Representação social da Covid-19 para a população de uma cidade de pequeno porte / Social representation of Covid-19 for the population of a small-sized city / Representación social del Covid-19 para la población de un pequeño pueblo

Objetivo: analisar a representação social da Covid-19 para a população geral de uma cidade de pequeno porte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo qualitativo, apoiado na abordagem estrutural das representações sociais. Participaram 100 usuários de serviços de saúde. Os dados foram coletados por questionário sociodemográfico de evocações livres de palavras e roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio dos softwares Excel, EVOC 2005 e análise de conteúdo temático-categorial para contextualização das evocações respectivamente. Resultados: os termos do possível núcleo central foram: morte, sofrimento, cuidados, ansiedade-angústia e vacina. Na primeira periferia: medo e prevenção. À segunda periferia: informação-desinformação; desgoverno; ter-fé e proteção. A zona de contrate: doença; isolamento-social; dificuldades; catástrofe-mundial; desemprego e pandemia. Considerações finais: marcaram essa representação os impactos psicossociais negativos resultantes da desestruturação da vida e das mortes ocasionadas pela nova doença, no entanto o grupo aderiu as medidas de cuidados de proteção.

Objective: to analyze the social representation of Covid-19 among the general population of a small-sized city in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Qualitative study, based on the structural approach of social representations. One hundred healthcare service users participated. Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, free word evocation, and a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed using Excel software, EVOC 2005, and thematic-categorical content analysis for contextualization of the evocations, respectively. Results: the terms of the possible central core were: death, suffering, care, anxiety-distress, and vaccine. In the first periphery: fear and prevention. In the second periphery: information-misinformation; mismanagement; having faith and protection. The contrast zone: disease; social isolation; difficulties; global catastrophe; unemployment; and pandemic. Final considerations: this representation was marked by the negative psychosocial impacts resulting from the disruption of life and the deaths caused by the new disease; however, the group adhered to protective care measures.

Objetivo: analizar la representación social del Covid-19 para la población general de una pequeña ciudad del Estado de Río de Janeiro. Método: estudio cualitativo, basado en el enfoque estructural de las representaciones sociales. Participaron 100 usuarios de servicios de salud. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario sociodemográfico con evocación libre de palabras y una guía de entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando lo software Excel y EVOC 2005 y análisis de contenido temático-categórico para contextualizar las evocaciones respectivamente. Resultados: los términos del posible núcleo central eran: muerte, sufrimiento, cuidados, ansiedad-angustia y vacuna. En la primera periferia: miedo y prevención. En la segunda periferia: información-desinformación; desgobierno; tener fe y protección. La zona de contraste: enfermedad; aislamiento-social; dificultades; catástrofe-mundial; desempleo y pandemia. Consideraciones finales: esta representación se caracterizó por los impactos psicosociales negativos derivados de la desestructuración de la vida y de las muertes causada por la nueva enfermedad, sin embargo, el grupo adhirió a las medidas de protección.

Comparative assessment of genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-exome sequencing for estimating genetic diversity and geographic structure in small sample sizes: insights from wild jaguar populations.

Biologists currently have an assortment of high-throughput sequencing techniques allowing the study of population dynamics in increasing detail. The utility of genetic estimates depends on their ability to recover meaningful approximations while filtering out noise produced by artifacts. In this study, we empirically compared the congruence of two reduced representation approaches (genotyping-by-sequencing, GBS, and whole-exome sequencing, WES) in estimating genetic diversity and population structure using SNP markers typed in a small number of wild jaguar (Panthera onca) samples from South America. Due to its targeted nature, WES allowed for a more straightforward reconstruction of loci compared to GBS, facilitating the identification of true polymorphisms across individuals. We therefore used WES-derived metrics as a benchmark against which GBS-derived indicators were compared, adjusting parameters for locus assembly and SNP filtering in the latter. We observed significant variation in SNP call rates across samples in GBS datasets, leading to a recurrent miscalling of heterozygous sites. This issue was further amplified by small sample sizes, ultimately impacting the consistency of summary statistics between genotyping methods. Recognizing that the genetic markers obtained from GBS and WES are intrinsically different due to varying evolutionary pressures, particularly selection, we consider that our empirical comparison offers valuable insights and highlights critical considerations for estimating population genetic attributes using reduced representation datasets. Our results emphasize the critical need for careful evaluation of missing data and stringent filtering to achieve reliable estimates of genetic diversity and differentiation in elusive wildlife species.

Current challenges for plant biology research in the Global South.

In an attempt to address the large inequities faced by the plant biology communities from the Global South (i.e. countries located around the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere) at international conferences, this Viewpoint is the reflexive thinking arising from the concurrent session titled 'Arabidopsis and its translational research in the Global South' organized at the International Conference of Arabidopsis Research 2023 (ICAR 2023) in Chiba, Japan in June 2023. Here, we highlight the main obstacles plant biology communities in the Global South face in terms of knowledge production, as measured by the unequal production and citation of publications, investigating and advancing local plant genomics and biodiversity, combating disparities in gender and diversity, and current initiatives to break isolation of scientists.

The role of culture in the representation of probiotic foods.

Functional foods, and specifically probiotics, are important products present in retail worldwide. Probiotics comprise "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, can confer a health benefit on the host". This study aimed to investigate the effect of culture on probiotic foods social representation. A total of 818 consumers from seven countries (Argentina, Brazil, Honduras, Mauritius, Mexico, Peru, and Slovenia) participated in the study. A free word association task was performed with the inductor term "probiotic food," followed by lemmatization, categorization, and prototypical analysis of the social representation. The results indicated that the term health was common in all countries studied, as well as other positive aspects such as benefits, well-being, and functional foods. This study helped to shed light and better understand the role of culture in the social representation of probiotics.

