Are weight or age limits for pediatric laparoscopic pyeloplasty? Results of a multicentric study.

INTRODUCTION: Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty is the technique of choice for the treatment of pyeloureteral junction obstruction (PUJO) with an excellent success rate. Minimally invasive surgery has become the standard of care for the management of PUJO in children. Although it has been comparable to the open approach at all levels, its diffusion or employment in younger children has not been widely adopted. Our aim is to evaluate laparoscopic pyeloplasty outcomes from international academic centers in children under 1 year of age, focusing on feasibility and outcomes including possible complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is review of consecutive infants under 1 year of age who underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty between 2009 and 2018 with more than 12 months of follow-up. Seven different training centers with different backgrounds participated in this study. Evaluation was carried out with ultrasound and renogram before and after surgery. Demographic data, perioperative characteristics, complications, and results are described and analyzed. RESULTS: Over 9 years, 124 transperitoneal laparoscopic Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties were performed on 123 children under 1 year of age; 88 males and 35 females, with 1 case of bilateral PUJO. Of the 124 renal units, 86 were left-sided. Mean age at surgery was 6.6 months (1 week-12 months), with 56% (n = 70) done before 6 months of age. Mean weight at surgery was 6.8 kg (3-12 kg), with 59% (n = 73) weighing less than 8 kg. Mean operative time (skin-to-skin) was 150 min (75-330 min). After a mean follow-up of 46 months (12-84 months), 12 (9%) patients developed complications, with only 1 needing a redo pyeloplasty also done laparoscopically. One child, with deterioration in renal function, underwent nephrectomy. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty under 1 year of age and/or less than 12 kilos is feasible with lower complication rate. Furthermore, age younger than 6 months and weight less than 8 kg are no longer limiting factors for a successful pyeloplasty as shown by this multicentre study.

The influence of interstitial cells of Cajal density in the outcomes of pyeloplasty in adults: A prospective analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate if the density of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) influences the outcomes of pyeloplasty in adults. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with the diagnosis of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) that underwent laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty were included. ICC density was measured using immunohistochemistry reaction for c-KIT expression in the resected UPJ segment. Pyeloplasty outcome was evaluated by patient self-report pain, urinary outflow using DTPA renogram and hydronephrosis assessment using ultrasound (US) at 12 months of follow-up. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of pyeloplasty outcomes and ICC density. RESULTS: Low, moderate, and high ICC density were present in 17.4%, 30.4%, and 52.2% of the patients, respectively. Complete pain resolution was observed in 100%, 85.7%, and 75% of patients with low, moderate and high ICC density, respectively (p = 0.791). DTPA renogram improved in 75%, 85.7%, and 91.7% of patients with low, moderate and high ICC density, respectively (p = 0.739). Hydronephrosis improved in 25%, 85.7%, and 91.7% of patients with low, moderate and high ICC density, respectively (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with high ICC density have a significant amelioration of hydronephrosis after pyeloplasty. However, ICC density is not associated with functional outcomes.

Latitudes and attitudes: A multinational study of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children.

PURPOSE: The Anderson-Hynes technique has been the treatment of choice for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children. Laparoscopic approach has shown similar outcomes to open, with advantages of shorter hospital stay and less pain. We reviewed the experience of 11 geographically diverse, tertiary pediatric urology institutions focusing on the outcomes and complications of laparoscopic pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted evaluating patients undergoing Anderson-Hynes dismembered laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Centers from four different continents participated. Demographic data, perioperative management, results, and complications are described. RESULTS: Over a 9-year period, 744 laparoscopic pyeloplasties were performed in 743 patients. Mean follow-up was 31 months (6-120m). Mean age at surgery was 82 months (1 w-19 y). Median operative time was 177 min. An internal stent was placed in 648 patients (87%). A catheter was placed for bladder drainage in 702 patients (94%). Conversion to open pyeloplasty was necessary in seven patients. Average length of hospital stay was 2.8 days. Mean time of analgesic requirement was 3.2 days. Complications, according to Clavien-Dindo classification, were observed in 56 patients (7.5%); 10 (1%) were Clavien-Dindo IIIb. Treatment failure occurred in 35 cases with 30 requiring redo pyeloplasty (4%) and 5 cases requiring nephrectomy (0.6%). CONCLUSION: We have described the laparoscopic pyeloplasty experience of institutions with diverse cultural and economic backgrounds. They had very similar outcomes, in agreement with previously published data. Based on these findings, we conclude that laparoscopic pyeloplasty is safe and successful in diverse geographics areas of the world.

Development and Validation of a Laparoscopy Simulation Model of Pyeloplasty for Pediatric Patients.

