Pregabalina preoperatoria previene las fasciculaciones y mialgias inducidas por succinilcolina: metaanálisis de ensayos aleatorizados / Preoperative pregabalin prevents succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgias: A meta-analysis of randomized trials

La succinilcolina es el bloqueador neuromuscular de referencia para la inducción de secuencia rápida. Sin embargo, su uso se asocia a fasciculaciones y mialgias. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados comparando gabapentinoides frente a placebo, para la prevención de fasciculaciones y mialgias inducidas por succinilcolina. Se incluyeron seis estudios clínicos aleatorizados. El número total de pacientes fue de 481, de los cuales 241 se incluyeron en el grupo de intervención y 240 en el grupo de placebo. Los gabapentinoides redujeron la incidencia de mialgia inducida por succinilcolina (RR=0,69; IC95%: 0,56-0,84; p<0,001), que siguió siendo estadísticamente significativa para pregabalina (RR=0,71; IC95%: 0,54-0,93; p=0,013) y gabapentina (RR=0,61; IC95%: 0,45-0,82; p=0,001) por separado. No hubo diferencia entre los grupos en cuanto a fasciculaciones (RR=0,92; IC95%: 0,82-1,03; p=0,148). El uso preoperatorio de gabapentinoides se asocia a una menor incidencia de mialgias inducidas por succinilcolina dentro de las primeras 24horas posteriores al procedimiento. (AU)

Succinylcholine is the gold standard neuromuscular blocker for rapid sequence induction, however, its use is associated with fasciculations and myalgias. A systematic review and meta-analysis including randomized controlled clinical trials was performed comparing gabapentinoids versus placebo for the prevention of fasciculations and succinylcholine-induced myalgias. Six randomized clinical studies were included. The total number of patients was 481, of which 241 were in the intervention group and 240 in the placebo group. Gabapentinoids reduced the incidence of succinylcholine-induced myalgia (RR=.69; 95%CI: .56-.84; P<.001), which remained statistically significant for pregabalin (RR=.71; 95%CI: .54-.93; P=.013) and gabapentin (RR=.61; 95%CI: .45-.82; P=.001) separately. There was no difference between the groups in fasciculations (RR=.92; 95%CI: .82-1.03; P=.148). Preoperative use of gabapentinoids is associated with lower incidence of succinylcholine-induced myalgias within the first 24hours after the procedure. (AU)

Estudo de fase II de pregabalina para prevenção de náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia / Phase II study of pregabalin for the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting

Para avaliar o papel da pregabalina na proteção das náuseas e vômitos induzidos pela quimioterapia, foi realizado um ensaio clínico de fase II, aleatorizado, duplamente cego, controlado por placebo, para investigar se a pregabalina poderia melhorar o controle completo das náuseas e vômitos (desfecho primário). Inscrevemos 82 pacientes virgens de quimioterapia, programados para receber quimioterapia moderadamente e altamente emetogênica. Todos os doentes receberam ondansetron 8mg por via intravenosa, dexametasona 10mg antes da quimioterapia no primeiro dia e, dexametasona 4 mg por via oral, b.d., nos dias dois e três. Os doentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para tomar pregabalina 75 mg ou placebo, bd, desde a noite anterior à quimioterapia até ao quinto dia. A resposta completa global não foi estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (53,7 versus 48,8%, respetivamente, no grupo da pregabalina e no grupo de controlo (P=0,65)). Também não houve diferença estatística significativa durante a fase aguda (primeiras 24 horas) e a fase tardia (24-120h): 80,5% versus 82,9% (P=0,77), 53,7 versus 51,2% (P=0,82), respectivamente. Neste estudo não foi identificada ação da pregabalina na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia. Número de registo no Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT04181346.

To evaluate the role of pregabalin in the protection of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, we performed a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether pregabalin could improve the complete control of nausea and vomiting (primary end point). We enrolled 82 chemotherapy-naive patients, scheduled to receive moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy. All patients received IV ondansetron 8mg, dexamethasone 10mg before chemotherapy on day one and oral dexamethasone 4mg, b.d., on days two and three. Patients were randomly assigned to take pregabalin 75mg or placebo, bd, from the night before chemotherapy to day five. The overall complete response was not statistically significant between the groups (53.7 versus 48.8%, respectively, in the pregabalin group and the control group (P=0.65)). There was also no significant difference during the acute phase (first 24 hours) and delayed phase (24-120h): 80.5% versus 82.9% (P=0.77), 53.7 versus 51.2% (P=0.82), respectively. There is no role for pregabalin preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Clinicaltrial.gov registration number: NCT04181346.

Preoperative pregabalin prevents succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Succinylcholine is the gold standard neuromuscular blocker for rapid sequence induction; however, its use is associated with fasciculation and myalgia. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials comparing gabapentinoids versus placebo for the prevention of fasciculations and succinylcholine-induced myalgias. Six randomized clinical studies were included with a total of 481 patients - 241 in the intervention group and 240 in the placebo group. Gabapentinoids reduced the incidence of succinylcholine-induced myalgia (RR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.56-0.84, P < .001), which remained statistically significant for pregabalin (RR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.54-0.93, P = .013) and gabapentin (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.82, P = .001) separately. There was no difference in fasciculations between the groups (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.82-1.03, P = .148). Preoperative use of gabapentinoids is associated with lower incidence of succinylcholine-induced myalgias within the first 24 h of surgery.

