Evaluation of the effect of phenolic pigments on rice germination under low temperature conditions / Avaliação do efeito de pigmentos fenólicos na germinação de arroz sob condições de baixa temperatura

In Rio Grande do Sul, the main rice producer State in Brazil, low temperatures can occur during germination and seedling establishment, and in some cases, during the reproductive stage. When low temperatures occur in the early developmental stages cause delay in germination, resulting in a non-homogeneous growing. In reproductive stage, low temperatures cause spikelet sterility, directly interfering with plant yield. Researchers have shown that some phenolic compounds such as proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin are associated with low temperature tolerance in plants due to their antioxidant capacity. The red and black color in the seeds of some rice genotypes is conferred by the phenolic compounds proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin, respectively. Therefore, tis study aimed to verify whether rice genotypes with red or black seeds are more tolerant to low temperatures during germination. In this study, five rice genotypes were tested, two present seeds without pigmentation and with contrasting response to low temperature tolerance (BRS Bojuru - tolerant and BRS Pampeira - sensitive), two genotypes with red seeds (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) and one black seed genotype (SCS 120 Ônix). As expected, the genotypes with pigmented seeds had a greater total phenolic compounds content. However, under low temperature conditions, the genotypes with pigmented seed showed a similar response to the sensitive genotype. Therefore, the presence of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin in the seed of the studied genotypes does not provide tolerance to low temperatures during germination.(AU)

No Rio Grande do Sul, principal estado produtor de arroz do Brasil, baixas temperaturas podem ocorrer durante a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas, e em alguns casos, durante o estádio reprodutivo. Quando baixas temperaturas ocorrem no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento causam atraso da germinação, resultando em um crescimento não homogêneo. No estádio reprodutivo, baixas temperaturas podem ocasionar esterilidade das espiguetas, interferindo diretamente na produtividade da planta. Pesquisas têm mostrado que alguns compostos fenólicos como as proantocianidinas e antocianinas estão associadas com tolerância a baixa temperatura em plantas devido sua capacidade antioxidante. A coloração vermelha e preta nas sementes de alguns genótipos de arroz é conferida pelos compostos fenólicos proantocianidinas e antocianinas, respectivamente. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se os genótipos de arroz com sementes vermelhas ou pretas são mais tolerantes a baixas temperaturas durante a germinação. Neste trabalho, cinco genótipos foram testados, dois com sementes sem pigmentação e com resposta contrastante para tolerância a baixa temperatura (BRS Bojuru - tolerante e BRS Pampeira - sensível), dois genótipos com sementes vermelhas (BRS 902, SCS 119 Rubi) e um genótipo com sementes pretas (SCS 120 Ônix). Como esperado, os genótipos com sementes pigmentadas têm maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais. Entretanto, sob condições de baixa temperatura, os genótipos com semente pigmentada mostraram resposta similar ao genótipo sensível. Dessa forma, a presença de proantocianidinas e antocianinas nas sementes dos genótipos estudados não confere tolerância a baixas temperaturas durante a germinação.(AU)

Modification of red rice starch by a combination of hydrothermal pretreatments and α-amylase hydrolysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the modification of red rice starch by a combination of hydrothermal pretreatments and α-amylase hydrolysis. In vitro digestibility and the morphological, structural, functional, thermal, textural and rheological properties of red rice starch were evaluated. The starch submitted to autoclave (A3) obtained the highest hydrolysis yield (37.66 %) after 300 min. The morphological analysis showed that for the native starch, the granules presented a polyhedral shape and increased in diameter (2.36-394.12 µm) due to hydrothermal pre-treatments. α-Amylase (9 U mg-1) from Aspergillus oryzae modified the structure of red rice starch, presenting technological properties different from native starch. X-ray diffraction (XDR) were altered after the starch granules were cooked, showing a rupture in the amylose and amylopectin molecules, which justifies the greater absorption capacity of oil and milk. Cohesiveness, adhesiveness and apparent viscosity decreased according to HPT temperature and pressure, as well as α-amylase action.

Something old, something new: Evolution of Colombian weedy rice (Oryza spp.) through de novo de-domestication, exotic gene flow, and hybridization.

