (casos), y pacientes con atrofia y metaplasia intestinal (controles), provenientes de tres centros de una zona de alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Se incluyeron 506 pacientes cuyo estudio endoscópico e histopatológico fue realizado mediante el sistema de Sydney y la estadificación de OLGA propuesta porRugge. El efecto de cada variable de interés sobre la enfermedad (cáncer gástrico y displasia) se evaluó mediante modelos bivariados y multivariados. Un valor de p menor de 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo.Resultados. Los estadios elevados del sistema OLGA (III-IV) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de displasia y cáncer gástrico (OR ajustado = 8,71; IC95 % = 5,09-14,9; p=0,001) con una sensibilidad del 54,9 %, especificidad del 89,3 % y una razón de probabilidad positiva de 5,17.Conclusiones. El estadio OLGA es un marcador de riesgo de cáncer gástrico y displasia en la población de estudio. Se recomienda su implementación como estrategia para optimizar el diagnóstico oportuno y el seguimiento de pacientes con mayor riesgo.

Sistema OLGA (Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment) como marcador para cáncer gástrico y displasia en una población colombiana de alto riesgo: estudio multicéntrico / The Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) system as a marker for gastric cancer and dysplasia in a Colombian population at risk: A multicenter study

Introducción. En Asia y Europa, el sistema OLGA ha sido útil como marcador de riesgo de cáncer gástrico. Sin embargo, su utilidad en poblaciones de alto riesgo en Colombia aún se desconoce. Objetivo. Establecer si los estadios OLGA se asocian con un mayor riesgo de cáncer y displasia en una población de alto riesgo en Colombia y determinar la capacidad diagnóstica de la escala para evaluar dicho riesgo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico con pacientes con cáncer gástrico y displasia (casos), y pacientes con atrofia y metaplasia intestinal (controles), provenientes de tres centros de una zona de alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Se incluyeron 506 pacientes cuyo estudio endoscópico e histopatológico fue realizado mediante el sistema de Sydney y la estadificación de OLGA propuesta por Rugge. El efecto de cada variable de interés sobre la enfermedad (cáncer gástrico y displasia) se evaluó mediante modelos bivariados y multivariados. Un valor de p menor de 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados. Los estadios elevados del sistema OLGA (III-IV) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de displasia y cáncer gástrico (OR ajustado = 8,71; IC95 % = 5,09-14,9; p=0,001) con una sensibilidad del 54,9 %, especificidad del 89,3 % y una razón de probabilidad positiva de 5,17. Conclusiones. El estadio OLGA es un marcador de riesgo de cáncer gástrico y displasia en la población de estudio. Se recomienda su implementación como estrategia para optimizar el diagnóstico oportuno y el seguimiento de pacientes con mayor riesgo.

Introduction. The OLGA system has been proved to be useful in Asia and Europe as a risk marker of gastric cancer. However, its usefulness in high-risk populations in Colombia is still unknown. Objective. To assess potential associations between the OLGA staging system and an increased risk of gastric cancer and dysplasia in a high-risk Colombian population and to establish diagnostic capacity of the scale to assess the risk. Materials and methods. We carried out a multicenter study including patients with cancer and dysplasia (cases) and patients with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (controls). A total of 506 patients were recruited from three centers in an area with a high risk population in Colombia. The endoscopic and histopathologic studies were evaluated according to the Sydney system and the OLGA staging system proposed by Rugge. The effect of each variable on the disease (gastric cancer and dysplasia) was evaluated using bivariate and multivariate models. Statistical significance was set considering a p value inferior to 0.05. Results. Advanced stages of the OLGA system (III-IV) were associated with a higher risk of dysplasia and gastric cancer (adjusted OR = 8.71; CI95% = 5.09-14.9; p=0.001), sensitivity=54.9%, specificity=89.3% and positive likelihood ratio=5.17. Conclusions. The OLGA staging system is a risk marker for gastric cancer and dysplasia in the studied population. We recommend its implementation to improve the timely diagnosis and follow-up of patients with the highest cancer risk.

Efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras para lesiones preneoplásicas del cuello uterino / Effectiveness of cryotherapy delivered by nurses for treatment of cervical preneoplasic lesions

Introducción. El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública relevante en países de ingresos medios y bajos. El seguimiento de mujeres con tamización positiva y el acceso a tratamiento para neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) son retos mayores en estos países. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras en casos de neoplasia intraepitelial de cérvix. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo la inspección visual directa con ácido acético y solución yodada (VIA-VILI), y se practicó colposcopia con biopsia, a mujeres entre los 25 y los 59 años, residentes en zonas de bajos ingresos de Bogotá. Profesionales de enfermería entrenados ofrecieron tratamiento inmediato con crioterapia a mujeres positivas en la inspección visual. Se les practicó colposcopia con biopsia antes del tratamiento y en un control a los 12 meses. Se evaluó la efectividad mediante tasas de curación (resultado: sin lesión) y regresión de NIC2/3 (resultado: ≤NIC1), por verificación colposcópica e histológica. Resultados. Se tamizaron 4.957 mujeres. En total, 499 fueron positivas y 472 aceptaron el tratamiento inmediato. Recibieron crioterapia por enfermería 365 mujeres (11 NIC2/3). La tasa de curación fue del 72 % (IC95%: 39-94 %) por verificación colposcópica, y del 40 % (IC95%: 22-85 %) por histología. Las tasas de regresión fueron del 100 y el 60 %, respectivamente. Se reportaron dos eventos adversos no graves relacionados. Conclusiones. Las tasas de curación y regresión por verificación colposcópica son similares a las reportadas con crioterapia administrada por médicos. El tamaño de la muestra con NIC2/3 dificulta la comparación por tipo de verificación. Los hallazgos apoyan la implementación de estrategias de "ver y tratar" por parte de enfermería en poblaciones con acceso limitado a servicios de salud.

Introduction. Cervical cancer is a relevant public health problem for low- and middle-income countries. Follow-up of positive-screened women and compliance with treatment of precancerous lesions are major challenges for these settings. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of cryotherapy delivered by nurses for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Materials and methods. Direct visual inspection with acetic acid and lugol iodine (VIA-VILI), and colposcopy/biopsy were performed on women 25 to 59 years old, residents of low-income areas in Bogotá, Colombia. Trained nurses offered immediate cryotherapy to every woman with positive visual inspection. Colposcopy/biopsy was performed before treatment and at a 12-month follow-up. The effectiveness was measured as cure (outcome: no-lesion) and regression (outcome: CIN1) rates of CIN2/3 using colposcopic and histological verification. Results. A group of 4.957 women with VIA/VILI was valuated. In total, 499 were screen positive and 472 accepted immediate treatment. A total of 365 women (11 CIN2/3) received cryotherapy by nurses. Cure rate was 72% (95%CI: 39%-94%) and 40% (95%CI: 22%-85%) by colposcopic and histological verification, respectively. Regression rates were 100% and 60%. There were two related non-serious adverse events. Conclusions. Cure and regression rates by colposcopic verification are like those reported for cryotherapy delivered by doctors. The sample size (CIN2/3) hinders comparisons by type of verification. Our findings support the implementation of screen-and-treat algorithms by nurses among populations with limited access to health services.

Effectiveness of cryotherapy delivered by nurses for treatment of cervical preneoplasic lesions / Efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras para lesiones preneoplásicas del cuello uterino.

Introduction. Cervical cancer is a relevant public health problem for low- and middleincome countries. Follow-up of positive-screened women and compliance with treatment of precancerous lesions are major challenges for these settings. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of cryotherapy delivered by nurses for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Materials and methods. Direct visual inspection with acetic acid and lugol iodine (VIAVILI), and colposcopy/biopsy were performed on women 25 to 59 years old, residents of low-income areas in Bogotá, Colombia. Trained nurses offered immediate cryotherapy to every woman with positive visual inspection. Colposcopy/biopsy was performed before treatment and at a 12-month follow-up. The effectiveness was measured as cure (outcome: no-lesion) and regression (outcome: CIN1) rates of CIN2/3 using colposcopic and histological verification. Results. A group of 4.957 women with VIA/VILI was valuated. In total, 499 were screen positive and 472 accepted immediate treatment. A total of 365 women (11 CIN2/3) received cryotherapy by nurses. Cure rate was 72% (95%CI: 39%-94%) and 40% (95%CI: 22%-85%) by colposcopic and histological verification, respectively. Regression rates were 100% and 60%. There were two related non-serious adverse events. Conclusions. Cure and regression rates by colposcopic verification are like those reported for cryotherapy delivered by doctors. The sample size (CIN2/3) hinders comparisons by type of verification. Our findings support the implementation of screen-and-treat algorithms by nurses among populations with limited access to health services.