Pregabalin and gabapentin for chronic low back pain without radiculopathy: a systematic review / Pregabalina e gabapentina para dor lombar crônica sem radiculopatia: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Background Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a global health problem, and gabapentin and pregabalin are often used in the treatment of patients without associated radiculopathy or neuropathy. Therefore, determining their efficacy and safety is of enormous value. Objective To examine the efficacy and safety of using gabapentin and pregabalin for CLBP without radiculopathy or neuropathy. Methods We performed a search on the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science data bases for clinical trials, cohorts, and case-control studies that evaluated patients with CLBP without radiculopathy or neuropathy for at least eight weeks. The data were extracted and inserted into a previously-prepared Microsoft Excel spreadsheet; the outcomes were evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and the quality of evidence, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results Of the 2,230 articles identified, only 5 were included, totaling 242 participants. In them, pregabalin was slightly less efficacious than amitriptyline, the combination of tramadol/acetaminophen, and celecoxib, and pregabalin added to celecoxib showed no benefit when compared to celecoxib alone (very low evidence for all). On the other hand, although one study with gabapentin did not support its use in a general sample of patients with low back pain, another found a reduction in the pain scale and improved mobility (moderate evidence). No serious adverse events were observed in any of the studies. Conclusion Quality information to support the use of pregabalin or gabapentin in the treatment of CLBP without radiculopathy or neuropathy is lacking, although results may suggest gabapentin as a viable option. More data is needed to fill this current gap in knowledge.

Resumo Antecedentes Dor lombar crônica (DLC) é um problema de saúde global, e a gabapentina e a pregabalina são frequentemente utilizadas no tratamento de pacientes sem radiculopatia ou neuropatia associada. Por isso, determinar sua eficácia e segurança é de enorme valor. Objetivo Examinar a eficácia e segurança do uso de gabapentina e pregabalina no tratamento da DLC sem radiculopatia ou neuropatia. Métodos Realizamos uma pesquisa nas bases de dados CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS e Web of Science por ensaios clínicos, coortes e estudos de caso e controle que avaliassem pacientes com DLC sem radiculopatia ou neuropatia por pelo menos oito semanas. Os dados foram extraídos e inseridos em uma planilha previamente elaborada no programa Microsoft Excel; os desfechos foram avaliados com a ferramenta RoB 2 tool da Cochrane, e a qualidade das evidências, pelo sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Resultados Dos 2.230 artigos identificados, apenas 5 foram incluídos, com um total de 242 participantes. Neles, a pregabalina foi ligeiramente menos eficaz do que a amitriptilina, a combinação de tramadol/acetaminofeno, e o celecoxibe, assim como a pregabalina adicionada ao celecoxibe não mostrou benefício em comparação ao uso isolado de celecoxibe (evidência muito baixa para todos). Quanto à gabapentina, embora um estudo não respalde seu uso para uma amostra geral de pacientes com lombalgia, outro encontrou redução na escala de dor e melhora da mobilidade (evidência moderada). Nenhum evento adverso grave foi observado nos estudos. Conclusão Há carência de informações de qualidade que sustentem o uso de pregabalina ou gabapentina no tratamento da DLC sem radiculopatia ou neuropatia, embora resultados possam sugerir que a gabapentina é uma opção viável. Mais dados são necessários para preencher essa atual lacuna no conhecimento.

[Off-label use of gabapentinoid drugs: is it necessary a deprescription strategy?] / Gabapentinoides en indicaciones no autorizadas en la ficha técnica: ¿es necesaria una estrategia de desprescripción?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gabapentin and pregabalin treatment adequacy to label indications, to analyze off-label use and to identify patients at high risk of respiratory depression. METHOD: An observational, retrospective study was performed. It included patients treated with pregabalin and gabapentin during 2020 in Navarre. RESULTS: A total of 9778 patients were treated with gabapentin or pregabalin during the first two months of 2020. In 56% of the cases, gabapentinoids were prescribed for off-label uses. Sixty percent of patients were taking at least one central nervous system (CNS) depressant drug concomitantly, 33% of them opioids, 20% of them combined opioids with CNS depressants and 4% of them at least one systemic antihistamine. In addition, 11% of the patients had a diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Prevalences remained constant along the year. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to implement a gabapentinoid deprescription strategy to improve its use and reduce safety problems.

Gabapentinoides en indicaciones no autorizadas en la ficha técnica: ¿es necesaria una estrategia de desprescripción? / Off-label use of gabapentinoid drugs: is it necessary a deprescription strategy?