Weedy rice (Oryza spp.) is a worldwide weed of domesticated rice (O. sativa), considered particularly problematic due to its strong competition with the crop, which leads to reduction in yields and harvest quality. Several studies have established multiple independent origins for weedy rice populations in the United States and various parts of Asia; however, the origins of weedy rice in South America have not been examined in a global context. We evaluated the genetic variation of weedy rice populations in Colombia, as well as the contributions of local wild Oryza species, local cultivated varieties, and exotic Oryza groups to the weed, using polymorphism generated by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). We found no evidence for genomic contributions from local wild Oryza species (O. glumaepatula, O. grandiglumis, O. latifolia, and O. alta) to Colombian weedy rice. Instead, Colombian weedy rice has evolved from local indica cultivars and has also likely been inadvertently imported as an exotic pest from the United States. Additionally, weeds comprising de novo admixture between these distinct weedy populations now represent a large proportion of genomic backgrounds in Colombian weedy rice. Our results underscore the impressive ability of weedy rice to evolve through multiple evolutionary pathways, including in situ de-domestication, range expansion, and hybridization.

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Changes The Molecular Mechanisms of Root Development in Oryza sativa L. Growing Under Water Stress.

BACKGROUND: Inoculation with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has shown to influence root development in red rice plants, and more recently, the induced systemic tolerance (IST) response to drought was also demonstrated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the inoculation effect of G. diazotrophicus strain Pal5 on the amelioration of drought stress and root development in red rice (Oryza sativa L.). METHODS: The experimental treatments consist of red rice plants inoculated with and without strain Pal5 in presence and absence of water restriction. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses of plant roots were carried out, along with measurements of growth and biochemical components. RESULTS: The plants showed a positive response to the bacterial inoculation, with root growth promotion and induction of tolerance to drought. An increase in the root area and higher levels of osmoprotectant solutes were observed in roots. Bacterial inoculation increased the drought tolerance and positively regulated certain root development genes against the water deficit in plants. CONCLUSION: G. diazotrophicus Pal5 strain inoculation favored red rice plants by promoting various root growth and developmental mechanisms against drought stress, enabling root development and improving biochemical composition.

Genetic divergence among special rice types trought of multivariate techniques / Divergência genética entre tipos especiais de arroz a partir de técnicas multivariadas

The brazilian rice market prioritizes the consumption of polished white rice. However, there are demands for special types. The estimation of genetic divergence is important for genetic improvement, as it allows the selection of parents in controlled crossbreeding systems. Thus, the objectives of this work were to indicate the relative contribution of the evaluated traits to the genetic dissimilarity and to evaluate the genetic divergence among genotypes of special types of rice by two different methods of grouping. The experiment was carried out from October 2012 to March 2013, at the UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ. The design used was in randomized blocks, with five replications. The treatments consisted of the genotypes Caiapó, Vermelho Pequeno, IAC 300, IAC 400 and IAC 500. The measure of dissimilarity adopted was the Euclidean distance. Two different optimization methods were used: the Tocher optimization method and the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Averages) hierarchical method. The genotypes Caiapó and Vermelho Pequeno were in different heterotic groups in relation to the genotypes IAC 300 and IAC 400, using the clustering method used. It was found that the yield trait was the one that most influenced the total variation.

O mercado brasileiro de arroz prioriza o consumo de arroz branco polido. Entretanto, existem demandas por tipos especiais. A estimativa da divergência genética é importante para o melhoramento genético, pois permite a seleção de genitores em sistemas de cruzamentos controlados. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram indicar a contribuição relativa dos caracteres avaliados para a dissimilaridade genética e avaliar a divergência genética entre genótipos de tipos especiais de arroz por dois métodos diferentes de agrupamento. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de outubro de 2012 a março de 2013, na UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos constaram dos genótipos Caiapó, Vermelho Pequeno, IAC 300, IAC 400 e IAC 500. A medida de dissimilaridade adotada foi a distância euclidiana. Foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes de otimização: o método de otimização de Tocher e o método hierárquico UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Avarages). Os genótipos Caiapó e Vermelho Pequeno estiveram em diferentes grupos heteróticos em relação aos genótipos IAC 300 e IAC 400, independentemente do método de agrupamento utilizado. Verificou-se que a característica produtividade foi a que mais influenciou na variação total.