Introduction: Given the extensive training required for laparoscopic pyeloplasty and the difficulties achieving this training, there is a need to recreate the activity in a controlled environment, but high-fidelity models are unavailable or expensive. Our objective was to develop a model of pyeloureteral junction stenosis, resembling the anatomical details and consistency of natural tissue, for a replicable, cheaper, and realistic simulation model of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional, printed synthetic model was created from magnetic resonance urography. The model comprises a plastic kidney as the reusable structure and a silicone renal pelvis and ureter as the interchangeable structure. We evaluated realism and performance with surgeons and residents at different levels of training, comparing operative time and complications of the procedure. Results: Twenty-four participants were recruited; 41.7% had previous experience in laparoscopic pyeloplasty, with 5.5 years of experience in laparoscopic surgery (interquartile range [IQR] 2-7.75). There were no cases of stenosis, but leaks accounted for 41.7%. The procedure lasted 72 minutes (IQR 55-90), with significant differences according to the level of training (85 minutes for residents, 68 minutes for pediatric surgeons and urologists, and 40 minutes for laparoscopic surgeons; P: .011) and years of previous experience in laparoscopic surgery (P: .003). Conclusions: A high-fidelity, replicable, and low-cost pyeloureteral stenosis model was developed to simulate laparoscopic pyeloplasty in pediatric patients.

Comparison of laparoscopic pyeloplasty vs. robot-assisted pyeloplasty for the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children.

Background: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a commonly observed abnormality in pediatric urology. Minimally invasive approaches have gained popularity in recent years. Studies have demonstrated excellent results with both laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LAP) and robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP). Few studies have compared the experience of both procedures performed in a single institution. Our objective is to compare laparoscopic pyeloplasty and robot-assisted pyeloplasty in the Puerto Rican pediatric population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using our clinic's database on patients with UPJO that were operated by the same surgeon (MPB) from 2008 to 2019. Statistical analysis was conducted of demographics, preoperative studies, perioperative data and complications of both procedures. This study was approved by our local IRB committee. Results: A total of 86 patients that underwent pyeloplasty with at least 3 years of follow up were recorded for this study. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty and robot-assisted pyeloplasty were performed in 44 (51.1%) and 42 (48.8%) patients, respectively. Patient age ranged between 4 months and 17 years (LAP group - mean age of 6.19 years/RAP group - mean age of 7.07 years). Success rates was high in this series (LAP - 100% and RAP -95%). Using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann whitney sum test, significant differences between preoperative and postoperative hydronephrosis grading were observed in both LAP and RAP groups. However, no significant difference was seen regarding reduction of hydronephrosis grading when comparing both groups. No intraoperative complications were seen on either group. Conclusion: Both LAP and RAP are safe and effective procedures that can properly manage UPJO. Our study shows that, under experienced hands, pure laparoscopic pyeloplasty achieves comparable results to robotic assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Pediatric urologists should be comfortable offering either of these approaches as they demonstrate high success rates in our pediatric population. Selection of LAP vs. RAP approach depends on the Surgeon's preference or experience, and on institutional availability. Minimally invasive therapies will continue to gain popularity with future advances in laparoscopic and robotic technology.

Quadratus Lumborum Block for Upper Tract Urological Surgery in Pediatric Patients / Bloqueo del cuadrado lumbar para cirugía urológica del tracto superior en pacientes pediátricos

Objective Among regional blocks, the quadratus lumborum fascial plane block (QLB) has been well described, but the description of its use and efficacy for pediatric patients undergoing upper abdominal urologic surgery is limited. We present a case series examining the use of the QLB for postoperative pain management in children undergoing upper tract surgery. Methods From August 2019 to August 2020, through a chart review, we identified 5 patients who had undergone a QLB for upper urinary tract surgery via a flank incision. Posterior QLB was performed after induction of general anesthesia. A single injection of 0.5mL/kg of either 0.25% or 0.5% ropivacaine with 1mcg/kg of clonidine was administered. Patients received fentanyl IV (1 mcg/kg), and acetaminophen IV (15mg/kg) as adjuvants during the operation. Postoperative pain was managed with oral acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Results The average postoperative pain score during the entire admission was 1, with the lowest being 0 and highest, 3. No administration of rescue narcotics was required in the postanesthesia care unit or on the floor. The average length of stay ranged from 0 to 1 day. No complications associated with the regional QLB were identified. Conclusions Our series suggests the QLB may be considered as a regional anesthetic option to minimize narcotic requirements for children undergoing upper abdominal urological surgery via flank incision. Additional studies are needed to compare the efficacy of the QLB versus alternate regional anesthetic blocks for upper tract urological surgery via flank incision in children and to determine effective dosing and use of adjuvants