Objetivo: Evaluar la adecuación de los tratamientos con gabapentina y pregabalina a las indicaciones autorizadas, analizar su uso en las no autorizadas e identificar los pacientes con más riesgo de sufrir depresión respiratoria. Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó a los pacientes en tratamiento con gabapentina o pregabalina en 2020 en Navarra. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9778 pacientes en tratamiento con gabapentina o pregabalina durante el primer bimestre de 2020. En el 56% de los casos se prescribieron para indicaciones no autorizadas. El 60% tomaba concomitantemente al menos un depresor del sistema nervioso central (SNC), el 33% algún opiáceo, el 20% opiáceos combinados con depresores del SNC y el 4% algún antihistamínico. El 11% tenía diagnóstico de asma o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Estas prevalencias se mantuvieron constantes durante el resto del año. Conclusiones: Es necesario implementar una estrategia de desprescripción de gabapentinoides para adecuar su uso y disminuir los problemas de seguridad. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate gabapentin and pregabalin treatment adequacy to label indications, to analyze off-label use and to identify patients at high risk of respiratory depression. Method: An observational, retrospective study was performed. It included patients treated with pregabalin and gabapentin during 2020 in Navarre. Results: A total of 9778 patients were treated with gabapentin or pregabalin during the first two months of 2020. In 56% of the cases, gabapentinoids were prescribed for off-label uses. Sixty percent of patients were taking at least one central nervous system (CNS) depressant drug concomitantly, 33% of them opioids, 20% of them combined opioids with CNS depressants and 4% of them at least one systemic antihistamine. In addition, 11% of the patients had a diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Prevalences remained constant along the year. Conclusions: It is necessary to implement a gabapentinoid deprescription strategy to improve its use and reduce safety problems.

Pruritus in dialysis patients. Review and new perspectives.

Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most uncomfortable symptoms for patients in dialysis. UP has a great impact on dialysis patients' quality of life and has a great prevalence between those (28-70%). Physiopathology of UP is unknown and usually is unnoticed for most nephrologists (in more than 65% of centers is underdiagnosed). This lack of awareness drives to the unsuccessful treatment of this symptom. Moreover, the fact that most studies have been carried out on small populations and the difficulty assessing UP complicates a correct therapeutical approach. For this reason, we have designed treatment algorithms based on the efficacy of the drugs but also its safeness to avoid adverse effects.

Analgesic effect of pregabalin and magnesium sulfate after mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy / Efeito analgésico da pregabalina e do sulfato de magnésio no pósoperatório de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mastectomy with lymphadenectomy is a surgery associated with moderate to severe pain in the immediate postoperatory. Several safe adjuvant drugs that provide good analgesia with few adverse effects have been researched. Pregabalin and magnesium sulfate are drugs that promote analgesia with few adverse effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of pregabalin and magnesium sulfate in the postoperatory of mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Double-blinded, randomized study involving 80 patients submitted to mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy under general anesthesia. The patients were distributed into 4 groups: Control (CG, did not receive the proposed adjuvant drug); Magnesium+Placebo (MG, received magnesium sulfate during anesthesia); Pregabalin+Magnesium (P+MG, received magnesium added to pregabalin 150 mg before and 12 h after surgery); and Pregabalin+Placebo (PG, received pregabalin). All patients completed the Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) to screen for possible mental disorders and had their physical status monitored at 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery, through anamnesis, pain questionnaire, opioid consumption, and presence of complications and/or adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, and sleepiness. Randomization was performed using sealed opaque envelopes without the knowledge of the anesthesiologist (researcher) and the patient. RESULTS: For each group, twenty patients were randomized, which were analyzed at the end of the study. The number of patients presenting absent/mild pain in P+MG was significantly higher than in CG, MG and PG after one hour. After 12 hours, P+MG and PG had more patients with absent/mild pain than CG and MG. At 24 hours postoperatively, all patients in all evaluated groups had no moderate/severe pain. There was no diference in the frequency of patients presenting nausea or vomiting, nor in the scores of the sleep evaluation after surgery in the four groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of magnesium sulfate and pregabalin provided satisfactory analgesia in the first hour after mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy. Nevertheless, magnesium sulfate isolated presented no analgesic beneft for the patients, and pregabalin isolated was only slightly effective at the first hour after surgery.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Mastectomia com linfadenectomia é uma cirurgia que causa dor moderada ou intensa no pós-operatório imediato. Muitos fármacos adjuvantes, seguros, que promovem boa analgesia e com poucos efeitos adversos têm sido pesquisados. A pregabalina e o sulfato de magnésio são fármacos que promovem analgesia com poucos efeitos adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito analgésico da pregabalina e do sulfato de magnésio no pós-operatório de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar. MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado e duplo-cego envolvendo 80 pacientes submetidas à mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar sob anestesia geral. As pacientes foram divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (GC, não receberam o fármaco adjuvante proposto); Magnésio+Placebo (GM, receberam sulfato de magnésio durante a anestesia); Pregabalina+Magnésio (GP+M, receberam magnésio adicionado a pregabalina 150 mg antes e 12 h após a cirurgia); e Pregabalina+Placebo (GP, receberam a pregabalina). Todas as pacientes responderam o Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) para rastrear possível transtorno mental e foram seguidas, monitorando o estado físico 1h, 12h e 24h após a cirurgia, através de anamnese, questionário de dor, consumo de opioides e presença de complicações e/ou eventos adversos como náusea, vômito e sonolência. A randomização foi realizada por meio de envelopes opacos e selados sem o conhecimento do anestesiologista (pesquisador) e do paciente. RESULTADOS: Foram randomizadas 20 pacientes para cada grupo, as quais foram analisadas ao fim do estudo. O número de pacientes apresentando dor ausente/leve no GP+M foi significantemente maior que nos GC, GM e GP após uma hora. Após 12 horas, GP+M e GP apresentaram maior número de pacientes com dor ausente/leve que GC e GM. Em 24 horas do pós-operatório, todos os pacientes de todos os grupos avaliados não apresentaram dor moderada/severa. Não houve diferença na frequência de pacientes apresentando náusea ou vômito, nem nos escores da avaliação do sono após a cirurgia nos quatro grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A associação de sulfato de magnésio e pregabalina causa boa analgesia de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar na primeira hora do pós-operatório. No entanto, o uso isolado do sulfato de magnésio não trouxe benefício para analgesia nestas pacientes, assim como a pregabalina sozinha se mostrou pouco efetiva na primeira hora de avaliação.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain / Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis sobre la efectividad y eventos adversos de gabapentina y pregabalina para el dolor de ciática