Genetic divergence among special rice types trought of multivariate techniques / Divergência genética entre tipos especiais de arroz a partir de técnicas multivariadas

The brazilian rice market prioritizes the consumption of polished white rice. However, there are demands for special types. The estimation of genetic divergence is important for genetic improvement, as it allows the selection of parents in controlled crossbreeding systems. Thus, the objectives of this work were to indicate the relative contribution of the evaluated traits to the genetic dissimilarity and to evaluate the genetic divergence among genotypes of special types of rice by two different methods of grouping. The experiment was carried out from October 2012 to March 2013, at the UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ. The design used was in randomized blocks, with five replications. The treatments consisted of the genotypes Caiapó, Vermelho Pequeno, IAC 300, IAC 400 and IAC 500. The measure of dissimilarity adopted was the Euclidean distance. Two different optimization methods were used: the Tocher optimization method and the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Averages) hierarchical method. The genotypes Caiapó and Vermelho Pequeno were in different heterotic groups in relation to the genotypes IAC 300 and IAC 400, using the clustering method used. It was found that the yield trait was the one that most influenced the total variation.(AU)

O mercado brasileiro de arroz prioriza o consumo de arroz branco polido. Entretanto, existem demandas por tipos especiais. A estimativa da divergência genética é importante para o melhoramento genético, pois permite a seleção de genitores em sistemas de cruzamentos controlados. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram indicar a contribuição relativa dos caracteres avaliados para a dissimilaridade genética e avaliar a divergência genética entre genótipos de tipos especiais de arroz por dois métodos diferentes de agrupamento. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de outubro de 2012 a março de 2013, na UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos constaram dos genótipos Caiapó, Vermelho Pequeno, IAC 300, IAC 400 e IAC 500. A medida de dissimilaridade adotada foi a distância euclidiana. Foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes de otimização: o método de otimização de Tocher e o método hierárquico UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Avarages). Os genótipos Caiapó e Vermelho Pequeno estiveram em diferentes grupos heteróticos em relação aos genótipos IAC 300 e IAC 400, independentemente do método de agrupamento utilizado. Verificou-se que a característica produtividade foi a que mais influenciou na variação total.(AU)

Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the properties of red rice starch.

Starch is a technologically challenging polysaccharide that arouses the global interest in its modification to increase its applicability. Thus, the objective of the present work was to study the influence of enzymatic modification on the properties of red rice starch. The enzymatic modification was performed sequentially through the actions of α-amylase enzymes and amyloglucosidase using a design of experiments where several process conditions were used at sub-gelatinization temperatures. Then the native and modified starches were characterized for its physicochemical, physical, centesimal, phytochemical, morphological, and thermal properties. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the starch granules with α-amylase resulted in 4.46% hydrolysis and more 8.63% after the action amyloglucosidase. Results revealed that surface adsorption is more limiting than diffusion. The enzymatic hydrolysis process resulted in a reduction of the amylase and amylopectin content, as well as on all phytochemicals. After hydrolysis, granules starches presented surface alterations and tendency to become spherical. Small differences on crystallinity revealed that the enzymes had more influence on the amorphous fractions of the starch granules.

Weed phytosociological in irrigated rice under different cultivation systems and crop rotation intensity / Fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo e intensidade de rotação de culturas

This research aimed to evaluate the phytosociology of weeds in irrigated rice in different soil management systems and crop rotation intensity. Therefore, two field studies were carried out. Study 1 was conducted in an area that has been cultivated since 1994 with three cultivation systems: direct, pre-germinated and conventional ones. Study 2 was carried out in an experimental area in five Integrated Farming Systems, with crop rotation. Phytosociological evaluations were conducted when rice was fully blooming, in the first study, and when grain filling was ending, in the second study. Pre-germinated system of rice cultivation has predominance of aquatic weeds. Conventional system when compared with direct sowing has lower weed densities. Integrated Agricultural Production Systems with higher intensity of crop rotation have been higher infested of perennial species.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e intensidade de rotação de culturas. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois estudos de campo. O primeiro estudo foi realizado em área cultivada desde 1994 com três sistemas de cultivo: plantio direto, pré-germinado e sistema convencional. O segundo estudo foi realizado em área experimental sob cinco Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, com rotação de culturas. As avaliações fitossociológicas foram realizadas quando o arroz estava em pleno florescimento no primeiro estudo, e no final do enchimento de grãos no segundo. O sistema pré-germinado de cultivo de arroz apresenta predominância de plantas daninhas aquáticas. O sistema de cultivo convencional, quando comparado ao plantio direto, possui menores densidades de plantas daninhas. Nos Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária com maior intensidade de rotação de culturas houve maior infestação de plantas daninhas perenes.(AU)

