The scale of myths of romantic love: Evidence of validity and reliability of a brief scale in Peru.

The study aimed to provide validity evidence and reliability of the Scale of Myths of Romantic Love (SMRL) in Peru among young and adult individuals. Focusing on how romantic love myths affect relationship satisfaction and their ties to interpersonal violence, sexism, and gender inequality, the methodology involved 308 participants, mainly females (75%), using the SMRL and Relationship Assessment Scale. Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analysis (BCFA) assessed the scale's structure and reliability, complemented by descriptive statistics and correlation analyses to examine the myths' impact on intimate relationships. Results showed the SMRL's two-dimensional structure, confirming its robust psychometric properties and satisfactory internal consistency. Descriptive findings revealed a skeptical view of traditional romantic myths among participants, indicating the scale's good reliability and successful adaptation to the Peruvian context. This validation highlights how debunking romantic love myths can improve relationship dynamics and satisfaction and addresses their wider societal effects.

School violence negative effect on student academic performance: a multilevel analysis.

The relative roles of school context and individual student factors are of special interest to educators in measuring academic performance. Little is known about the effect of school violence on a student's academic performance and well-being. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of three types of school violence (direct violence, discrimination, and cyberbullying) on students' academic performance in standardized tests of mathematics, reading and history, and to identify individual student factors that contribute to reducing the negative effect of exposure to violence at school. We used 10th grade Chilean student data from the representative cross-sectional test of the Education Quality Measurement System (SIMCE in Spanish) from 2015. Multilevel linear models, adjusted for gender, incorporated other school and environmental contextual factors, as well as individual student factors. The results show that school violence in its three forms had a negative effect on academic performance. Student self-efficacy, educational expectations and satisfaction with interpersonal relations with their teachers, were important in reducing the negative effect of exposure to violence. The implications for the school are discussed.

Sexual Assertiveness and Its Correlates in Emerging Adults: An Exploratory Study in Cuenca (Ecuador).

Objective: Sexual assertiveness (SA), i.e., the ability to communicate thoughts and desires that may be translated into satisfying sexual activity within an intimate relationship, is important for safe and satisfying sexual behavior. In an attempt to unravel which cultural, relational, and individual variables are related to the development of SA in emerging adults, an exploratory study was conducted in Cuenca, Ecuador. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-eight participants completed scales that measured their levels of SA, endorsement of the sexual double standard, relationship satisfaction, and mental well-being. Results: This study showed a negative effect of the sexual double standard on SA in both men and women and this effect was slightly tempered by the level of education. Women reported higher levels of SA than men. In women, SA was associated with general mental well-being and relationship satisfaction; but not in men. For both women and men, no association was found with relationship status or duration. Conclusions: These findings corroborate evidence highlighting the importance of SA for healthy sexual relationships and emphasize the importance of (sex) education for SA for lower educated women and men. The results are discussed in relation to findings on SA in other contexts.

Uma medida de satisfação com o relacionamento amoroso / A measure of satisfaction in the romantic relationship / Una escala de satisfacción en la pareja

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo adaptar para o contexto brasileiro a Escala do Nível de Satisfação com o Relacionamento Amoroso (ENSRA, Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998). No primeiro estudo (N = 269), buscaram-se evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura unifatorial do instrumento e analisaram-se as propriedades dos itens de acordo com a Teoria de Resposta ao Item. No segundo estudo (N = 1.498), propôs-se uma versão revisada da escala (ENSRA-R), incluindo-se novos itens com parâmetros mais elevados de dificuldade. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias indicaram uma estrutura unifatorial também para ENSRA-R. Conforme esperado teoricamente, ENSRA e ENSRA-R correlacionaram-se positivamente com outra medida de satisfação com o relacionamento e com amor romântico, e negativamente com intenção de terminar o relacionamento. Ambas as versões do instrumento apresentam satisfatórias evidências de validade e adequados índices de precisão, contudo, a ENSRA-R mostrou-se mais informativa, cobrindo uma maior porção do traço latente, comparada à ENSRA. (AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Investment Model of Commitment Processes Scale (Escala do Nível de Satisfação com o Relacionamento Amoroso - ENSRA - Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1988) to the Brazilian context. In the first study (N = 269), we sought evidence of validity based on the unifactorial structure of the instrument and analyzed the properties of the items according to the item response theory. In the second study (N = 1498), a revised version of the scale (ENSRA-R) was proposed, including new items with higher difficulty parameters. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a single-factor structure for both the ENSRA and ENSRA-R. As theoretically expected the ENSRA and ENSRA-R correlated positively with another instrument that assesses relationship satisfaction and with romantic love, and negatively with the intention to break-up. Both versions of the instrument provide satisfactory evidence of validity and adequate accuracy, however, the ENSRA-R was more informative, covering a larger portion of the latent trait compared to the ENSRA. (AU)