Objetivo Entre los bloqueos regionales, el bloqueo del plano fascial del cuadrado lumbar (BCL) ha sido bien descrito; sin embargo, tiene una descripción limitada de su uso y eficacia en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía urológica abdominal superior. Presentamos una serie de casos que examinan el uso del BCL en el manejo del dolor posoperatorio en niños sometidos a cirugía urológica del tracto superior. Métodos De agosto de 2019 a agosto de 2020, mediante revisión de historias clínicas, se identificaron 5 pacientes sometidos al BCL para cirugía del tracto urinario superior por incisión en el flanco. El BCL posterior se realizó después de la inducción de la anestesia general. Solo se administró una inyección de 0,5 ml/kg de ropivacaína al 0,25% o al 0,5% con 1 mcg/kg de clonidina. Los pacientes recibieron fentanilo IV (1 mcg/kg) y acetaminofén IV (15 mg/kg) como adyuvantes durante la operación. El dolor posoperatorio se manejó con acetaminofén e ibuprofeno oral. Resultados El puntaje promedio de dolor posoperatorio para todo el ingreso fue de 1, siendo el más bajo 0 y el más alto, 3. No se requirieron administraciones de narcóticos de rescate en la unidad de recuperación posanestésica ni en la planta de hospitalización. La estancia media fue de 0 a 1 día. No se identificaron complicaciones asociadas con el BCL regional. Conclusiones Nuestra revisión sugiere que el BCL puede ser considerado una opción anestésica regional para minimizar los requerimientos de narcóticos en niños sometidos a cirugía urológica abdominal superior por incisión en el flanco. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para comparar la eficacia de BCL en comparación con la de los bloqueos anestésicos regionales alternativos para la cirugía urológica del tracto superior por incisión en el flanco en niños y para determinar la efectividad de la dosificación y del uso de adyuvantes.

Outcome of the treatment of hydronephrosis due to congenital ureteropelvic stenosis according to age at surgery.

BACKGROUND: Congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in the first three decades of life. Stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction may cause dilation of the collecting system in the fetal kidney. This study aimed to determine hydronephrosis due to congenital ureteropelvic stenosis treatment outcome according to the age of the intervention. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study that included pediatric patients with hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction stenosis operated by the Anderson-Hynes open pyeloplasty method from 2010 to 2016. Patients were divided into two groups: group A, children < 1 year of age, and group B, children > 1 year of age. We analyzed ultrasonographic parameters, renal function, and clinical data. Inferential statistics were used with the Mann-Whitney U-test and X2 test. Intra-group data were assessed with the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: We included 52 patients: group A (n = 16, 30%) and group B (n = 36, 70%). The male sex predominated, and mainly the left renal unit. The most important surgical finding was stenotic segment. The median right glomerular filtration rate was 24.1 mL/min (19.0-34.5) pre-surgical and 38.2 mL/min (35.9-41.09) post-surgical in group A (p = 0.028), and 28.4 mL/min (18.5-35.0) pre-surgical and 37 mL/min (35.7-46.0) post-surgical in group B (p = 0.003). The median left glomerular filtration rate was 30 mL/min (21.4-39.0) pre-surgical and 40.0 mL/min (37.7-44.6) post-surgical in group A (p = 0.005) and 18.4 mL/min (14.2-29.2) pre-surgical and 37 mL/min (33.1-38.5) post-surgical in group B (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Correction of ureteropelvic stenosis before one year of age results in better renal function than a later correction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las anormalidades congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario son la causa más frecuente de enfermedad renal crónica en las primeras décadas de la vida. La estenosis de la unión ureteropiélica puede ocasionar restricción del flujo urinario desde la pelvis renal hacia el uréter, y es la causa más común de dilatación del sistema colector en el riñón fetal. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los resultados del tratamiento de la hidronefrosis por estenosis ureteropiélica congénita según la edad de la intervención. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo incluyendo pacientes pediátricos con hidronefrosis secundaria a estenosis de la unión ureteropiélica sometidos a pieloplastia abierta de Anderson-Hynes en el periodo 2010-2016. Se formaron dos grupos: A, pacientes < 1 año, y B, pacientes > 1 año. Se analizaron parámetros clínicos, ecosonográficos y de función renal. Se utilizó estadística inferencial con las pruebas U de Mann Whitney, χ2 y Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 52 pacientes: 16 en el grupo A (30%) y 36 en el grupo B (70%). Predominó el sexo masculino, y principalmente la unidad renal izquierda. El hallazgo quirúrgico más importante fue el segmento estenótico. La mediana de la tasa de filtración glomerular derecha prequirúrgica fue de 24.1 ml/min (19.0-34.5) y la posquirúrgica fue de 38.2 ml/min (35.9-41.09) en el grupo A (p = 0.028), frente a 28.4 ml/min (18.5-35.0) y 37 ml/min (35.7-46.0), respectivamente, en el grupo B (p = 0.003). La mediana de la tasa de filtración glomerular izquierda prequirúrgica fue de 30 ml/min (21.4-39.0) y la posquirúrgica fue de 40.0 ml/min (37.7-44.6) en el grupo A (p = 0.005), frente a 18.4 ml/min (14.2-29.2) y 37 ml/min (33.1-38.5), respectivamente, en el grupo B (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La corrección de la estenosis ureteropiélica antes de 1 año de edad resulta en una mejor función renal que la corrección tardía.