Weed phytosociological in irrigated rice under different cultivation systems and crop rotation intensity / Fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo e intensidade de rotação de culturas

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the phytosociology of weeds in irrigated rice in different soil management systems and crop rotation intensity. Therefore, two field studies were carried out. Study 1 was conducted in an area that has been cultivated since 1994 with three cultivation systems: direct, pre-germinated and conventional ones. Study 2 was carried out in an experimental area in five Integrated Farming Systems, with crop rotation. Phytosociological evaluations were conducted when rice was fully blooming, in the first study, and when grain filling was ending, in the second study. Pre-germinated system of rice cultivation has predominance of aquatic weeds. Conventional system when compared with direct sowing has lower weed densities. Integrated Agricultural Production Systems with higher intensity of crop rotation have been higher infested of perennial species.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e intensidade de rotação de culturas. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois estudos de campo. O primeiro estudo foi realizado em área cultivada desde 1994 com três sistemas de cultivo: plantio direto, pré-germinado e sistema convencional. O segundo estudo foi realizado em área experimental sob cinco Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, com rotação de culturas. As avaliações fitossociológicas foram realizadas quando o arroz estava em pleno florescimento no primeiro estudo, e no final do enchimento de grãos no segundo. O sistema pré-germinado de cultivo de arroz apresenta predominância de plantas daninhas aquáticas. O sistema de cultivo convencional, quando comparado ao plantio direto, possui menores densidades de plantas daninhas. Nos Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária com maior intensidade de rotação de culturas houve maior infestação de plantas daninhas perenes.

Evolutionary and social consequences of introgression of nontransgenic herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice in Brazil.

Several studies have expressed concerns about the effects of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant crops to their wild relatives, but no major problems have been observed. This review describes a case study in which what has been feared in transgenics regarding gene flow has actually changed biodiversity and people's lives. Nontransgenic imidazolinone-resistant rice (IMI-rice) cultivars increased the rice grain yield by 50% in southern Brazil. This increase was beneficial for life quality of the farmers and also improved the regional economy. However, weedy rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides started to evolve three years after the first use of IMI-rice cultivars. Population genetic studies indicate that the herbicide-resistant weedy rice was mainly originated from gene flow from resistant cultivars and distributed by seed migration. The problems related with herbicide-resistant weedy rice increased the production costs of rice that forced farmers to sell or rent their land. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy rice has proven to be a large agricultural, economic, and social constraint in the use of herbicide-resistant technologies in rice. This problem must be taken into account for the development of new transgenic or nontransgenic rice technologies.

Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to glyphosate and glufosinate / Sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) resistente às imidazolinonas, aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate

Dose-response experiments were carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice to nonselective herbicides currently used in rice-soybean rotation in Rio Grande do Sul. Two red rice biotypes previously identified as resistant and susceptible to the imidazolinone herbicides were treated with imazapic plus imazapic, glyphosate and glufosinate under nine herbicide rates. A non-linear log-logistic analysis was used to estimate the herbicide rate that provided 50% red rice control and dry weight reduction (GR₅₀). Imidazolinone-resistant red rice exhibited greater GR₅₀ values than imidazolinone-susceptible biotype for imazapyr plus imazapic. In contrast, both imidazolinone-resistant and susceptible red rice showed similar GR₅₀values for glyphosate and glufosinate. These results indicate that glyphosate and glufosinate effectively control imidazolinone-resistant red rice at similar herbicide rates used to control imidazolinone-susceptible; however, integrated weed management practices must be adopted in rice-soybean rotation to delay resistance evolution of red rice populations to glyphosate and glufosinate