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo adaptar la Escala de Satisfacción en la Pareja (ENSRA, Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1988) al contexto brasileño. En el primer estudio (N = 269), se buscaron evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura unifactorial del instrumento y, de acuerdo con la teoría de respuesta al ítem, se analizaron las propiedades de los ítems. En el segundo estudio (N = 1498) fue propuesta una versión revisada de la escala (ENSRA-R), que incluye nuevos ítems con parámetros de dificultad más estrictos. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios también indicaron la estructura de un factor para la ENSRA-R. Como resultado esperado, ENSRA y ENSRA-R se correlacionaron positivamente con otra medida de satisfacción con la relación y con el amor romántico; y negativamente con la intención de terminar la relación. Ambas versiones del instrumento presentan evidencias de validez satisfactorias e índices de precisión adecuados. Sin embargo, la ENSRA-R se demostró más informativa, cubriendo el rasgo latente en mayor medida, en comparación con la ENSRA. (AU)

Sexual Coercion, Mate Retention, and Relationship Satisfaction in Brazilian and American Romantic Relationships.

We investigated the relationships among men's sexual coercion, men's performance of mate retention behaviors, and their partner's relationship satisfaction in Brazil (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2). In addition, we adapted the Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships Scale (SCIRS) to the Brazilian context (Escala de Coerção Sexual em Relacionamentos Amorosos [ECSRA]; Study 1) and investigated the suitability of the adapted version in the American context (Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships Scale-Short Form [SCIRS-SF]; Study 2). Study 1 included 181 Brazilians, aged between 18 and 49 years (M = 23.5; SD = 5.1), mostly female (60.8%). Study 2 included 508 Americans, aged between 19 and 70 years (M = 34.7; SD = 9.7), mostly male (52.6%). Participants were in a heterosexual, romantic relationship for at least 3 months. Participants completed the SCIRS, a 34-item measure assessing how often participants experienced each sexually coercive behavior, the MRI-SF, a 38-item measure assessing how often participants performed each mate retention act, and several items regarding relationship satisfaction. The results indicated that American (but not Brazilian) men's sexual coercion is positively correlated with their performance of cost-inflicting and benefit-provisioning mate retention behaviors. Men's sexual coercion did not affect their partner's relationship satisfaction in either the American or Brazilian contexts. The SCIRS-SF (nine items) reliably represents the SCIRS (34 items) in the American context. We recommend the SCIRS-SF for assessing performance frequency of sexual coercion. The SCIRS-SF may be used as a screening tool to identify patterns of sexual coercion in couples from Brazil and the United States. We highlight limitations of the current research and identify directions for future research.

Partner Phubbing, Satisfação e Bem-Estar Subjetivo: O Impacto da Tecnologia Digital nos Relacionamentos / Partner Phubbing, Satisfacción y Bienestar Subjetivo: El Impacto de la Tecnologia Digital en las Relaciones Amorosas / Partner phubbing, satisfaction, and subjective well-being: The impact of digital technology on romantic relationships

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a influência do Partner Phubbing (Pphubbing) no Bem-Estar subjetivo (BES) e na satisfação com o relacionamento. Método: Participaram 217 pessoas com média de idade de 25 anos (min. 18, máx. 53 e dp=5,98), sendo 62,2 % do sexo feminino. Estes responderam às escalas de Partner phubbing (Pphubbing), afetos positivos e negativos, satisfação com a vida, satisfação com o relacionamento e questionário sociodemográfico. Os dados foram analisados através do SPSS (v.22). Resultados: Foi encontrado uma correlação negativa entre Pphubbing e afetos positivos (r= -0,32; p<0,01), satisfação com a vida (r= -0,13; p<0,01) e satisfação com o relacionamento (r= -0,38 p<0,01), como também apresentou uma correlação positiva entre Pphubbing e afetos negativos (r=0,33; p<0,01). Através da regressão, o Pphubbing mostrou influência na satisfação com o relacionamento (β= -0,38; p<0,001), afetos positivos (β=-0,32; p<0,001) e afetos negativos (β=0,33; p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que os participantes que sofrem mais phubbing de seus parceiros tendem a ter menos satisfação com o relacionamento, assim como menos Bem-Estar Subjetivo. Assim, este é um artigo com resultados inéditos para o Brasil e um dos poucos no mundo a avaliar quantitativamente o phubbing nos relacionamentos amorosos. Desta forma, contribui para o fomento de futuras pesquisas na área e para o embasamento de intervenções e ações de conscientização acerca do uso saudável do Smartphone.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar la influencia del Partner Phubbing (Pphubbing) en el bienestar subjetivo y la satisfacción en las relaciones amorosas. Método: En el estudio participaron 217 personas con una media de edad de 25 años (min. 18, máx. 53 y dp = 5,98), siendo el 62,2 % del sexo femenino. Estos respondieron a las escalas de Pphubbing, afectos positivos y negativos, satisfacción con la vida, escala de satisfacción con la relación y cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los datos fueron analizados a través del SPSS (v.22). Resultados: Se encontró una correlación negativa y significativa entre el phubbing y los afectos positivos (r= -0,32, p<0,01), la satisfacción con la vida (r= -0,13; p<0,01) y la satisfacción con la relación (r= -0,38 p<0,01), como también presentó una correlación significativa, positiva y moderada entre el phubbing y los afectos negativos (r=0,33; p<0,01). A través de la regresión, el Pphubbing mostró influencia en la satisfacción con la relación (β=-0,38; p<0,001), afectos positivos (β=-0,32; p<0,001) y afectos negativos (β=0,33; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los participantes que sufren más phubbing de sus parejas tienden a tener menos satisfacción con la relación, así como menos bienestar subjetivo. Por lo tanto, este es un artículo con resultados inéditos para Brasil y uno de los pocos en el mundo en evaluar cuantitativamente el phubbing en las relaciones amorosas. De esta forma, contribuye al fomento de futuras investigaciones en el área y para el basamento de intervenciones y acciones de concientización acerca del uso saludable del Smartphone.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to research partner phubbing´s influence (phubbing) on subjective well-being and romantic relationships' satisfaction. Method: The study included 217 participants with a mean age of 25 years (minimum age = 18, maximum age 53, and dp = 5.98), 62,2 % being female. They responded to the phubbing scales, positive and negative effects, life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction scale, and sociodemographic questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software (v.22). Results: A significant and negative correlation was found between phubbing and positive effects (r = −0.32, p < 0.01), life satisfaction (r = −0.13, p < 0.01), and relationship satisfaction (r = −0.38, p < 0.01), as it also presented a significant, positive, and moderate correlation between phubbing and negative effects (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). Through the regression, phubbing showed an influence on the relationship satisfaction (β = −0.38, p < 0.001), positive effects (β = −0.32, p < 0.001), and negative effects (β = 0.33, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that those who experience more phubbing from their partners tend to be less satisfied with their relationship, as well as have less subjective well-being. Therefore, this article offers unprecedented results for Brazil, one of the few in the world to quantitatively evaluate phubbing in romantic relationships. In this way, it contributes to encouraging future research in the area and provides a basis for interventions and awareness actions regarding the healthy use of smartphone.