Short-term outcomes of pyeloplasty vs. nephrectomy in adult patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and differential renal function ≤15.

OBJECTIVES: To compare symptom resolution and short-term renal function after pyeloplasty or nephrectomy in adults with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in poorly functioning renal units (PFRU). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of adult patients with UPJO and differential renal function (DRF) ≤ 15% who underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty or nephrectomy. Primary endpoints included symptom resolution and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 12 months. Surgical complications were compared between groups. A secondary analysis was performed comparing baseline and postoperative DRF to evaluate the PFRU recovery potential after pyeloplasty. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were included; 19 underwent pyeloplasty and 44 underwent nephrectomy. The mean age of the cohort was 39.5 ± 13.8 years. Nephrectomy was associated with significantly higher intra-operative blood loss (p = 0.02). Operative time and length of hospital stay were not significantly different between groups. There were three complications in the nephrectomy group, and none in the pyeloplasty group (p = 0.34). Symptom resolution rates were equivalent between groups (73% vs. 76%; p = 0.78). The eGFR variation was not statistically different after pyeloplasty or nephrectomy (+6.2 vs. +0.1 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively; p = 0.18). Patients undergoing pyeloplasty had no significant change in the mean DRF (baseline 9.5 vs. 10%; p = 0.99). CONCLUSION: Pyeloplasty can be considered for selected patients with UPJO in PFRU as an organ-sparing alternative to nephrectomy. Although there was no significant gain in mean DRF, pyeloplasty prevented further functional loss and relieved symptoms in most cases in the short-term with at least the same complication rates of nephrectomy.

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty as an alternative to nephrectomy in adults with poorly functioning kidneys due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) in adults with poorly functioning kidney due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS: A retrospective comparative analysis was performed between adult patients who underwent LP due to UPJO with differential renal function (DRF) ≤ 15% and DRF > 15%. LP success rate and complications were assessed. LP success was defined as symptoms improvement and DRF improvement or stabilization. DRF and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were analyzed before and 12 months after surgery to evaluate renal function recovery. DRF was estimated using Tc-99 m DMSA renal scintigraphy. RESULTS: Among 121 LP performed in the study period at our institution, 15 and 42 were included in the DRF ≤ 15% and DRF > 15% groups, respectively. At a median follow-up of 17.8 months, all patients with DRF ≤ 15% reported symptoms improvement. LP success rate was 86.7% and 90.5% (p = 0.65) for patients with DRF ≤ 15% and DRF > 15%, respectively. There were no complications in the DRF ≤ 15% group, while there were three complications recorded in the DRF > 15% group (Clavien 2 and 3b). In the DRF ≤ 15% group, mean pre-operative and post-operative DRF was 9.5% ± 3.6 and 10.5% ± 7.8 (p = 0.49), respectively. Median pre-operative and post-operative eGFR was 68.5 ml/min and 79.8 ml/min (p = 0.93), respectively. Two patients had DRF improvement after LP. CONCLUSIONS: LP in adult patients with UPJO and poor function kidneys is an effective and safe procedure. DRF recovery is seen in a minority of the patients; however, LP is an alternative to nephrectomy.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction caused by metastatic cholangiocarcinoma.

We describe the rare case of a 61-year-old female with right ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Her past medical history was notable for cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and two orthotopic liver transplants six years earlier. Urology was consulted when she presented with flank pain and urinary tract infection. Diagnostic workup demonstrated right UPJ obstruction. She was managed acutely with percutaneous nephrostomy. She subsequently underwent robotic pyeloplasty and intrinsic obstruction of the UPJ was discovered. Histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma, consistent with systemic recurrence of the patient's known cholangiocarcinoma.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction caused by metastatic cholangiocarcinoma

ABSTRACT We describe the rare case of a 61-year-old female with right ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Her past medical history was notable for cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and two orthotopic liver transplants six years earlier. Urology was consulted when she presented with flank pain and urinary tract infection. Diagnostic workup demonstrated right UPJ obstruction. She was managed acutely with percutaneous nephrostomy. She subsequently underwent robotic pyeloplasty and intrinsic obstruction of the UPJ was discovered. Histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma, consistent with systemic recurrence of the patient's known cholangiocarcinoma.