Curvas de dose-resposta foram conduzidas para avaliar a sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas para herbicidas não-seletivos, comumente utilizados em áreas de rotação soja-arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Dois biótipos de arroz-vermelho, previamente identificados como suscetível e resistente às imidazolinonas, foram aspergidos com imazapyr+imazapic, glyphosate e glufosinate sob nove concentrações herbicidas. Utilizou-se análise de regressão não linear do tipo log-logística para estimar a concentração herbicida que proporcionou 50% de controle e redução na massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (GR₅₀) de arroz-vermelho. O biótipo de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas demonstrou maior GR₅₀, quando comparado ao biótipo suscetível para imazapyr+imazapic. Valores similares de GR₅₀ foram observados para ambos os biótipos tratados com glyphosate e glufosinate. Esses resultados indicam que os herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate controlam efetivamente biótipos de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas em doses recomendadas para controlar biótipos suscetíveis às imidazolinonas. No entanto, práticas integradas de manejo devem ser utilizadas para retardar a evolução da resistência de arroz-vermelho aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate na rotação soja-arroz irrigado

Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L. ) to glyphosate and glufosinate / Sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa L. ) resistente às imidazolinonas, aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate

Dose-response experiments were carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice to nonselective herbicides currently used in rice-soybean rotation in Rio Grande do Sul. Two red rice biotypes previously identified as resistant and susceptible to the imidazolinone herbicides were treated with imazapic plus imazapic, glyphosate and glufosinate under nine herbicide rates. A non-linear log-logistic analysis was used to estimate the herbicide rate that provided 50% red rice control and dry weight reduction (GR50). Imidazolinone-resistant red rice exhibited greater GR50 values than imidazolinone-susceptible biotype for imazapyr plus imazapic. In contrast, both imidazolinone-resistant and susceptible red rice showed similar GR50values for glyphosate and glufosinate. These results indicate that glyphosate and glufosinate effectively control imidazolinone-resistant red rice at similar herbicide rates used to control imidazolinone-susceptible; however, integrated weed management practices must be adopted in rice-soybean rotation to delay resistance evolution of red rice populations to glyphosate and glufosinate.(AU)

Curvas de dose-resposta foram conduzidas para avaliar a sensibilidade de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas para herbicidas não-seletivos, comumente utilizados em áreas de rotação soja-arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Dois biótipos de arroz-vermelho, previamente identificados como suscetível e resistente às imidazolinonas, foram aspergidos com imazapyr+imazapic, glyphosate e glufosinate sob nove concentrações herbicidas. Utilizou-se análise de regressão não linear do tipo log-logística para estimar a concentração herbicida que proporcionou 50% de controle e redução na massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (GR50) de arroz-vermelho. O biótipo de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas demonstrou maior GR50, quando comparado ao biótipo suscetível para imazapyr+imazapic. Valores similares de GR50 foram observados para ambos os biótipos tratados com glyphosate e glufosinate. Esses resultados indicam que os herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate controlam efetivamente biótipos de arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas em doses recomendadas para controlar biótipos suscetíveis às imidazolinonas. No entanto, práticas integradas de manejo devem ser utilizadas para retardar a evolução da resistência de arroz-vermelho aos herbicidas glyphosate e glufosinate na rotação soja-arroz irrigado.(AU)

Gene expression related to seed shattering and the cell wall in cultivated and weedy rice.

Seed shattering is an evolutionary trait that is essential to the survival of wild and weedy rice. Discovery of the qSH1 gene in rice subspecies Japonica and Sh4 in the rice subspecies Indica indicated the possibility that seed shattering is governed by major genes in a qualitative manner. However, observation of the large variability of seed shattering in weedy rice has led us to hypothesise that other genes related to abscission layer integrity could also be important in the regulation of seed shattering in rice. Gene expression 10 days after pollination and nucleotide composition revealed that qSH1 and Sh4 that are described as major players in seed shattering were not important in weedy rice. High expression of the gene OsCPL1 was positively associated with the occurrence of high seed shattering in weedy rice, which did not concur in previous studies of cultivated rice. This result is related to the absence of four SNPs and an indel in the OsCPL1 gene in weedy rice that are related to seed shattering in previous studies. Analysis of the expression of six genes related to cell wall synthesis/degradation revealed the importance of the genes OsXTH8 and OsCel9D in seed shattering in weedy rice. Therefore, in addition to qSH1 and Sh4, the genes OsCPL1, OsXTH8 and OsCel9D should be considered in studies of rice evolution and in the development of mitigation approaches of gene flow in transgenic rice.