Aim: This SR aims to assess the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin on pain and disability caused by acute sciatica and the adverse events associated with their clinical use.DesignSystematic review.DatabasesElectronic databases of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from their inception until March 1st of 2021.Selection criteriaRandomized trials (RCT) with adults>18 years old with acute sciatica for a minimum of 1 week and a maximum of 1 year (at least moderate pain).Data treatmentThe outcomes were pain, disability and adverse events. Data was summarized using odds ratio and mean difference. GRADE was used to calculate the level of evidence.ResultsEight RCT involving 747 participants were included. The effect of pregabalin was assessed in 3 RCT and in one three-arm trial (pregabalin vs limaprost vs a combination of limaprost and pregabalin). Two trials assessed the effect of gabapentin compared with placebo and one compared with tramadol. One study assessed the effect of gabapentin vs pregabalin in a crossover head-to-head trial.A statistically significant improvement on leg pain at 2 weeks and leg pain with movement at 3 and 4 months was found in a RCT comparing gabapentin with placebo. There were no statistically differences on the remaining time periods assessed for leg pain, low back pain and functional disability.ConclusionsThis SR provides clear evidence for lack of effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin for sciatica pain management. In view of this, its routine clinical use cannot be supported.

Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática evalúa la efectividad de pregabalina y gabapentina sobre el dolor y la discapacidad producidas por el dolor agudo causado por ciática, y los eventos adversos asociados al uso clínico.DiseñoRevisión sistemática.Bases de datosSe buscó en Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, y en Clinical Trials.gov desde su inicio hasta el 1 de marzo del 2021.Criterios de selecciónEnsayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) sobre adultos > 18 años con ciática aguda establecida entre una semana como mínimo y un año como máximo (al menos con dolor moderado).Tratamiento de datosLos resultados fueron dolor, discapacidad y eventos adversos. Los datos fueron resumidos usando odds ratio y diferencia de medias. Para calcular el nivel de evidencia se empleó GRADE.ResultadosSe incluyeron 8 ECA con un total de 747 participantes. El efecto de la pregabalina fue evaluado en 3 ECA y en un ensayo de 3 brazos (pregabalina vs. limaprost vs. una combinación de limaprost y pregabalina). Dos ensayos evaluaron el efecto de gabapentina comparado con placebo y uno lo comparó con tramadol. Un estudio evaluó el efecto de gabapentina vs. pregabalina en un ensayo cruzado.En un ECA se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mejora del dolor de piernas a las 2 semanas y en el dolor de piernas con el movimiento a los 3 y 4 meses, con gabapentina comparado frente a placebo. No hubo diferencias en el resto de los periodos estudiados para el dolor de piernas, dolor en la zona lumbar o en la discapacidad funcional.ConclusionesEsta revisión sistemática ofrece evidencia clara de la falta de pruebas sobre la efectividad de pregabalina o gabapentina para el manejo del dolor derivado de la ciática. Por tanto, su uso clínico rutinario no está avalado.

Prurito en pacientes en diálisis. Revisión de la literatura y nuevas perspectivas / Pruritus in dialysis patients. Review and new perspectives

El prurito es uno de los síntomas más incómodos y que más impacta en la calidad de vida de los pacientes en diálisis. Su prevalencia es bastante elevada en pacientes en diálisis (28-70%). La fisiopatología del prurito urémico es desconocida, y este síntoma a menudo pasa desapercibido para el personal sanitario, siendo infradiagnosticado en más del 65% de los centros. Esta falta de reconocimiento deriva en un abordaje terapéutico ineficaz del prurito urémico. Por otro lado, la mayoría de los ensayos farmacológicos para el tratamiento del prurito urémico han sido realizados en poblaciones reducidas y están sujetos a la subjetiva medición del propio síntoma. Por este motivo, hemos propuesto algoritmos de tratamiento, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia que avala a cada fármaco y a la vez la pluripatología y la polifarmacia de cada paciente, con el fin de evitar efectos adversos. (AU)

Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most uncomfortable symptoms for patients in dialysis. UP has a great impact on dialysis patients’ quality of life and has a great prevalence between those (28–70%). Physiopathology of UP is unknown and usually is unnoticed for most nephrologists (in more than 65% of centers is underdiagnosed). This lack of awareness drives to the unsuccessful treatment of this symptom. Moreover, the fact that most studies have been carried out on small populations and the difficulty assessing UP complicates a correct therapeutical approach. For this reason, we have designed treatment algorithms based on the efficacy of the drugs but also its safeness to avoid adverse effects. (AU)

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain.