Pielopastia Laparoscópica: Técnica Robótica / Laparoscopic pyeloplasty: Robotic Technique

Múltiples series de pieloplastia laparoscópica han demostrado altos niveles de éxito y escasas complicaciones para población adulta. El uso de robótica facilita la reconstrucción pieloureteral debido a la superioridad en cuanto a visión estereoscópica, precisión de movimientos y filtros anti temblor . Lo que permite además del éxito quirúrgico, una ventaja en términos de técnica mínimamente invasiva y consecuentemente menor estadía hospitalaria. El objetivo del presente video es demostrar la técnica utilizada en nuestro centro para pieloplastia robótica y mostrar una sistematización que simplifica el procedimiento.AU

Multiple series of laparoscopic pyeloplasty have demonstrated high success levels and few complications in the adult population. The use of robotics facilitates pyeloureteral reconstruction due to the superiority in stereoscopic vision, movement precision and anti-tremor filters. The previous provides not only surgical success but also an advantage in terms of minimally invasive technique and consequently less hospital stay. The objective of this video is to demonstrate the technique used in our facilities in robotic pyeloplasty and to show a systematization that simplifies the procedure.

Aspectos Técnicos de la Pieloplastía Robótica / Technical Aspects of Robotic Pyeloplasty

La cirugía robótica tiene muchos puntos comunes con la cirugía abierta con aumento visual (lupas), determinado por: la visión tridimensional aumentada, la articulación de los instrumentos que permite disecar y pasar puntos en diferentes planos y la precisión con ausencia de temblor en la cirugía.Suman en la pieloplastía robótica: la mínima invasión, el mayor aumento de la imagen, el carácter ambidextro de ella, y la menor tracción de los tejidos, al permitir una cirugía in situ de la unión pieloureteral. El video se inicia con una exposición teórica sobre los puntos importantes referidos a: preservar la irrigación de los tejidos,excision rutinaria de un trozo de uréter proximal para mejorar la distensibilidad y diámetro del uréter y la conveniencia de usar puntos separados en la boca anastomótica para garantizar un buen lumen. Luego se muestra una pieloplastía robótica, enfatizando los puntos señalados durante la cirugía.AU

Robotic surgery has many common points if compared to open surgery with visual magnification (loupes), determined by: increased three-dimensional vision, instruments articulation that enable dissection and passing through points in different planes and precision without tremor in surgery. Additionally, in robotic pyeloplasty, the following must be considered: minimal invasion, greater image magnification, its ambidextrous character and less tissue traction, allowing in situ pyeloureteral junction surgery. The video begins with a theoretical presentation about the important points related: preserving tissue irrigation, routine excision of a section of proximal ureter to improve the distensibility and diameter thereof and the convenience of using separate points in the anastomotic mouth to ensure good lumen. After that, a robotic pyeloplasty is shown, emphasizing the points indicated during the surgery. AU

Comparative, Prospective, Case-Control Study of Open versus Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Children with Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Long-term Results.

INTRODUCTION: We compare open pyeloplasty (OP) versus laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) in children in a multicenter, prospective, case-control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2007 to March 2009, a program was established at Hospital Garrahan, the reference center, to perform LP with a mentoring surgeon that would attend the institution once a month. Every new case of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) diagnosed in the reference institution was offered to participate in the study. If the patient was enrolled, it was scheduled for LP. The following patient diagnosed with UPJO was operated on with open technique and served as a case-control. In three other facilities, patients were only offered LP and had a matched control open case at the reference institution. The first end point of the study was patient recovery: analgesia requirement and length of hospitalization (LOH). The second end point of the study was resolution of UPJO in long-term follow-up for the two techniques. Demographic data, surgical time, perioperative complications, analgesia requirement, analgesia score during hospitalization, LOH, and outcome were recorded. Both groups received the same postoperative indications for pain control. Parents were asked to assess pain in their children every 4 h postoperatively and to complete a pain scale chart to which the nurses were blinded. RESULTS: Fifteen OP and 15 LP were compared. Groups were similar with regard to sex, age, weight, and laterality. Mean surgical time was longer in LP than in OP group (mean 188 versus 65 min) (p < 0.01). Hospitalization was shorter for LP group with a mean of 1.9 versus 2.5 days for OP group (p < 0.05). Postoperative analgesia requirement was significantly higher in the OP group with a mean use of morphine of 1.7 versus 0.06 mg/kg in the LP group (p < 0.05). Pain scores were similar in both the groups. At a mean follow-up of 58 months there were no failures. CONCLUSION: In this prospective comparative cohort, LP was a longer procedure than OP. Both procedures had the same efficacy and complication rates, but patients undergoing LP needed fewer narcotics for pain control and had a shorter hospitalization.