Inteligencia emocional como predictora de la satisfacción con la relación, entre jóvenes víctimas y no víctimas de violencia en el noviazgo / Emotional intelligence as a predictor of relationship satisfaction between young victims and non-victims of dating violence

La satisfacción en la relación de noviazgo puede verse afectada por situaciones de violencia que sufren tanto mujeres como hombres. El presente estudio transversal evaluó la asociación y la capacidad predictiva de los cocientes de inteligencia emocional sobre la satisfacción con la relación entre jóvenes universitarios con y sin violencia en su noviazgo. Participaron 224 mujeres y 96 hombres (160 con violencia en el noviazgo y 160 sin violencia), los cuales respondieron la Escala de Valoración de la Relación (RAS), el Inventario de Componente Emocional en versión corta (EQ-i) y la Escala de Violencia en Relaciones de Noviazgo en Adolescentes (VADRI). Se utilizaron las pruebas Rho de Spearman, U de Mann Whitney y Regresión Lineal. Los resultados señalan asociaciones entre la satisfacción en la relación y los cocientes de inteligencia emocional con diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Los cocientes interpersonal, intrapersonal y manejo del estrés fueron los principales predictores de la satisfacción con la relación en los distintos grupos de estudio. Se concluye la importancia de incluir una educación que promueva la inteligencia emocional en todos aquellos programas destinados a potenciar la satisfacción con las relaciones de pareja, así como para prevenir y tratar la violencia en el noviazgo.

Relationship satisfaction can be affected by situations of violence suffered by both women and men. The present work evaluated the association and predictive capacity of emotional intelligence quotients on relationship satisfaction in young university students with and without dating violence. A total of 224 women and 96 men participated (160 with dating violence and 160 without), who answered the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), the Short Version Emotional Component Inventory (EQ-i) and the Adolescent Dating Violence Scale (VADRI). The results indicate associations between relationship satisfaction and emotional intelligence quotients with significant differences between the groups. Interpersonal, interpersonal and stress management quotients were the main predictors of relationship satisfaction in the different study groups. We conclude that it is essential to include education that promotes emotional intelligence in all those programmes aimed at enhancing satisfaction in relationships, as well as preventing and treating violence in relationships.

Prenatal Maternal Psychological Distress and Offspring Risk for Recurrent Respiratory Infections.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between maternal prenatal psychological distress, comprising depression and anxiety symptoms and relationship quality, and the risk of recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) in children up to 2 years of age. Children with RRIs frequently use health care services and antibiotics. Prenatal maternal psychological distress can be one, previously unidentified risk factor for RRIs. STUDY DESIGN: The study population was drawn from a population-based pregnancy cohort in Finland (www.finnbrain.fi). Children with RRIs (n = 204) and a comparison group (n = 1014) were identified by maternal reports at the child age of 12 or 24 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist-90 anxiety subscale, the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale were used to assess maternal symptoms and parental relationship quality at 34 weeks of gestation. Adjustment for maternal postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms was performed. RESULTS: Maternal prenatal Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.44), Symptom Checklist-90/Anxiety (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01-1.76), Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.47), and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01-1.58) total sum scores were associated with child RRIs by the age of 24 months. Greater number of siblings, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and the level of maternal education were also identified as risk factors for child RRIs. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal prenatal psychological distress is linked with a higher risk for child RRIs.