AIM: This SR aims to assess the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin on pain and disability caused by acute sciatica and the adverse events associated with their clinical use. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATABASES: Electronic databases of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from their inception until March 1st of 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials (RCT) with adults>18 years old with acute sciatica for a minimum of 1 week and a maximum of 1 year (at least moderate pain). DATA TREATMENT: The outcomes were pain, disability and adverse events. Data was summarized using odds ratio and mean difference. GRADE was used to calculate the level of evidence. RESULTS: Eight RCT involving 747 participants were included. The effect of pregabalin was assessed in 3 RCT and in one three-arm trial (pregabalin vs limaprost vs a combination of limaprost and pregabalin). Two trials assessed the effect of gabapentin compared with placebo and one compared with tramadol. One study assessed the effect of gabapentin vs pregabalin in a crossover head-to-head trial. A statistically significant improvement on leg pain at 2 weeks and leg pain with movement at 3 and 4 months was found in a RCT comparing gabapentin with placebo. There were no statistically differences on the remaining time periods assessed for leg pain, low back pain and functional disability. CONCLUSIONS: This SR provides clear evidence for lack of effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin for sciatica pain management. In view of this, its routine clinical use cannot be supported.

Pruritus in dialysis patients. Review and new perspectives. / Prurito en pacientes en diálisis. Revisión de la literatura y nuevas perspectivas.

Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most uncomfortable symptoms for patients in dialysis. UP has a great impact on dialysis patients' quality of life and has a great prevalence between those (28-70%). Physiopathology of UP is unknown and usually is unnoticed for most nephrologists (in more than 65% of centers is underdiagnosed). This lack of awareness drives to the unsuccessful treatment of this symptom. Moreover, the fact that most studies have been carried out on small populations and the difficulty assessing UP complicates a correct therapeutical approach. For this reason, we have designed treatment algorithms based on the efficacy of the drugs but also its safeness to avoid adverse effects.

Eficácia e segurança de Pregabalina, Gabapentina, Memantina, Amitriptilina, treinamento físico com exercícios em solo ou aquáticos para tratamento de Fibromialgia: revisão rápida de evidências / Effectiveness and safety of Pregabalin, Gabapentin, Memantine, Amitriptyline, exercises on land or aquatic exercises for Fibromyalgia treatment: rapid evidence review

Tecnologia: Pregabalina, drogas não-opioides disponíveis no SUS, treinamento físico no solo ou em meio aquático. Indicação: Tratamento da fibromialgia. Pergunta: Há diferenças de eficácia e segurança entre a Pregabalina e as outras drogas não opioides ou terapias disponíveis no SUS para tratamento da dor crônica relacionada à fibromialgia? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases eletrônicas PUBMED e Cochrane Database, seguindo estratégias de buscas predefinidas, com busca adicional na página eletrônica da Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Avaliou-se a qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas com Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews versão 2 (AMSTAR-II). Resultados: Foram selecionadas e incluídas 6 revisões sistemáticas. Conclusão: A afirmação de eficácia da Gabapentina, Amitriptilina e Memantina para tratamento da fibromialgia é pouco confiável, pois as evidências são de nível 3, provenientes de ensaios clínicos de baixa qualidade metodológica. Pregabalina é eficaz para reduzir a dor em curto prazo (risco absoluto é 50%, nível 1 de evidência), mas não em longo prazo. O treinamento físico, relatado como única estratégia eficaz para tratamento da fibromialgia nas diretrizes do SUS, não tem efeito clinicamente importante sobre a dor

Technology: Pregabalin, non-opioid drugs available in Brazilian Public Health System, aquatic exercise or exercise on land. Indication: Treatment of fibromyalgia. Question: Are there differences in efficacy and safety between Pregabalin and other non-opioid drugs or therapies available in the SUS for the treatment of chronic pain related to fibromyalgia? Methods: A bibliographic survey was carried out in the electronic databases PUBMED and Cochrane Database, following pre-defined search strategies, with an additional search on the website of the National Commission for the Incorporation of Health Technologies. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was evaluated with Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews version 2 (AMSTAR-II). Results: Six systematic reviews were selected and included. Conclusion: There is not confidence about effectiveness of Gabapentin, Amitriptyline and Memantine for fibromyalgia treatment (level 3 of evidence, from clinical trials of low methodological quality). Pregabalin, in the short term, is effective for reducing pain (absolut risk is 50%, level 1 of evidence), but not in the long term. Physical training, reported as the only effective strategy for treating fibromyalgia in Brazilian Public Health System guidelines, has no clinically important effect on pain.