One-step, codominant detection of imidazolinone resistance mutations in weedy rice (Oryza sativa L. )

Background Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a noxious form of cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) associated with intensive rice production and dry seeding. A cost-efficient strategy to control this weed is the Clearfield rice production system, which combines imidazolinone herbicides with mutant imidazolinone-resistant rice varieties. However, imidazolinone resistance mutations can be introgressed in weedy rice populations by natural outcrossing, reducing the life span of the Clearfield technology. Timely and accurate detection of imidazolinone resistance mutations in weedy rice may contribute to avoiding the multiplication and dispersion of resistant weeds and to protect the Clearfield system. Thus, highly sensitive and specific methods with high throughput and low cost are needed. KBioscience's Allele Specific PCR (KASP) is a codominant, competitive allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method. KASP enables both alleles to be detected in a single reaction in a closed-tube format. The aim of this work is to assess the suitability and validity of the KASP method for detection in weedy rice of the three imidazolinone resistance mutations reported to date in rice. Results Validation was carried out by determining the analytical performance of the new method and comparing it with conventional allele-specific PCR, when genotyping sets of cultivated and weedy rice samples. The conventional technique had a specificity of 0.97 and a sensibility of 0.95, whereas for the KASP method, both parameters were 1.00. Conclusions The new method has equal accuracy while being more informative and saving time and resources compared with conventional methods, which make it suitable for monitoring imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Clearfield rice fields.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of rice

The aim of this work was to study the phenolic compounds identified in rice, their antioxidant activity and their potential beneficial effects on health. In vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the rice grains with different pericarp colour (light brown, red and black) showed potential beneficial effects on health related to the polyphenol content of the grain, such as reduction of oxidative stress, aid in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and complications of diabetes, among others.

Residual da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic em solo de várzea sobre azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivado em sucessão ao arroz tolerante / Carryover of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soils, affecting ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas, como imazethapyr e imazapic, podem persistir no solo e afetar culturas não-tolerantes cultivadas em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic sobre azevém semeado e conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para isso, inicialmente foi conduzido um experimento em campo, em que aplicou-se sobre a cultivar tolerante de arroz ("IRGA 422 CL") diferentes doses da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic, representadas por: 0L ha-1 (testemunha); 0,7L ha-1 em pré-emergência (PRE) seguido da aplicação de 0,7L ha-1 em pós-emergência (POS); 1,0L ha-1 em PRE; e 1,0L ha-1 em POS. Posteriormente, aos 194 dias após a aplicação das doses, foram coletadas amostras intactas de solo na camada de 0-10cm, as quais foram utilizadas na condução de um bioensaio com azevém. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de plantas emergidas aos três e 22 DAE (dias após a emergência) e a matéria seca do azevém aos 40 DAE. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas na cultura do arroz no verão não ocasiona danos ao azevém semeado 194 dias após a aplicação do produto.

Imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazethapyr and imazapic, may persist in the soil and carryover to non-tolerant crops. This work aimed at evaluating the field carryover of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic affecting ryegrass. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out, in which different rates of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic were applied on a tolerant rice cultivar (';IRGA 422 CL';): 0L ha-1 (check plot); 0.7L ha-1 preemergence (PRE) followed by 0.7L ha-1 postemergence (POS); 1.0L ha-1 PRE; 1.0L ha-1 POS. Later, 194 days after herbicide application, intact soils cores samples were collected at 0 to 10cm depth to carry out a bioassay in greenhouse, sowing ryegrass. It was evaluated the percentage of plants established at three and 22 DAE (days after emergence) and ryegrass dry biomass at 40 DAE. The results showed that herbicides applied on rice crop during summer does not cause damage to the ryegrass sowed 194 days after herbicide application.