Treatment-as-Usual for Couples: Trajectories Before and After Beginning Couple Therapy.

Couple therapy has been shown to be a meaningful way to improve couples' relationships. However, less information is known about couples' functioning prior to entering treatment in community settings, as well as how their relationship functioning changes from initiating therapy onward. This study examined 87 couples who began community-based couple therapy during a longitudinal study of couples in the military. The couples were assessed six times over the course of 3 years, including time points before and after starting couple therapy. Using an interrupted-time series design, we examined trajectories across the start of couple therapy in relationship satisfaction, divorce proneness, and negative communication. The results demonstrated that couples' relationship satisfaction was declining and both divorce proneness and negative communication were increasing prior to entering couple therapy. After starting couple therapy, couples' functioning on all three variables leveled off but did not show further change, but previous experience in relationship education moderated these effects. Specifically, those who were assigned to the relationship education program (vs. control) demonstrated greater reductions in divorce proneness and greater increases marital satisfaction after starting therapy; however, they also started more distressed.

Se ha demostrado que la terapia de pareja es una manera valiosa de mejorar las relaciones de las parejas. Sin embargo, se cuenta con menos información acerca del funcionamiento de las parejas antes de comenzar un tratamiento en entornos comunitarios, así como acerca de la manera en que el funcionamiento de su relación cambia desde el inicio de la terapia en adelante. Este estudio analizó a 87 parejas que comenzaron terapia de pareja basada en la comunidad durante un estudio longitudinal de parejas en las fuerzas armadas. Se evaluó a las parejas seis veces durante el transcurso de tres años, incluidos momentos específicos antes y después de comenzar la terapia de pareja. Utilizando un diseño de series de tiempo interrumpido, analizamos las trayectorias a lo largo del comienzo de la terapia de pareja en la satisfacción con la relación, la propensión al divorcio y la comunicación negativa. Los resultados demostraron que la satisfacción con la relación de la pareja estaba disminuyendo y que tanto la propensión al divorcio como la comunicacióin negativa estaban aumentando antes de comenzar la terapia de pareja. Después de comenzar la terapia de pareja, el funcionamiento de las parejas en las tres variables se nivelaron pero no demostraron otros cambios, aunque la experiencia previa en capacitación en relaciones moderó estos efectos. Específicamente, los que fueron asignados al programa de capacitación en relaciones (frente al grupo de control) demostraron una mayor reducción de la propensión al divorcio y un mayor aumento de la satisfacción conyugal después de comenzar la terapia, sin embargo, también comenzaron la terapia más angustiados.

Destructive Conflict Resolution, Acculturation Orientations, and Relationship Satisfaction among Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands / Estrategias de Resolución de Conflictos, Preferencias de Aculturación y Satisfacción de Pareja en los Grupos Étnicos de los Países Bajos

Abstract We aimed at disentangling the role of ethnicity and of acculturation in relation to destructive conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction among 600 individuals of different ethnicity living in the Netherlands. Ethnic group differences were obtained for destructive conflict resolution and similarities appeared for relationship satisfaction after controlling for age, education, and income. As for cultural differences, the Turkish-Moroccan group was higher on destructive conflict management than the ethnic Dutch group. Turkish-Moroccans also indicated that they continue the argument without listening to their partners more than Antillean-Surinamese individuals. As for relationship satisfaction, immigrants with an Indonesian background reported higher relationship satisfaction than Turkish-Moroccans. Regarding gender differences, females scored higher than males in relation to destructive conflict management and relationship satisfaction. Finally, groups were invariant in relation to the negative relationship between destructive conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction. Yet, cultural maintenance was more strongly and positively related to satisfaction among immigrants with Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds than with Antillean, Surinamese, and Indonesian origins. Nevertheless, cultural adoption was more strongly and positively related to satisfaction among immigrants with Antillean, Surinamese, and Indonesian origins compared to people with Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds. Cultural maintenance was more salient than cultural adoption in relation to satisfaction.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en examinar el rol de la etnicidad y la aculturación en relación a la resolución de conflicto destructiva y la satisfacción de la relación en 600 habitantes en los Países Bajos que se identificaban como holandeses nativos, o inmigrantes con orígenes turcos, marroquíes, antillanos, surinamés, o indonesios. Se observaron diferencias entre los grupos étnicos en la resolución de conflicto destructiva, así como semejanzas en la satisfacción de pareja tras controlar por edad, nivel educativo y nivel de ingresos. Con relación a las diferencias manifestadas entre los grupos étnicos, el formado por turcos-marroquíes informó de puntuaciones más elevadas en el manejo del conflicto destructivo (i.e., golpear, empujar, abofetear, dejar la discusión a la pareja, y continuar la discusión sin escuchar a la pareja) que el grupo compuesto por holandeses nativos. El grupo turco-marroquí también indicó continuar la discusión sin escuchar a la pareja en mayor medida que el grupo antillano-surinamés. Con respecto a la satisfacción en la relación, los inmigrantes de origen indonesio informaron sentirse más felices en su relación de pareja en comparación con los inmigrantes de origen turco-marroquí. Por otra parte, también se analizaron las diferencias y similitudes de género, encontrándose que las mujeres puntuaron más alto que los hombres en la resolución del conflicto destructiva (excepto en dejar la discusión a la pareja) y en la satisfacción de pareja (pero en este caso solamente con respecto a la relación con los hijos). Como objetivo final, se analizaron las relaciones, mostrándose los grupos invariantes en conexión a la relación negativa entre resolución del conflicto negativa y satisfacción en la pareja. Con respecto a las orientaciones de aculturación, el mantenimiento de la cultura propia se relacionó de manera positiva y en mayor medida con la satisfacción en la pareja entre inmigrantes de origen turco y marroquí que aquellos con origen antillano, surinamés e indonesio. No obstante, la adopción cultural se relacionó de manera positiva y en mayor medida con la satisfacción de pareja entre inmigrantes de origen antillano, surinamés e indonesio en comparación con aquellos de origen turco y marroquí. El mantenimiento de la cultura de origen fue más relevante que la adopción cultural con respecto a la satisfacción de pareja.