Pregabalin as a premedication for anxiety in patients undergoing plastic surgery: randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of premedication with 75 mg pregabalin orally to reduce the degree of preoperative anxiety in patients scheduled for plastic surgery procedures. METHOD: A controlled randomized double-blind clinical trial that analyzed two groups of patients: 75 mg pregabalin tablet (Pg) against placebo tablet (Pl). Efficacy was assessed using the visual anxiety scale (VAS) with two measurements, the first without medication and the second 70 minutes after the drug was taken. RESULTS: One hundred patients were evaluated, fifty received pregabalin and fifty placebo, baseline VAS score showed an general average of 4.6 ± 1.9 points, significantly higher in the Pg group (Pg 5.2 ± 2.1 points vs 4.1 ± 1.6 points Pl; p = 0.0035). The VAS score after premedication was 3.9 ± 2.1 points, significantly lower in the Pg group (Pg 3.2 ± 1.6 points vs 4.6 ± 2.3 Pl points, p = 0.0006). CONCLUSION: Premedication 75 mg pregabalin orally decreases the degree of preoperative anxiety in adult patients scheduled for plastic surgery procedures.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad de la premedicación con 75 mg de pregabalina por vía oral como dosis única para disminuir el grado de ansiedad preoperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía plástica. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico controlado, prospectivo, aleatorizado, doble ciego, que analizó dos grupos de pacientes: pregabalina tableta de 75 mg (grupo Pg) contra tableta placebo (grupo Pl). La eficacia se evaluó utilizando la escala visual de ansiedad (EVa) con dos mediciones, la primera sin medicación y la segunda 70 minutos después de tomar la cápsula. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 100 pacientes: 50 que recibieron pregabalina y 50 placebo. La puntuación basal de la EVa mostró un promedio general de 4.6 ± 1.9 puntos, significativamente mayor en el grupo Pg (5.2 ± 2.1 puntos en Pg vs. 4.1 ± 1.6 puntos en Pl; p = 0.0035). El puntaje en la EVa posterior a la premedicación fue de 3.9 ± 2.1 puntos, significativamente menor en el grupo Pg (3.2 ± 1.6 puntos en Pg vs. 4.6 ± 2.3 puntos en Pl; p = 0.0006). CONCLUSIÓN: La premedicación con 75 mg de pregabalina disminuye el grado de ansiedad preoperatoria en pacientes que serán intervenidos de cirugía plástica.

Eficacia de la rehabilitación cognitiva en un paciente con esclerosis múltiple progresiva primaria / Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que cursa con la desmielinización y la neurodegeneración a nivel del sistema nervioso central. Existen tres tipos de EM en función de la progresión de la enfermedad, pero la mayor parte de los pacientes tienden a presentar déficits cognitivos. Por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible el desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento cognitivos dirigidos a la mejora de estos déficits y, en definitiva, a la mejora de la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue la puesta en marcha de un programa de entrenamiento cognitivo dirigido a un paciente con esclerosis múltiple progresiva primaria (EMPP) a lo largo de un año. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que algunos de los déficits cognitivos que presentó inicialmente el paciente mejoraron tras varios meses de intervención. En este sentido, el paciente presentó notables mejoras en el control inhibitorio y la flexibilidad cognitiva. No obstante, los déficits en la velocidad de procesamiento se mantuvieron constantes a lo largo de toda la intervención. Asimismo, aparecieron otros déficits a lo largo de la intervención que remitieron tras la adecuación de los objetivos de intervención. Por todo ello, nuestro estudio reforzó la importancia de la puesta en marcha de los programas de rehabilitación cognitiva dirigidos a pacientes con enfermedades desmielinizantes para paliar las secuelas cognitivas derivadas de las mismas. Además, es importante que estos programas de entrenamiento cognitivo sean revisados periódicamente para adecuar los objetivos del tratamiento.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves demyelination and neurodegeneration at the level of the central nervous system. Despite the different characteristics of each of the three types of MS, most patients with this disease present significant cognitive deficits. Therefore, it is essential to develop cognitive training programs to improve these deficits and, ultimately, increase the quality of life of these patients. Thus, the main objective of this study was to implement a one-year cognitive training program with a patient with progressive primary multiple sclerosis (PPMS). The results showed that some of the cognitive deficits the patient initially presented improved after several months of intervention. In this regard, the patient presented noteworthy improvements in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. However, deficits in processing speed remained constant throughout the intervention. Likewise, other deficits appeared during the intervention that remitted after adapting the intervention objectives to the patient's needs. Therefore, our study reinforces the importance of implementing cognitive rehabilitation programs for patients with demyelinating diseases to alleviate the cognitive sequelae they produce. In addition, it is important to evaluate these cognitive training programs periodically in order to adapt the objectives and improve the patient's functionality.

Effects of duloxetine, fluoxetine and pregabalin on fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia in rattus novergicus / Efeitos da duloxetina, fluoxetina e pregabalina sobre a hiperalgesia induzida por fentanil em rattus novergicus