Laparoendoscopic single site surgery versus conventional laparoscopy for transperitoneal pyeloplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We aimed to review studies comparing the outcomes of the laparoendoscopic single site (LESS) pyeloplasty with those of conventional laparoscopic pyeloplasty (CLP). A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was rated according validated scales. The level of evidence (LE) was reported as described by the Oxford criteria. Preoperative demographic parameters and perioperative outcomes between the two surgical techniques were assessed. A meta-analysis of the included studies was performed. A total of 5 studies were elected for the analysis, including 164 cases, 70 (42.6%) of them being LESS and 94 (57.4%) being CLP. Four studies were observational retrospective comparative studies (LE: 3a-4); one was a prospective randomized controlled trial (LE: 2b). There was no significant difference in age, body mass index, gender, side and presence of the crossing vessel, between the groups. There was no significant difference regarding the operative time (weight mean difference [WMD]: -7.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -71.82-57.79; P = 0.83) and length of hospital stay (WMD: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.11-0.20; P = 0.58), whereas the estimated blood loss was statistically lower for LESS (WMD: -16.83; 95% CI: -31.79--1.87; P = 0.03). The postoperative use of analgesic favored the LESS group but without reaching statistical significance (WMD: -7.52; 95% CI: -17.56-2.53; P = 0.14). In conclusion, LESS pyeloplasty offers comparable surgical and functional outcomes to CLP while providing the potential advantages of less blood loss and lower analgesic requirement. Thus, despite being more technically challenging, LESS pyeloplasty can be regarded as a minimally invasive approach for patients seeking fewer incisional scars.

Pieloplastía en menores de 10 kg; ¿abierta o laparoscópica? ¿Que camino escoger? / Pyeloplasty in children under 10 kg;? Open or laparoscopic? What path to choose?

Introducción: La obstrucción pieloureteral (OPU) es la uropatía obstructiva alta más frecuente, y se trata tradicionalemnte mediante pieloplastía abierta. Nuestro propósito es comparar la tasa de éxito y complicaciones de pieloplastía laparoscópica vs pieloplastía abierta en lactantes menores de 10 kg de peso. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo comparativo de dos grupos de pacientes <10 kilos: laparoscópico (grupo 1) y abierto (grupo 2), operados entre 2005 y 2011. Se analizaron datos demográficos, resolución de la hidronefrosis (diámetro antero-posterior de la pelvis o DAP), complicaciones asociadas a la cirugía, ecografía y MAG3 pre y post quirúrgico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 34 pacientes. Ambos grupos comparables estadísticamente entre sí. El grupo 1 incluyó 9 pacientes, edad promedio 7 meses (r 1-11), lateralidad 3 derechos, DAP pre-cirugía 32 mm (r 17-45) y post-cirugía 13,7 mm (r 7-24), MAG3 pre y post-cirugía 38 por ciento y 39 por ciento respectivamente, el tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 153 min (r 90-210), sin complicaciones asociadas. El grupo 2 incluyó 25 pacientes, edad promedio de 3,7 meses (r 1-12), lateralidad 16 izquierdos, peso promedio 7 kg (r 3,8-10), DAP pre-cirugía 35,5 mm (r 10-73) y post-cirugía 13,9mm (r 3-31), MAG 3 pre-cirugía 37 por ciento y post cirugía 38 por ciento, tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 95 minutos (r 60-170), 1 paciente presentó urinoma post-cirugía, y se presentaron 3 reoperaciones...

Introduction: ureteropelvic junction obstruction (OPU) is the most common upper urinary tract obstructive uropathy, and is usually treated by open pyeloplasty. Our purpose is to analyze whether laparoscopic pyeloplasty has a similar success and complication rate as the open approach in patients of less than 10 kg.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved two groups of patients of less than 10 kilos: Open (group 1) and laparoscopic (group 2), operated between 2005 and 2011. We analyzed demographic data, resolution of hydronephrosis (anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis or DAP), complications of surgery, ultrasound and MAG3 pre and post surgery. Results: 34 patients were included. Both groups statistically comparable to each other. In group 1 there were 25 patients, average age of 3.7 months (r 1-12), 16 units were left, average weight 7 kg (r 3,8-10), anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter (DAP) pre-surgery 35,5 mm (r 10-73) and 13,9 mm after surgery (r 3-31), MAG 3 was 37 percent pre-surgery and 38 percent post-surgery, the average operative time was 95 minutes (r 60-170) , one patient had urinoma after surgery, and 3 required reoperation. In group 2, there were 9 patients, average age 7 months (r 1-11), 3 units were right, DAP was 32 mm pre-surgery (r 17-45) and 13.7 mm after surgery (r 7-24), MAG3 38 percent pre and 39 percent operative time was 153 min (r 90-210) without complications...