Invarianza por sexo y distribución del Índice de Satisfacción Sexual reducido en una muestra mexicana de rutas aleatorias / Invariance according to sex and distribution of low Sexual Satisfaction Index based on Mexican people random route sample

Resumen Objetivo: El Índice de Satisfacción Sexual de Hudson constituye una medición unidimensional de la satisfacción sexual empleada en investigación y clínica. En México, se ha propuesto una forma reducida a 10 ítems del ISS (ISS-10), que ha servido de base a este estudio para aportar nuevas evidencias de validez cruzada (entre mujeres y hombres) y convergente; describir su distribución y estudiar su relación con seis variables sociodemográficas. Método: Se realizó una investigación instrumental en la que participaron 807 personas casadas o en unión libre de Monterrey, México, a las cuales se les aplicó el ISS-10, la Escala de Valoración de la Relación (RAS), la Escala de Engrandecimiento Marital (MAS) y otras cuatro escalas entre enero y mayo de 2014, mediante un muestreo de rutas aleatorias. Se aplicó análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo. Resultados: El modelo de un factor con 10 indicadores mostró invarianza entre mujeres y hombres, pero las puntuaciones del ISS-10 no siguieron una distribución normal. Además, en la muestra total, la correlación del ISS-10 con la satisfacción con la relación (RAS) fue muy alta (rS = .71) y con el engrandecimiento marital (MAS), alta (rS = .56). La edad, los años de casados o en unión libre y la escolaridad presentaron correlaciones bajas con el ISS-10 (rS de .13 a .27). El sexo y el estado civil fueron independientes del ISS-10. Conclusión: El Índice de Satisfacción Sexual, como una medición unidimensional de la satisfacción sexual reducida a 10 indicadores, presenta evidencias de validez; independientemente de que se aplique a hombre o mujer, y puede ser baremado a partir de puntuaciones de percentil.

Abstract Objective: Hudson's Index of Sexual Satisfaction is a one-dimensional sexual satisfaction measure, used for research and clinical practice. In Mexico, 10 items form (ISS-10) has been proposed. This research aims to provide new evidences related to cross-validity (among women and men) and convergent validity of ISS-10 form, describing distribution, and study and also its relationship with six socio-demographic variables. Method: An instrumental research was performed. ISS-10, Relationship Rating Scale (RAS), Marital Aggrandizement Scale (MAS) and three other scales were applied; 807 married or cohabiting people were randomly sampled from Monterrey, Mexico between January and May 2014. Multi-confirmatory factorial group analysis was applied for data analysis. Results: The factor model has 10 indicators that show invariance among women and men. ISS-10 scores did not follow a normal distribution. In the overall sample, ISS-10 correlated with relationship satisfaction (RAS) was very high (rS = .71), and with the marital aggrandizement (MAS) also was high (rS = .56). Age, years of marriage or cohabitation and years of schooling have low correlation with ISS-10 form (rS from .13 to .27). Sex and marital status were independent based on ISS-10. Conclusion: The Index of Sexual Satisfaction, considered as key-factor to measure sexual satisfaction was reduced to 10 indicators, showing that the validity of evidence, is independent of being male or female, and it can be scaled using percentile scores rank.