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Opioids are drugs used to relieve pain, but may cause increased pain sensitivity, known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which adversely affects pain management. This study aimed to check if fentanyl, an opioid widely used in the clinical practice, produces hyperalgesia that can be attenuated by duloxetine, fluoxetine and pregabalin. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The animals in group 1 received 1mL of 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally (IP) and gavage; group 2 received fentanyl at a dose of 100µg.kg-1 IP and 0.9% saline solution per gavage; groups 3, 4 and 5 received fentanyl at the dose of 100µg.kg-1 IP, and gavage with duloxetine, 40mg.kg-1, fluoxetine, 40mg.kg-1 and pregabalin, 40mg.kg-1, respectively. Under general anesthesia with isoflurane, all animals were submitted to plantar surgical incision. The application of Von Frey filaments assessed hyperalgesia at the second hour, one, three, five and seven days after treatment. RESULTS: Two hours after the procedure, no differences were observed between G1 and G2, although G3, G4, and G5 showed less hyperalgesia. On day one and day three, a greater hyperalgesic effect was observed in G2 when compared to G1, G3, G4 and G5. On day five, there was a hyperalgesic effect on G2, and on day seven, there were no differences among the groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fentanyl induces hyperalgesia and the efficacy of duloxetine, fluoxetine, and pregabalin in reducing it.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Opioides são fármacos utilizados para o alívio da dor, porém, podem causar aumento da sensibilidade dolorosa, denominada hiperalgesia induzida por opioides, que afeta negativamente o tratamento da dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o fentanil, opioide amplamente utilizado na prática clínica, produz hiperalgesia que pode ser atenuada pela duloxetina, fluoxetina e pregabalina. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar machos, foram divididos em 6 grupos. No grupo 1, os animais receberam 1mL de solução fisiológica (SF) a 0,9% por via intraperitoneal (IP) e por gavagem; no grupo 2, fentanil na dose de 100µg.kg-1 IP e SF a 0,9% por gavagem; nos grupos 3, 4 e 5 os animais receberam fentanil na dose de 100µg.kg-1 IP e, por gavagem, receberam respectivamente duloxetina, 40mg.kg-1, fluoxetina, 40mg.kg-1 e pregabalina, 40mg.kg-1. A avaliação da hiperalgesia e sua atenuação foi feita pela aplicação de filamentos de Von Frey, na 2ª hora e nos dias 1, 3, 5 e 7, após o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Na 2ª hora pós-procedimento não foram observadas diferenças entre G1 e G2, entretanto, G3, G4 e G5 se mostraram com menor hiperalgesia. No 1º e 3º dias foi observado maior efeito hiperalgésico em G2 quando comparado com G1, G3, G4 e G5. No 5º dia foi observado efeito hiperalgésico no G2, e no 7º dia não houve diferenças entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que o fentanil induz hiperalgesia e eficácia da duloxetina, fluoxetina e pregabalina na sua redução.

Efficacy and safety of preemptive analgesia with gabapentinoids for patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Eficacia y seguridad de la analgesia preventiva con gabapentinoides para pacientes sometidos a cirugía artroscópica de hombro: una revisión sistemática y metanálisis

Abstract: Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of preemptive analgesia with gabapentinoids for patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Material and methods: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect databases. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comparing gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) with placebo in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopic surgery were retrieved. The primary endpoint was the visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 24 hours and cumulative morphine consumption at 24 hours. The secondary outcomes were complications of nausea/vomiting, sedation and dizziness. After tests for publication bias and heterogeneity among studies were performed, data were aggregated for random-effects models when necessary. Results: Five clinical studies (gabapentin group n = 4 and pregabalin group n = 1) were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Gabapentinoids were associated with reduced pain scores at 24 hours. Similarly, gabapentinoids were associated with a reduction in cumulative morphine consumption at 24 hours. Furthermore, gabapentinoids can significantly reduce the occurrence of nausea/vomiting. There were no significant differences in the occurrence of sedation and dizziness. Conclusions: Preoperative use of gabapentinoids was able to reduce postoperative pain, total morphine consumption, and morphine-related complications following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Further studies should determine the optimal dose and whether pregabalin is superior to gabapentin in controlling acute pain after shoulder surgery.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la analgesia preventiva con gabapentinoides para pacientes sometidos a cirugía artroscópica del hombro. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis conforme a PRISMA en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y ScienceDirect. Se recuperaron ensayos controlados aleatorios (RCT) que comparaban los gabapentinoides (gabapentina y pregabalina) con placebo en pacientes sometidos a cirugía artroscópica del hombro. El punto final principal fue la puntuación de la escala analógica visual (VAS) a las 24 horas y el consumo acumulado de morfina a las 24 horas. Los resultados secundarios fueron complicaciones de náuseas/vómitos, sedación y mareos. Después de realizar pruebas de sesgo de publicación y heterogeneidad entre los estudios, se agregaron datos para modelos de efectos aleatorios cuando fue necesario. Resultados: En última instancia, se incluyeron en el metaanálisis cinco estudios clínicos (grupo de gabapentina n = 4 y grupo de pregabalina n = 1). Los gabapentinoides se asociaron con puntuaciones de dolor reducidas a las 24 horas. Del mismo modo, los gabapentinoides se asociaron con una reducción en el consumo acumulado de morfina a las 24 horas. Además, los gabapentinoides pueden reducir significativamente la aparición de náuseas/vómitos. No hubo diferencias significativas en la ocurrencia de sedación y mareos. Conclusiones: El uso preoperatorio de gabapentinoides fue capaz de reducir el dolor postoperatorio, el consumo total de morfina y las complicaciones relacionadas con la morfina después de la cirugía artroscópica del hombro. Otros estudios deben determinar la dosis óptima y si la pregabalina es superior a la gabapentina en el control del dolor agudo después de la cirugía de hombro.

[Analgesia preventiva con pregabalina en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica].