Introducción. El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública relevante en países de ingresos medios y bajos. El seguimiento de mujeres con tamización positiva y el acceso a tratamiento para neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) son retos mayores en estos países. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la crioterapia suministrada por enfermeras en casos de neoplasia intraepitelial de cérvix. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo la inspección visual directa con ácido acético y solución yodada (VIA-VILI), y se practicó colposcopia con biopsia, a mujeres entre los 25 y los 59 años, residentes en zonas de bajos ingresos de Bogotá. Profesionales de enfermería entrenados ofrecieron tratamiento inmediato con crioterapia a mujeres positivas en la inspección visual. Se les practicó colposcopia con biopsia antes del tratamiento y en un control a los 12 meses. Se evaluó la efectividad mediante tasas de curación (resultado: sin lesión) y regresión de NIC2/3 (resultado: ≤NIC1), por verificación colposcópica e histológica. Resultados. Se tamizaron 4.957 mujeres. En total, 499 fueron positivas y 472 aceptaron el tratamiento inmediato. Recibieron crioterapia por enfermería 365 mujeres (11 NIC2/3). La tasa de curación fue del 72 % (IC95%: 39-94 %) por verificación colposcópica, y del 40 % (IC95%: 22-85 %) por histología. Las tasas de regresión fueron del 100 y el 60 %, respectivamente. Se reportaron dos eventos adversos no graves relacionados.Conclusiones. Las tasas de curación y regresión por verificación colposcópica son similares a las reportadas con crioterapia administrada por médicos. El tamaño de la muestra con NIC2/3 dificulta la comparación por tipo de verificación. Los hallazgos apoyan la implementación de estrategias de "ver y tratar" por parte de enfermería en poblaciones con acceso limitado a servicios de salud.

Genome sequencing reveals molecular subgroups in oral epithelial dysplasia

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the molecular characteristics of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), highlighting the pathways and variants of genes that are frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and other cancers. Ten archival OED cases were retrieved for retrospective clinicopathological analysis and exome sequencing. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD), focusing on 57 well-known cancer genes, of which 10 were previously described as the most mutated in OSCC. HGD cases had significantly more variants; however, a similar mutational landscape to OSCC was observed in both groups. CASP8+FAT1/HRAS, TP53, and miscellaneous molecular signatures were also present. FAT1 is the gene that is most affected by pathogenic variants. Hierarchical divisive clustering showed division between the two groups: "HGD-like cluster" with 4HGD and 2LGD and "LGD-like cluster" with 4 LGD. MLL4 pathogenic variants were exclusively in the "LGD-like cluster". TP53 was affected in one case of HGD; however, its pathway was usually altered. We describe new insights into the genetic basis of epithelial malignant transformation by genomic analysis, highlighting those associated with FAT1 and TP53. Some LGDs presented a similar mutational landscape to HGD after cluster analysis. Perhaps molecular alterations have not yet been reflected in histomorphology. The relative risk of malignant transformation in this molecular subgroup should be addressed in future studies.

Active search screening for oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in the city of Piracicaba

Abstract Oral cancer is a public health problem worldwide with approximately 300,000 new cases diagnosed every year and more than 170,000 deaths annually. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 90% of all oral malignancies and it is frequently preceded by lesions known as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Screening programs for early detection of oral lesions have been conducted. Therefore, the objective of this research was to carry out an active search in a screening program in the city of Piracicaba, Brazil. High-risk patients were identified at the city's health center through their medical records and referred for dental consultation. Other patients who opportunistically sought dental care were also seen and if they did not present risk factors for SCC, they were considered low-risk. A total of 756 patients were examined, and 445 met the criteria for the high-risk group and 311 for the low-risk group. It was possible to diagnose 27 OPMDs and six SCCs - 21 OPMDs and six SCCs occurred in high-risk patients and six OPMDs in low-risk patients. A chi-square test was applied and a statistically significant value (p = 0.006) was obtained for the detection of OPMD and SCC in patients of the high-risk group. Screening of high-risk patients through active search proved to be an effective program for diagnosing OPMD and SCC. Therefore, we encourage its implementation on a large scale to reduce the current scenario of this disease.

Vacuna del virus del papiloma humano: valoración bioética de la discriminación por sexo

La infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) constituye la causa necesaria, aunque no suficiente, de la enfermedad de transmisión sexual más frecuente en el mundo, responsable del 4,5 % de todos los cánceres en ambos sexos. La vacunación frente al VPH, con niveles de eficacia y seguridad similares en ambos sexos, está dirigida básicamente a mujeres, para reducir la incidencia de infección y sus consecuencias, como el cáncer de cérvix. La transmisibilidad del virus en ambos sexos y la inmunidad colectiva que proporciona la vacunación universal hace que su extensión al sexo masculino constituya una cuestión no solo de salud pública, sino también un dilema bioético relacionado con la protección de la salud y la equitativa distribución de los recursos. Este trabajo aborda el análisis bioético de la extensión de la vacunación contra VPH a ambos sexos.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide, responsible for 4.5 % of all cancers in both sexes. HPV vaccination, with similar levels of efficacy and safety in both sexes, is aimed at women to prevent cervical cancer. The transmissibility of the virus in both sexes and the herd immunity provided by universal vaccination makes its extension to the male sex a matter not only of public health but also a bioethical dilemma related to the protection of health and the equitable distribution of resources. This research addresses the bioethical analysis of the extension of HPV vaccination to both sexes.