Análises de Dados Diádicos: Um Exemplo a partir da Pesquisa com Casais / Dyadic Data Analysis: An Example from Couples Research / Análisis Datos Diádicos: Un Ejemplo desde la Investigación con Parejas

Resumo A pesquisa no campo dos fenômenos sociais e psicológicos possui aspectos que são caracterizados pela interdependência de diferentes atores, como o caso das relações de casais. Desta forma, o presente artigo visa apresentar o modelo de análise de dados diádicos a partir de um estudo em contexto de relações amorosas à comunidade científica brasileira. Para tal, um estudo empírico com foco na interação entre aspectos de paixão obsessiva e dimensões de qualidade no relacionamento foi conduzido com 212 casais brasileiros. É dada uma especial ênfase na montagem do banco de dados, que pode ter a estrutura individual, a estrutura diádica ou ainda a estrutura pairwise. Os resultados apresentam um roteiro de orientação dos principais passos da análise diádica, envolvendo também considerações sobre como configurações de paixão e qualidade se relacionam entre parceiros envolvidos em relações amorosas. Embora não se limitando a esta temática, o modelo de análise diádicas é uma importante ferramenta para o estudo dos relacionamentos românticos.

Abstract Research in the field of social and psychological phenomena has aspects that are characterized by interdependence of different actors, such as the case of the relationships of couples. The aim of this article is to present the dyadic data analysis model from a study in the context of loving relationships to Brazilian scientific community. An empirical study, focusing on the interaction between aspects of obsessive passion and quality dimensions in the relationship, was performed with 212 Brazilian couples. A particular emphasis is given to the assembly of the database, which may have the individual structure, the dyadic structure or even the pairwise structure. The results show a step by step guidance of the main stages of dyadic analysis. In additional, we presented considerations about passion and qualityfor both members of relationship. Although not limited to this theme, the dyadic analysis model is an important tool for the study of romantic relationships.

Resumen La investigación en el campo de los fenómenos sociales y psicológicos tiene aspectos que se caracterizan por la interdependencia de los diferentes actores, como el caso de las relaciones de pareja. Por lo tanto, este artículo presenta el modelo de análisis de datos diádicos de un estudio en el contexto de las relaciones amorosas a la comunidad científica brasileña. Para eso, un estudio empírico centrado en la interacción entre los aspectos de la pasión y de calidad en la relación se llevó a cabo con 212 parejas brasileñas. Se da un especial énfasis en el montaje de la base de datos, que puede tener la estructura individual, la estructura diádica o la estructura pairwise. Los resultados presentan un plan de trabajo con los pasos principales de análisis diádico, que implica consideraciones sobre la configuración de la pasión y la calidad se refieren a los individuos involucrados en las relaciones amorosas. Aunque no se limite a esta temática, el modelo de análisis diádico es una importante herramienta para el estudio de las relaciones románticas.

Trauma exposure, discrimination, and romantic relationship functioning: A longitudinal investigation among LGB young adults.

Sexual orientation-related discrimination is common among sexual minority individuals, but its influence on romantic relationship functioning remains unclear. Further, exposure to potentially traumatic events may influence the association between discrimination and relationship functioning, but this has not been tested among sexual minority couples to date. The current study examines breadth of lifetime trauma exposure as a moderator of the associations between recent discrimination and changes in relationship functioning (satisfaction, commitment, and trust) over twelve months among 86 racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority young adults in relationships. For those with low trauma exposure, discrimination was associated with increases in satisfaction and commitment, but not trust. In contrast, for those with high trauma exposure, discrimination was not associated with changes in relationship functioning. Thus, some partnered sexual minority young adults may experience resilience in the face of discrimination, such that discrimination may promote positive relationship functioning. However, this does not appear to extend to those with more extensive trauma exposure histories. With an eye toward informing interventions, these findings call for additional research on individual differences in responses to discrimination, such as support seeking and dyadic coping.

Evidências de validade da Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) em três amostras da população portuguesa / Evidence for the validity of the Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) in three Portuguese samples

A satisfação relacional representa um construto de pertinência reconhecida para a avaliação rela-cional e em estreita conexão com diversas valências da saúde. A Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) é formada por cinco itens e pretende avaliar a satisfação global com o companheiro/a no contexto de uma relação íntima. Foram estudadas as evidências de validade de construto e precisão dos escores desta escala em três amostras da população portuguesa, nomeadamente uma amostra clínica de pessoas com problemas relacionais (N = 56), uma amostra comunitária de pessoas sem estes problemas (N = 95) e uma amostra da comunidade de ambos os géneros (N= 669). A Escala de Avaliação da Satisfação em Áreas da Vida Conjugal foi empregue para investigar a validade convergente do instrumento, a Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction Scale para a validade divergente e, por fim, o estudo da Roc Curve com a amostra clínica e da comunidade para a validade discriminante. Os resultados indicam que a escala apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas para utilização em contexto clínico e de investigação.(AU)

Relationship satisfaction represents a well-known, pertinent construct for relationship assessment with strong connection to several health ranges. The Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) is composed of five items and aims to evaluate the global satisfaction with the partner in an intimate relationship context. The purpose of this study was to observe the psychometric qualities of this scale in three Portuguese samples, namely a clinical sample of individuals with marital problems (N = 56), a normative sample of individuals without these problems (N = 95) and a community sample of both genders (N = 669). The Marital Life Areas Satisfaction Evaluation Scale was used to investigate the instrument's convergent validity; the Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction Scale for the divergent validity, and the Roc Curve study of clinical and community samples was used to assess the discriminant validity. The results show that the instrument presents good psychometric qualities for clinical and investigation purposes.(AU)