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty: brazilian initial experience with 55 cases

PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively the results obtained in 55 patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty through transperitoneal access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2009, fifty-five patients between 13 and 64 years old, were treated for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis via a transperitoneal laparoscopy. All patients had clinical symptoms of high urinary obstruction and hydronephrosis confirmed by imaging methods. Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty was performed in 51 patients and Fenger technique in the other 4 cases. Patients were clinically and imaging evaluated in the postoperative period at 3 and 6 months and then followed-up annually. RESULTS: The operative time ranged from 95 to 270 min. The mean hospital stay was 2 days. The average blood loss was 170 mL. The time to return to normal activities ranged from 10 to 28 days. Anomalous vessels were identified in 27 patients, intrinsic stenosis in 23 patients and 5 patients had high implantation of the ureter. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was successfully performed in 6 patients with associated renal stones. That series monitoring ranged from 1 to 55 months. One patient had longer urinary fistula (11 days), 3 patients had portal infection and 6 patients had prolonged ileus. There was one conversion due to technical difficulties. From the later postoperative complications, 2 patients had re-stenosis, one determined by Anderson-Hynes technique and the other by Fenger technique. The success rate was 95.65 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty has functional results comparable to conventional open technique. It offers less morbidity, with aesthetic and post-operative convalescence benefits and lower complication rates.

Concurrent management of bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children using robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction occurs infrequently. When surgical management is deemed necessary, staged pyeloplasties traditionally have been recommended to minimize the morbidity associated with performing procedures concurrently. With the advent of robotic-assistance, concurrent surgical management can more readily be performed laparoscopically. In this report, we evaluated the safety and outcome of managing patients with bilateral UPJ obstruction with concurrent robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of five patients with bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction who underwent concurrent bilateral robotic-assisted pyeloplasties at our institution between October 2003 and April 2007. Technical consideration for patient positioning, robotic set-up, port placement, and the use of a hitch stitches was assessed. The operative time, complications, analgesic needs, length of hospitalization, and overall success of the procedure were evaluated. RESULTS: Operative time ranged from 235 to 541 minutes (mean = 384). Estimated blood loss was 5-100 cc (mean = 48.0). Length of hospitalization ranged from 1.3 to 3.6 days (mean = 2.4). Ureteral stents were removed 3-8 weeks postoperatively. There were no complications. All kidneys demonstrated decreased hydronephrosis on postoperative ultrasound or improved drainage parameters on diuretic renography or IVP. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous bilateral robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasties utilizing 4-port access is feasible and safe. It provides an effective method of managing patients with bilateral UPJ obstruction, avoiding the burden and morbidity of performing staged surgeries.