BACKGROUND: Preventive analgesia is the administration of an analgesic drug with the aim of attenuating post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Its use is justified in order to offer analgesia and reduce anxiety in patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if pregabalin in a dose of 1 mg/kg of weight is effective as preventive analgesia in post-operated laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. METHODS: A single-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted, which included 60 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy randomly divided into 2 groups, where Group 1 received placebo and Group 2 received pregabalin a daily dose 72 h prior to surgical intervention. The intensity of pain was assessed using the emergency nurses association scale at 2, 6, 12 and 24 post-operative h, as well as the level of presurgical anxiety with the Hamilton scale. RESULTS: Pain reduction was demonstrated in patients in the pregabalin group from the 1st h (p = 0.002), later the decrease in pain was more noticeable compared to patients who were given placebo (p < 0.001), the same happened with the anxiety level evaluated with the Hamilton scale (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The use of pregabalin as preventive analgesia turns out to be effective in the post-operative period and the pre-operative anxiety with minimal adverse effects in the post-operated patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

ANTECEDENTES: La analgesia preventiva es la administración de un fármaco analgésico con el objetivo de atenuar el dolor postoperatorio, la hiperalgesia y alodinia. Está justificado su uso con la finalidad de ofrecer analgesia y disminuir la ansiedad a los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos laparoscópicos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la pregabalina en dosis de 1 mg/kg de peso es eficaz para analgesia preventiva en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado ciego simple que incluyó 60 pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica divididos en 2 grupos de manera aleatoria, donde al grupo 1 se administró placebo y al grupo 2 se le administró pregabalina una dosis diaria 72 horas previas a la intervención quirúrgica. La intensidad del dolor se evaluó mediante la Escala Numérica Analógica a la hora, 2, 6,12 y 24 horas postoperatorias, así como el nivel de ansiedad prequirúrgico con la Escala de Hamilton. RESULTADOS: Se demostró disminución del dolor en los pacientes del grupo de pregabalina desde la primera hora (p = 0.002), posteriormente fue más notorio el descenso del dolor en comparación con los pacientes a los que se les dio placebo, con valor estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.001), lo mismo sucedió con el nivel de ansiedad evaluada con la Escala de Hamilton (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIÓN: El uso de pregabalina para analgesia preventiva resulta ser eficaz en la ansiedad preoperatoria y el periodo posquirúrgico, y con mínimos efectos adversos, en los pacientes operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica.

Analgesia preventiva con pregabalina en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica / Preventive analgesia with pregabalin in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Resumen Antecedentes: La analgesia preventiva es la administración de un fármaco analgésico con el objetivo de atenuar el dolor postoperatorio, la hiperalgesia y alodinia. Está justificado su uso con la finalidad de ofrecer analgesia y disminuir la ansiedad a los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos laparoscópicos. Objetivo: Evaluar si la pregabalina en dosis de 1 mg/kg de peso es eficaz para analgesia preventiva en pacientes postoperados de colecistectomía laparoscópica. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado ciego simple que incluyó 60 pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica divididos en 2 grupos de manera aleatoria, donde al grupo 1 se administró placebo y al grupo 2 se le administró pregabalina una dosis diaria 72 horas previas a la intervención quirúrgica. La intensidad del dolor se evaluó mediante la Escala Numérica Analógica a la hora, 2, 6,12 y 24 horas postoperatorias, así como el nivel de ansiedad prequirúrgico con la Escala de Hamilton. Resultados: Se demostró disminución del dolor en los pacientes del grupo de pregabalina desde la primera hora (p = 0.002), posteriormente fue más notorio el descenso del dolor en comparación con los pacientes a los que se les dio placebo, con valor estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.001), lo mismo sucedió con el nivel de ansiedad evaluada con la Escala de Hamilton (p < 0.005). Conclusión: El uso de pregabalina para analgesia preventiva resulta ser eficaz en la ansiedad preoperatoria y el periodo posquirúrgico, y con mínimos efectos adversos, en los pacientes operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica.

Abstract Background: Preventive analgesia is the administration of an analgesic drug with the aim of attenuating post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Its use is justified in order to offer analgesia and reduce anxiety in patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures. Objective: To evaluate if pregabalin in a dose of 1 mg/kg of weight is effective as preventive analgesia in post-operated laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Methods: A single-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted, which included 60 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy randomly divided into 2 groups, where Group 1 received placebo and Group 2 received pregabalin a daily dose 72 h prior to surgical intervention. The intensity of pain was assessed using the emergency nurses association scale at 2, 6, 12 and 24 post-operative h, as well as the level of presurgical anxiety with the Hamilton scale. Results: Pain reduction was demonstrated in patients in the pregabalin group from the 1st h (p = 0.002), later the decrease in pain was more noticeable compared to patients who were given placebo (p < 0.001), the same happened with the anxiety level evaluated with the Hamilton scale (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The use of pregabalin as preventive analgesia turns out to be effective in the post-operative period and the pre-operative anxiety with minimal adverse effects in the post-operated patients of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Tratamiento con pregabalina en pacientes con fibromialgia / Treatment with pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgia

A partir de una viñeta clínica, la autora describe los resultados de dos revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaron la eficacia y la seguridad de la pregabalina para el alivio del dolor en pacientes con fibromialgia. (AU)

Based on a clinical vignette, the author describes the results of two systematic reviews that evaluated the efficacy and safety of pregabalin for pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia. (AU)