A infecção pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV, na sigla em inglês) constitui a causa principal, ainda que não suficiente, da doença de transmissão sexual mais frequente no mundo, responsável por 4,5 % de todos os cânceres em ambos os sexos. A vacinação contra o HPV, com níveis de eficácia e segurança semelhantes em ambos os sexos, está orientada basicamente a mulheres, para reduzir a incidência de infecção e suas consequências, como o câncer do colo do útero. A transmissão do vírus em ambos os sexos e a imunidade coletiva que a vacinação universal promove fazem com que sua extensão ao sexo masculino constitua uma questão não apenas de saúde pública, mas também um dilema bioético relacionado com a proteção da saúde e a equitativa distribuição dos recursos. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho, é abordada a análise bioética da extensão da vacinação contra o HPV em ambos os sexos.

Leucoplaquias laríngeas: Análisis de las lesiones y resultados vocales en una unidad de voz terciaria / Analysis of laryngeal leukoplakia characteristics and voice outcomes in a tertiary voice unit

Introducción: Las leucoplaquias laríngeas (LL) pueden corresponder a lesiones precancerosas. La aproximación diagnóstica es endoscópica y en caso de persistir, se debe estudiar con biopsia. Objetivo: Describir las características biodemográficas, clínicas, endoscópicas, histológicas y evolutivas de pacientes diagnosticados con leucoplaquias glóticas. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo no-concurrente de pacientes diagnosticados con leucoplaquias glóticas en la Unidad de Voz del Departamento de Otorrinolaringología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, entre 2012 y 2019. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes, 65,5% hombres, con edad promedio de 61 años y seguimiento promedio de 21,1 meses. El principal motivo de consulta fue disfonía, en un 86,2% de los casos. El 38% presentó compromiso del pliegue vocal (PV) izquierdo, 24,1% derecho, 24,1% bilateral y 13,8% bilateral incluyendo comisura anterior. El 41,4% de las lesiones comprometían más del 50% del PV y 68% presentaba una onda mucosa alterada en la estroboscopia. Un 89,7% requirió biopsia, identificando carcinoma en 26,9%, displasia en 34,6% y otro diagnóstico en 38,5%. El 25,9% presentó recurrencias, del cual 28,6% progresó a cáncer. Se identificó asociación significativa en un análisis bivariado entre la edad (p = 0,030) y compromiso mayor al 50% del PV (p = 0,016) con displasia de alto riesgo o cáncer. En el análisis multivariado, solo la edad mostró ser significativa (p = 0,038; OR 1,27; IC 95% 1,01-1,59). Conclusión: El estudio de las LL es esencial para el diagnóstico precoz de cáncer laríngeo. La edad y el compromiso mayor al 50% del PV en la estroboscopia podría predecir un riesgo mayor de displasia de alto riesgo o cáncer.

Introduction: Laryngeal leukoplakia (LL) may correspond to precancerous lesions. The diagnostic approach is endoscopic, and if LL persist, a biopsy should be performed. Aim: To describe the biodemographic, clinical, endoscopic, histological, and developmental characteristics of patients diagnosed with glottic leucoplakia. Material and Method: Prospective non-concurrent study of patients diagnosed with glottic leukoplakia in the Voice Unit at the Otolaryngology Department of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, between 2012 and 2019. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included, 65.5% men, with an average age of 61.7 years, and average follow-up of 21.1 months. Dysphonia was the chief complaint, present in 86.2% of the cases. The left vocal fold (VF) was involved in 38.0%, right in 24.1%, bilateral in 24.1%, and bilateral including anterior commissure in 13.8%. Only 41.4% compromised over 50% of the VF and 68.0% presented an altered mucosal wave in the videostroboscopy. A biopsy was performed in 89.7%, identifying carcinoma in 26.9%, dysplasia in 34.6% and other diagnosis in 38.5%. During follow-up 25.9% recurred, of which 28.6% progressed to cancer. A significant association was found in the bivariate analysis between age (p = 0.030) and extension over 50% of the VF (p = 0.016) with high-risk dysplasia or cancer. In the multivariate analysis only, the age was found to be significative (p = 0.038; OR 1.27; CI 95% 1.01-1.59). Conclusions: A thorough evaluation is essential in LL, favoring an early diagnosis for laryngeal cancer. Age and an involvement greater than 50% of the VF in the videostroboscopy could predict an increased possibility for high-risk dysplasia or cancer.