Residual da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic em solo de várzea sobre azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivado em sucessão ao arroz tolerante

Imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazethapyr and imazapic, may persist in the soil and carryover to non-tolerant crops. This work aimed at evaluating the field carryover of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic affecting ryegrass. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out, in which different rates of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic were applied on a tolerant rice cultivar (';IRGA 422 CL';): 0L ha-1 (check plot); 0.7L ha-1 preemergence (PRE) followed by 0.7L ha-1 postemergence (POS); 1.0L ha-1 PRE; 1.0L ha-1 POS. Later, 194 days after herbicide application, intact soils cores samples were collected at 0 to 10cm depth to carry out a bioassay in greenhouse, sowing ryegrass. It was evaluated the percentage of plants established at three and 22 DAE (days after emergence) and ryegrass dry biomass at 40 DAE. The results showed that herbicides applied on rice crop during summer does not cause damage to the ryegrass sowed 194 days after herbicide application.

Herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas, como imazethapyr e imazapic, podem persistir no solo e afetar culturas não-tolerantes cultivadas em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic sobre azevém semeado e conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para isso, inicialmente foi conduzido um experimento em campo, em que aplicou-se sobre a cultivar tolerante de arroz ("IRGA 422 CL") diferentes doses da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic, representadas por: 0L ha-1 (testemunha); 0,7L ha-1 em pré-emergência (PRE) seguido da aplicação de 0,7L ha-1 em pós-emergência (POS); 1,0L ha-1 em PRE; e 1,0L ha-1 em POS. Posteriormente, aos 194 dias após a aplicação das doses, foram coletadas amostras intactas de solo na camada de 0-10cm, as quais foram utilizadas na condução de um bioensaio com azevém. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de plantas emergidas aos três e 22 DAE (dias após a emergência) e a matéria seca do azevém aos 40 DAE. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas na cultura do arroz no verão não ocasiona danos ao azevém semeado 194 dias após a aplicação do produto.

Residual da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic em solo de várzea sobre azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivado em sucessão ao arroz tolerante

Imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazethapyr and imazapic, may persist in the soil and carryover to non-tolerant crops. This work aimed at evaluating the field carryover of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic affecting ryegrass. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out, in which different rates of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic were applied on a tolerant rice cultivar (';IRGA 422 CL';): 0L ha-1 (check plot); 0.7L ha-1 preemergence (PRE) followed by 0.7L ha-1 postemergence (POS); 1.0L ha-1 PRE; 1.0L ha-1 POS. Later, 194 days after herbicide application, intact soils cores samples were collected at 0 to 10cm depth to carry out a bioassay in greenhouse, sowing ryegrass. It was evaluated the percentage of plants established at three and 22 DAE (days after emergence) and ryegrass dry biomass at 40 DAE. The results showed that herbicides applied on rice crop during summer does not cause damage to the ryegrass sowed 194 days after herbicide application.

Herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas, como imazethapyr e imazapic, podem persistir no solo e afetar culturas não-tolerantes cultivadas em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic sobre azevém semeado e conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para isso, inicialmente foi conduzido um experimento em campo, em que aplicou-se sobre a cultivar tolerante de arroz ("IRGA 422 CL") diferentes doses da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic, representadas por: 0L ha-1 (testemunha); 0,7L ha-1 em pré-emergência (PRE) seguido da aplicação de 0,7L ha-1 em pós-emergência (POS); 1,0L ha-1 em PRE; e 1,0L ha-1 em POS. Posteriormente, aos 194 dias após a aplicação das doses, foram coletadas amostras intactas de solo na camada de 0-10cm, as quais foram utilizadas na condução de um bioensaio com azevém. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de plantas emergidas aos três e 22 DAE (dias após a emergência) e a matéria seca do azevém aos 40 DAE. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas na cultura do arroz no verão não ocasiona danos ao azevém semeado 194 dias após a aplicação do produto.