Estenosis ureteropiélica, tratamiento quirúrgico / Surgical treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Introducción: En la actualidad existen múltiples opciones de tratamiento para la estenosis ureteropiélica (EUP). La pieloplastia abierta es el estándar de oro, con una tasa de éxito mayor a 90%. El objetivo de este estudio es describir nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de la EUP. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de los casos de EUP manejados quirúrgicamente en el periodo comprendido entre 1970 y 2002. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 126 EUP en 114 pacientes. Los principales síntomas fueron: dolor en 105 pacientes (92.1%), infección de vías urinarias en 37 (32.4%) y hematuria en 24 (21%). Las patologías asociadas con mayor frecuencia fueron: urolitiasis en 34 casos, cruce vascular en 10, y riñón en herradura en 5. Se realizaron 123 procedimientos: 92 (74.8%) pieloplastias desmembradas, 13 (10.7%) pieloplastias tipo Foley Y-V, en 8 (6.5%) sólo liberación de vasos anómalos o bridas, 5 (4%) endopielotomías, 2 pieloplastias tipo Scardino-Prince (1.6%), 2 pacientes transplantados (1.6%), con anastomosis de la pelvis del injerto al uréter nativo y una anastomosis ureteroileal (0.8%) en un paciente con fibrosis retroperitoneal. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 33.2 meses. En 114 pacientes (92.7%) el procedimiento fue exitoso. Se documentó 17.9% de complicaciones globales, 2.4% correspondió a reestenosis asociadas a cruce vascular. Conclusión: La pieloplastia desmembrada es el procedimiento más utilizado en pacientes con EUP con adecuados resultados, preservación de la función renal, mejoría de los síntomas y baja morbilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Currently there are many therapeutic options for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Open pyeloplasty is the gold standard with a success rate of approximately 90%. We describe our experience in the treatment of UPJO. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study among our patients with UPJO surgically treated at the Department of Urology of our institution from 1970 to 2002. RESULTS: 126 UPJO were diagnosed in 114 patients. The most common symptoms at diagnosis were: pain in 105 patients (92.1), urinary tract infection (UTI) in 37 (32.4%) and hematuria in 24 (21%). The most common associated diseases were urolithiasis in 34 cases, crossing vessels in 10 and horseshoe kidney in 5. 123 procedures were undertaken: 92 (74.8%) dismembered pyeloplasties, 13 (10.7%) Foley Y-V pyeloplasties, in 8 (6.5%) release of crossing vessel, 5 (4%) endopyelotomies, 2 (1.6%) pyeloplasties Scardino-Prince, 2 patients with renal allograft in whom an anastomosis of renal pelvis to native ureter was performed and 1 (0.8%) ureter-ileal anastomosis in a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis. The mean follow-up time was of 33.2 months. In 114 (92.7%) patients the procedure was successful. The overall complication rate was of 17.9% of which 2.4% were stricture recurrence associated with crossing vessels. CONCLUSION: Open dismembered pyeloplasty is the most common treatment procedure for UPJO at our institution. We report successful results, low morbidity, preservation of renal function and improving symptoms.

Is CO2 gas unsufflator necessary for laparoscopic training in animals?

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy and safety of compressed air to produce pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery in pigs for a training program of residence. METHODS: Dalland pigs weighing 15-17kg underwent general anethesia and mechanical ventilation. They were divided in 3 groups: A - (38) the pneumoperitnoneum was established with an automatic CO2 insufflator, B - (7) as in A except the CO2 gas was changed by compressed air, and C - (11) abdomen insufflation was obtained with compressed air directly from hospital pipe network system. Intra-abdominal pressure in all groups was kept between 12 and 15 mmHg. The laparoscopic procedures performed were distributed proportionally among groups: 20 bilateral nephrectomy, 20 dismembered pyeloplasty and 16 partial nephrectomy. Arterial blood sampling for gasometry was obtained before and 2h after establishment of pneumoperitoneum in 5 pigs of group C. RESULTS: The cost of 25 4,5kg CO2 container used in group A was R$ 3,150.00 (U$ 1,050.00). The mean length time of surgeries in groups A, B and C were respectively: 181±30min, 196±39min e 210±47min (p>0.05). Respiratory alkalosis occurred in 3 out of 5 pigs of group C. No animal exhibited signs of gas embolism or died during surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of compressed air for laparoscopy in pigs was safe, reduced costs and did not require the use of an automatic gas insufflator.

OBJETIVO: Testar a eficácia e segurança do pneumoperitônio com ar comprimido para cirurgias videolaparoscópicas em porcos em treinamento de residência médica. MÉTODOS: Porcos da raça Dalland de peso variável de 15 a 17kg foram submetidos a anestesia geral e respiração controlada. Eles foram divididos em 3 grupos: A - 38 animais com pneumoperitônio feito com insuflador automático de CO2 usando este gás; B - 7 animais sujeitos ao mesmo procedimento exceto que o CO2 foi substituído por ar comprimido; e, C - 11 animais em que o pneumoperitônio foi feito com ar comprimido diretamente da rede hospitalar. Nos 3 grupos a pressão intra-abdominal foi mantida entre 12 e 14mmHg. Os procedimentos realizados foram distribuídos proporcionalmente nos 3 grupos: nefrectomia bilateral - 20, pieloplastia desmembrada - 20 e nefrectomia parcial - 16. Antes e 2h após o pneumoperitônio foi colhido sangue arterial para gasometria em 5 porcos do grupo C. RESULTADOS: Foram consumidos 25 torpedos de 4,5kg de CO2 a um custo total de R$ 3.150,00 no grupo A. A duração média da cirurgia nos grupos A, B e C foram respectivamente: 181±30min, 196±39min e 210±47min (p>0.05). Alcalose respiratória foi observada em 3/5 porcos testados do grupo C. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais de embolia gasosa ou faleceu durante o procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de ar comprimido para laparoscopias em porcos mostrou-se método seguro com redução de custos e tornou desnecessário o uso de insuflador automático.