Evidências de validade da Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) em três amostras da população portuguesa / Evidence for the validity of the Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) in three Portuguese samples

A satisfação relacional representa um construto de pertinência reconhecida para a avaliação rela-cional e em estreita conexão com diversas valências da saúde. A Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) é formada por cinco itens e pretende avaliar a satisfação global com o companheiro/a no contexto de uma relação íntima. Foram estudadas as evidências de validade de construto e precisão dos escores desta escala em três amostras da população portuguesa, nomeadamente uma amostra clínica de pessoas com problemas relacionais (N = 56), uma amostra comunitária de pessoas sem estes problemas (N = 95) e uma amostra da comunidade de ambos os géneros (N= 669). A Escala de Avaliação da Satisfação em Áreas da Vida Conjugal foi empregue para investigar a validade convergente do instrumento, a Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction Scale para a validade divergente e, por fim, o estudo da Roc Curve com a amostra clínica e da comunidade para a validade discriminante. Os resultados indicam que a escala apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas para utilização em contexto clínico e de investigação.

Relationship satisfaction represents a well-known, pertinent construct for relationship assessment with strong connection to several health ranges. The Global Measure of Relationship Satisfaction (GMREL) is composed of five items and aims to evaluate the global satisfaction with the partner in an intimate relationship context. The purpose of this study was to observe the psychometric qualities of this scale in three Portuguese samples, namely a clinical sample of individuals with marital problems (N = 56), a normative sample of individuals without these problems (N = 95) and a community sample of both genders (N = 669). The Marital Life Areas Satisfaction Evaluation Scale was used to investigate the instrument's convergent validity; the Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction Scale for the divergent validity, and the Roc Curve study of clinical and community samples was used to assess the discriminant validity. The results show that the instrument presents good psychometric qualities for clinical and investigation purposes.

Evidências de validade da Escala de Avaliação do Relacionamento / Validity evidences the Relationship Assessment Scale

Este estudo, de caráter exploratório e confirmatório, buscou evidências de validade para a Escala de Avaliação do Relacionamento de Hendrick. No primeiro estudo, participaram 201 pessoas de ambos os sexos que coabitavam com seus parceiros na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. A análise fatorial exploratória para componentes principais dos escores da escala extraiu solução inicial com um fator responsável pela explicação de 61% da variância total e com coeficiente alfa de 0,89. No segundo estudo, participaram 538 pessoas envolvidas em diversos tipos de relacionamentos amorosos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória (GFI = 0,97, razão CMIN/DF = 3,62) indicou a adequação do modelo. Análises das relações dessa escala com outras medidas de satisfação no relacionamento revelaram correlações estatísticas significativas que variaram de moderadas altas a fortes. Esses resultados evidenciaram a validade fatorial, convergente e consistência interna para escores oriundos de diferentes culturas.(AU)

This exploratory and confirmatory study sought evidence for the validity of the Relationship Assessment Scale of Hendrick. A total of 201 people of both sexes that lived with their partners in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, participated in the first study. The exploratory factor analysis for the principal components of the scale scores extracted an initial solution with one factor responsible for explaining 61% of the total variance and a coefficient alpha of 0.89. A total of 538 people involved in different types of affective relationships from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, participated in the second study. The confirmatory factor analysis (GFI = 0.97, CMIN/DF ratio = 3.62) indicated the appropriateness of the model. Analysis of the correlations of this scale with other measures of relationship satisfaction revealed statistically significant correlations, which ranged from high-moderate to high. These findings showed factorial validity, convergent and internal consistency for scores from different cultures.(AU)

Evidências de validade da Escala de Avaliação do Relacionamento / Validity evidences the Relationship Assessment Scale

Este estudo, de caráter exploratório e confirmatório, buscou evidências de validade para a Escala de Avaliação do Relacionamento de Hendrick. No primeiro estudo, participaram 201 pessoas de ambos os sexos que coabitavam com seus parceiros na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. A análise fatorial exploratória para componentes principais dos escores da escala extraiu solução inicial com um fator responsável pela explicação de 61% da variância total e com coeficiente alfa de 0,89. No segundo estudo, participaram 538 pessoas envolvidas em diversos tipos de relacionamentos amorosos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória (GFI = 0,97, razão CMIN/DF = 3,62) indicou a adequação do modelo. Análises das relações dessa escala com outras medidas de satisfação no relacionamento revelaram correlações estatísticas significativas que variaram de moderadas altas a fortes. Esses resultados evidenciaram a validade fatorial, convergente e consistência interna para escores oriundos de diferentes culturas...

