RESUMO
Long-term effectiveness is one of the major problems of psychotherapy because successfully eliminated unhealthy behaviors may reappear relatively easily under certain contextual changes. In two experiments, we explored the impact of verbal retrieval cues on renewal and spontaneous recovery in humans. During the first phase, all participants learned a relationship between one cue and one outcome (X-O1). The following phase involved a change in the original relationship (X-O2). Finally, participants were presented with cue X and asked about the relationships with both outcomes. Half of the participants were asked to remember Phase 2, while the other half did not receive any instruction at all. In Experiment 1, testing took place in a different context, while participants in Experiment 2 were tested after two days. The results indicated that remembering Phase 2 eliminated both renewal and spontaneous recovery. Our findings are discussed under the contemporary learning theory. We also mention the probable benefits in therapeutic settings.
Uno de los principales problemas de las psicoterapias es su efectividad a largo plazo porque las conductas poco saludables que se eliminaron exitosamente pueden reaparecer con relativa facilidad bajo ciertos cambios contextuales. En dos experimentos, exploramos el impacto de señales de recuperación verbales en la renovación y en la recuperación espontánea en humanos. En la primera fase, todos los participantes aprendieron una asociación entre una clave y una consecuencia (X-O1). La siguiente fase involucró un cambio en la relación original (X-O2). Finalmente, se les presentó a los participantes la clave X y se les preguntó acerca de las asociaciones con las dos consecuencias. A la mitad de los participantes se les pidió que recordaran la Fase 2, mientras que la otra mitad no recibió ninguna instrucción. En el Experimento 1, la prueba se condujo en un contexto diferente, mientras que en el Experimento 2 la prueba se realizó dos días después. Los resultados indicaron que recordar la Fase 2 eliminó tanto la renovación como la recuperación espontánea. Nuestros hallazgos se discuten bajo la teoría contemporánea del aprendizaje. Asimismo, se mencionan probables beneficios para escenarios terapéuticos
RESUMO
Resumen: La memoria tipo episódica (MTE) implica recordar de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo de un evento y es atribuible a animales y humanos, permitiendo recordar y actualizar lo aprendido. Se realizó un experimento para estudiar la actualización y recuerdo integrado en la MTE de niños prescolares. Se compararon dos condiciones (A=B y A>B) que involucraron más de dos fases en las que varió la magnitud para una de las consecuencias. En una primera fase ambas condiciones presentaron la misma información (A+, B+ y C+), mientras que las fases subsecuentes se presentaron diferentes magnitudes de consecuencia (segunda fase: A++++ o A**** de acuerdo a la condición; tercera fase: B++++). Finalmente, la prueba ocurrió 24 h después del entrenamiento y los participantes eligieron entre el contenedor A o B. El qué fue la consecuencia; el dónde, los contenedores, y el cuándo, el orden de cada fase presentada. Los datos sugieren que tras el paso del tiempo los participantes recuerdan de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo actualizando el aprendizaje de cada experiencia. Los participantes consideraron la magnitud de la consecuencia obtenida en cada fase, mostrando así la flexibilidad del recuerdo propuesta por la MTE. Los datos son coherentes con las predicciones de la Regla de Ponderación Temporal de Devenport.
Abstract: Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves that animals can remember What, Where and When about an event and it is attributable to animals and humans, this ability permits recall and update learning. One experiment was made for study the update and integrated recall of ELM in preschoolers. We compared two conditions (A = B and A > B) that involve more than two phases with modifying of one magnitude outcome. In the first phase, both conditions had the same information, while next phases had different outcome value in two containers (A or B). Finally, a test was presented after 24 hours: participants chose between A or B container. What, was the outcome subjective value; Where, was the containers and When was the order to each phase. Data suggest that after time pass, participants remember an integrated way about What, Where and When. Even when participants update learning for each experience participants chose according to time and outcome subjective value of each phase and the information retrieval is flexible as happen with ELM. Results are consistent with predictions of Devenport's Temporal Weighting Rule.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest (OHCA) and identify factors associated with recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). DESIGN: Observational study of OHCA registered on a continuous basis in the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) database during 2009-2012. SETTING: The islands of Mallorca, Ibiza, Menorca and Formentera (Balearic Islands, Spain). PATIENTS: OHCA in patients ≥ 18 years of age. The main variables were: Patient sex, age, probable cause, place of arrest, bystander, witnessed, basic life support (BLS), shockable rhythm, intervention time, semi-automatic defibrillator (AED), duration of cardiopulmonary arrest (CA), and ROSC. Independent variables were defined according to the Utstein protocol, and the dependent variable was defined as ROSC. RESULTS: The EMS treated 1170 OHCAs (28/100,000 persons-year). We included 1130 CA. The mean age was 61.4 years (73.4% males). Most CA (72.3%) were of cardiac etiology, and 84.7% were witnessed. A total of 840 (74.3%) received BLS and 400 (47.6%) did so before arrival of the EMS (45 by bystander relatives). AED was available in 330 cases CA (29.2%) (96 with shockable rhythm). The interval between emergency call and BLS and between emergency call and advanced life support was 8.4 and 15.8min, respectively. Shockable rhythm was monitored in 257 CAs (22.7%). ROSC occurred in 261 (23.1%). Factors associated with ROSC were age, shockable rhythm, BLS before EMS arrival, and CA duration less than 30min. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of the OHCA is low. The proportion of patients receiving BLS from relatives was low. Age, shockable rhythm and BSL before EMS arrival were associated with ROSC.