The cognitive apprenticeship model as a framework for desired precepting qualities to inform preceptor development.

INTRODUCTION: Positive learner perceptions of learning experiences have been linked to better learning outcomes. More information is needed on learners' desired qualities of preceptors and learning experiences to inform preceptor development. Aligning learners' perceptions with a teaching framework, such as the Cognitive Apprenticeship (CA) framework, may be useful to guide preceptor self-assessment and development. However, information is lacking regarding whether the CA framework is consistent with learners' expectations. The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacy learner perspectives on desired preceptor behaviors and qualities and to evaluate their alignment with the CA framework to inform preceptor development. METHODS: Twenty-two learners (nine residents and 13 introductory and advanced pharmacy practice students) participated in nine focus group interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively by inductive coding and pattern coding and then condensed into themes. After initial analysis, the CA framework was adapted into codes and applied to the data to explore the alignment of quality preceptor characteristics with CA. RESULTS: Learners identified desired general preceptor characteristics, teaching behaviors, and qualities of sites and experience structure in their discussion. All four CA dimensions (Methods, Sociology, Sequencing, and Content) were represented in the described desired preceptor qualities. Most comments were connected to the Methods dimension. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of CA as a framework to guide preceptor development and assessment for desired precepting qualities, preceptor behaviors, and learning environments. Additional research is needed for best practices in implementing CA in preceptor assessment and professional development.

System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities (SETQ) Smart para o uso no Brasil: versão para residente / System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities (SETQ) Smart for use in Brazil: resident's version

RESUMO Introdução: Já se reconhece que o incremento do potencial de aprendizagem dos alunos está diretamente relacionado às qualidades do preceptor. Nesse sentido, a avaliação da prática dos docentes impõe-se como um elemento essencial da garantia de qualidade na formação de novos especialistas. Todavia, no contexto da educação médica no Brasil, existem atualmente poucas pesquisas sobre avaliação de preceptores e escassez de instrumentos para essa finalidade. Um dos instrumentos atualmente disponíveis é o System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities (SETQ). Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo executar a adaptação transcultural e a validade de conteúdo do SETQ para uso no Brasil. Método: Esse instrumento é composto por duas versões, e neste estudo foi adaptada a versão dos residentes para avaliação do preceptor. A adaptação cultural seguiu cinco etapas: duas traduções iniciais do inglês para o português brasileiro; duas traduções de síntese; duas retrotraduções; uma avaliação do comitê de especialistas em termos de análise conceitual, equivalência semântica, idiomática e cultural; e um pré-teste. Além disso, um painel de juízes especialistas conduziu a validação de conteúdo. Resultado: Quarenta médicos residentes, com idade mediana de 30 anos (IQR = 6,25), participaram do pré-teste. Oitenta por cento dos participantes classificaram os componentes que compõem o SETQ Smart como claros e culturalmente apropriados, exceto pelo enunciado do questionário. O painel de juízes especialistas incluiu dez residentes, 70% do sexo feminino. As taxas de concordância variaram de 80% a 100% em relação à clareza, adequação cultural, representatividade dos itens dentro de seus respectivos domínios e permanência de cada item nas avaliações do instrumento. Conclusão: Este estudo adaptou culturalmente uma das duas versões do SETQ Smart para uso no Brasil e forneceu evidências preliminares de validade dessa versão por meio da validação de conteúdo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is commonly recognized that the enhancement of students' learning potential is directly related to preceptors' qualities. In this sense, the assessment of teachers' practice becomes an essential element in ensuring the quality in the training of new specialists. However, in the context of medical education in Brazil, there are currently few studies on the evaluation of preceptors and a shortage of instruments for this purpose. One of the currently available instruments is the System for Evaluation of Teaching Qualities (SETQ) Smart. Objective: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and content validity of SETQ for use in Brazil. Methods: This instrument comprises two versions and, in this study, the version for residents was adapted for preceptor assessment. The cultural adaptation followed five steps: two initial English to Brazilian Portuguese translations; two synthesis translations; two back-translations; an expert committee assessment of conceptual analysis, semantic, idiomatic and cultural equivalences; and a pre-test. In addition, a panel of expert judges conducted the content validation. Results: Forty resident physicians, with a median age of 30 (IQR = 6.25), participated in the pre-test. Eighty percent of the participants rated the components that make up the SETQ Smart as clear and culturally appropriate, except for the title statement. The expert panel of judges comprised ten residents, 70% female. The agreement rates ranged from 80 to 100% regarding clarity, cultural adequacy, item representativeness within their respective domains and each item permanence in the instrument assessments. Conclusion: This study culturally adapted one of the two versions of the SETQ Smart for use in Brazil and provided preliminary evidence sources of validity of the versions through content validation.