This exploratory and confirmatory study sought evidence for the validity of the Relationship Assessment Scale of Hendrick. A total of 201 people of both sexes that lived with their partners in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, participated in the first study. The exploratory factor analysis for the principal components of the scale scores extracted an initial solution with one factor responsible for explaining 61% of the total variance and a coefficient alpha of 0.89. A total of 538 people involved in different types of affective relationships from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, participated in the second study. The confirmatory factor analysis (GFI = 0.97, CMIN/DF ratio = 3.62) indicated the appropriateness of the model. Analysis of the correlations of this scale with other measures of relationship satisfaction revealed statistically significant correlations, which ranged from high-moderate to high. These findings showed factorial validity, convergent and internal consistency for scores from different cultures...

Respect and Love in Romantic Relationships / Respeto y amor en las relaciones románticas

Respect is conceptualized as one of the fundamental bases of most relationships, particularly close relationships. Respect in close, romantic relationships has been studied only recently (Frei & Shaver, 2002; Hendrick & Hendrick, 2006), and the current paper describes a study designed to build on notions of respect as deeply important in relationships. Some 314 college students participated in the study. Participants read a scenario about a dating couple, John and Linda, who were ostensibly in a psychology experiment during which they rated their respect for each other. John (or Linda) had rated self as having either "extremely high respect" or "moderately low respect" for the partner. Participants were asked to imagine that they were John (or Linda) and then rate the hypothetical partner on love attitudes, relationships satisfaction, commitment, and self-disclosure. Participants also gave their own personal ratings of John (or Linda) on several trait adjectives. The design was a 2 (gender of participant) x 2 (John/Linda) x 2 (high/low respect) factorial experiment. The main effect for respect was significant for 15 of 18 total variables, with an extremely high versus moderately low respected partner garnering more favorable ratings in nearly every case. Respect thus appears to be an important part of the intrinsic meaning of a close, romantic relationship.

El respeto es conceptuado como una de las bases fundamentales de la mayoría de las relaciones, particularmente a las relaciones cercanas. El respeto en las relaciones cercanas o románticas ha sido estudiado solo recientemente (Frei & Shaver, 2002; Hendrick & Hendrick, 2006), y el presente artículo describe un estudio diseñado para construir la noción de respeto en su esencia más profunda en las relaciones. Participaron 314 estudiantes universitarios quienes leían un escenario sobre una relación, John y Linda, quienes aparentemente estaban en un experimento de psicología durante el cual ellos reportaron el respeto que sentían el uno por el otro. John (o Linda) se habían evaluado a sí mismos como poseedores de un "respeto extremadamente alto" o "respeto moderadamente bajo" hacia la pareja. Se pidió a los participantes que imaginaran que ellos eran John (o Linda) y luego calificaran a una pareja hipotética al respecto de actitudes amorosas, satisfacción con la relación, compromiso y auto-divulgación. Los participantes también dieron sus propios puntajes para John (o Linda) en varios adjetivos de rasgo. El diseño factorial fue de 2 (sexo del participante) x 2 (John/Linda) x 2 (respeto alto/bajo). El efecto principal para respeto fue significativo para 15 de las 18 variables, con un respeto extremadamente alto vs. moderadamente bajo hacia la pareja recogiendo puntajes más favorables en casi todos los casos. Respeto parece -entonces-ser una parte importante del significado intrínseco de las relaciones cercanas o románticas.

Versión reducida de la escala triangular del amor: características del sentimiento en Brasil / Reduced version of triangular love scale: feeling's characteristics in Brazil

La Teoría Triangular del Amor de Sternberg divide el sentimiento en los componentes de la Intimidad, de la Pasión, y del Decisión/Compromiso. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de analiza las características del amor en una muestra de estudiantes de licenciatura del Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la versión reducida de la Escala Triangular del Amor, que obtuvo los valores adecuados de consistencia interna y estructura factorial. Los resultados indicaron semejanzas entre los géneros en las cuentas de las tres dimensiones. Por la comparación transversal de los datos, se observó que los niveles del amor tienen la tendencia para aumentar hasta el casamiento. Las tres dimensiones del amor contribuyen con sus particularidades en un modelo explicativo de la satisfacción en la relación. Así, la Intimidad, la Pasión y el Decisión/Compromiso se pueden considerar independientes, aunque se pueden poner en correlación. Se sugiere la investigación de los aspectos longitudinales del amor.(AU)

The Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love divides the feeling in the components of Intimacy, Passion, and Decision/Commitment. This study had the objective of analyze the characteristics of love in a sample of undergraduate students of the South of Brazil. It utilized itself the reduced version of the Triangular Love Scale, which obtained adequate values of internal consistency and factorial structure. The results indicated resemblances between the genders in the scores of the three dimensions. Through the transversal comparison of the data, observed that the levels of love have the tendency to increase until the marriage. The three dimensions of the love contribute with his particularities in an explanatory model of the satisfaction in the relationship. Then, the Intimacy, the Passion and the Decision/Commitment can be considered independent, although correlated. It suggests itself the inquiry of the longitudinal aspects of the love.(AU)