Herbicidas não seletivos aplicados na fase de maturação do arroz irrigado

One of the major limiting factor for increasing flooded rice yield potential is the interference exerted by red rice, a weedy grass. Botanically, both belong to the same species (Oryza sativa L.), which limits the utilization of selective herbicides for the control. With the objetive of investigating the effects of non-selective herbicides applied at the maturity phase of flooded rice, on agronomic characteristics of the crop, two field experiments and also laboratory evaluations were conducted during the growing seasons of 1997/98 and 1998/99. Treatments compared the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate, and paraquat, applied at two rates and at two times, the growth regulator maleic hydrazide, applied at two times, and one check without applications of chemicals. The rice cultivar tested was IRGA-416, an early maturity variety. The management practices used were those recommended for the crop, which grew in the presence of a red rice infestation. Cultivated rice characteristics evaluated were grain yield and its components, milling yield and harvest anticipation. The non-selective herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate, and paraquat, when applied at physiological maturity stage of the cultivated rice, in general do not affect negatively the agronomic characteristics of the crop and present effects equivalent to those of the growth regulator maleic hydrazide. Differences in rates and in application times generally do not differ in relation to their actions. Desiccation action of the herbicides hastens rice grain moisture reduction and allow harvest anticipation. After the stage when flooded rice grains reach a moisture level of 34%, the maleic hydrazide growth regulator does not affect negatively crop characteristics.

Um dos principais fatores limitantes da exploração do potencial máximo de rendimento do arroz irrigado é a interferência exercida pelo arroz vermelho, uma gramínea daninha. Botanicamente, ambos pertencem a mesma espécie (Oryza sativa L.), o que limita a utilização de herbicidas seletivos para seu controle. Com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos de herbicidas não seletivos, aplicados na fase de maturação do arroz cultivado, sobre características agronômicas da cultura, conduziu-se dois experimentos a campo nas estações de crescimento de 1997/98 e 1998/99, e avaliações em laboratório. Os tratamentos compararam os herbicidas glyphosate, glufosinate e paraquat, aplicados em duas doses e duas épocas, além do regulador de crescimento hidrazida maléica, aplicada também em duas épocas, e testemunha não tratada. Como cultivar de arroz foi utilizada a IRGA-416, de ciclo precoce. As demais práticas de manejo foram aquelas preconizadas para a cultura, a qual desenvolveu-se na presença de arroz vermelho. Avaliaram-se as características do arroz cultivado, rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, rendimento de engenho e antecipação da colheita. Os herbicidas não seletivos glyphosate, glufosinate e paraquat, quando aplicados na fase de maturação fisiológica do arroz cultivado, em geral não afetam negativamente as características agronômicas da cultura e apresentam efeitos equivalentes aos do regulador de crescimento hidrazida maléica. Variações de doses e épocas de aplicação geralmente não se diferenciam quanto à ação. A ação dessecante dos herbicidas apressa a redução da umidade dos grãos de arroz e permite antecipar a colheita. A partir do estádio em que os grãos de arroz cultivado atingem teor de umidade de 34%, o regulador de crescimento hidrazida maléica não afeta negativamente as características da cultura.

Controle da qualidade das sementes de arroz irrigado utilizadas em Santa Maria/RS

This study was conducted in order to characterize and classify the physical, physiological and sanitary qualities of irrigated rice seeds used by rice farmers in Santa Maria (RS). A total of 117 seed samples were collected among farmers of this region during the 1997/98 growing season. Seed moisture, presense of red rice seeds, presense of fungy and nematodes, germination percentage and seed vigor were determined. In regard to physyological and sanitary quality the seed qualities varied between medium and good. However the presense of high levels of red rice seeds reduced the overall quality of the seeds and is the main factor that limits higher productivity grains.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar e classificar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de arroz irrigado utilizadas por produtores de Santa Maria/RS, Brasil. Foram coletadas 117 amostras de sementes de produtores da região, no ano agrícola de 1997/98, nas quais se determinaram umidade, presença de grãos de arroz vermelho, presença de fungos e nematóides, germinação e vigor. As sementes apresentaram qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de média a boa, contendo, no entanto, altos níveis de arroz vermelho, o que reduz a qualidade dos lotes e constitui-se no principal fator restritivo à obtenção de maiores rendimentos.