Orthogonality of sensory and contextual categorical dynamics embedded in a continuum of responses from the second somatosensory cortex.

How does the brain simultaneously process signals that bring complementary information, like raw sensory signals and their transformed counterparts, without any disruptive interference? Contemporary research underscores the brain's adeptness in using decorrelated responses to reduce such interference. Both neurophysiological findings and artificial neural networks support the notion of orthogonal representation for signal differentiation and parallel processing. Yet, where, and how raw sensory signals are transformed into more abstract representations remains unclear. Using a temporal pattern discrimination task in trained monkeys, we revealed that the second somatosensory cortex (S2) efficiently segregates faithful and transformed neural responses into orthogonal subspaces. Importantly, S2 population encoding for transformed signals, but not for faithful ones, disappeared during a nondemanding version of this task, which suggests that signal transformation and their decoding from downstream areas are only active on-demand. A mechanistic computation model points to gain modulation as a possible biological mechanism for the observed context-dependent computation. Furthermore, individual neural activities that underlie the orthogonal population representations exhibited a continuum of responses, with no well-determined clusters. These findings advocate that the brain, while employing a continuum of heterogeneous neural responses, splits population signals into orthogonal subspaces in a context-dependent fashion to enhance robustness, performance, and improve coding efficiency.

Proposal of a domain model for 3D representation of buildings in Ecuador.

The accelerated urban sprawl of cities around the world presents major challenges for urban planning and land resource management. In this context, it is crucial to have a detailed 3D representation of buildings enriched with accurate alphanumeric information. A distinctive aspect of this proposal is its specific focus on the spatial unit corresponding to buildings. In order to propose a domain model for the 3D representation of buildings, the national standard of Ecuador and the international standard (ISO 19152:2012 LADM) were considered. The proposal includes a detailed specification of attributes, both for the general subclass of buildings and for their infrastructure. The application of the domain model proposal was crucial in a study area located in the Riobamba canton, due to the characteristics of the buildings in that area. For this purpose, a geodatabase was created in pgAdmin4 with official information, taking into account the structure of the proposed model and linking it with geospatial data for an adequate management and 3D representation of the buildings in an open-source Geographic Information System. This application improves cadastral management in the study region and has wider implications. This model is intended to serve as a benchmark for other countries facing similar challenges in cadastral management and 3D representation of buildings, promote efficient urban development and contribute to global sustainable development.

The social representation of digital transformation: The IT professionals' perspective.

In this study, we aimed to identify how Information Technology professionals make sense of digital transformation, in order to compare this perception with the scientific literature on the topic. To conduct the research, we adopted the Social Representation Theory. Thus, via an online tool, we applied the words evocation technique as well as an ancillary questionnaire comprising open and closed questions. The expressions collected were then semantically treated and categorized, being then analyzed vis-à-vis their frequency of evocation, relevance, connectedness, and cooccurrence. Then, we performed similarity and content analyses for the open answers received. In doing so, we detected dissonance between scientific production on the concept of digital transformation and the perception of Information Technology professionals on this construct, concluding that such professionals have a technocentric view of digital transformation, based mainly on its technological aspects, which can prevent digital transformation initiatives from fully achieving the desired objectives.

'Uma parte de mim sabia que isso aconteceria um dia': vivências de jovens com HIV/aids / 'A part of me knew this would happen one day': experiences of young people with HIV/ AIDS

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as representações sociais de jovens que vivem com o HIV. Estudo qualitativo, ancorado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado com 16 jovens em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Os dados foram coletados entre maio e outubro de 2022, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Para o tratamento dos dados, empregou-se a técnica de análise lexical, operacionalizada com o auxílio do software Iramuteq. A representação fortemente associada ao diagnóstico de HIV está relacionada ao desconhecimento, preconceito e aceitação, apresentando, também, elementos positivos como recomeço. Classes: Diagnóstico positivo para o HIV: o 'eu' de agora; HIV em face do desconhecimento e do estigma; e Relações interpessoais: diálogo, acolhimento e respeito necessários aos jovens. Compreendeu-se que as representações sociais dos jovens com HIV refletem a sua condição na sociedade. Os dados deste estudo mostram que existem formas distintas de vivenciar o HIV, muitas vezes representadas pela fragilidade, pela resignação, e outras, pelo fortalecimento. A fim de minimizar a vulnerabilidade do jovem à exposição ao HIV e aos riscos de conviver com o estigma e preconceito social, fazem-se necessárias a adoção de estratégias de conscientização da sociedade sobre a doença e a ampliação da divulgação de políticas públicas que abarcam essa temática.

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at understanding the social representations of young people living with HIV. This is a qualitative study, based on the Social Representations Theory, carried out with 16 young people in outpatient follow-up. Data were collected between May and October 2022, through semi-structured interviews. For data processing, the lexical analysis technique was used, operationalized with the aid of the IRAMUTEQ software. The representation strongly associated with the diagnosis of HIV is related to lack of knowledge, prejudice and acceptance, also presenting positive elements such as a new beginning. Classes: Positive diagnosis for HIV: the new 'me'; HIV in the face of ignorance and stigma; and Interpersonal relationships: dialogue, acceptance and respect necessary for young people. It was understood that the social representations of young people with HIV reflect their condition in society. The data show that there are different ways of experiencing HIV, often represented by fragility, resignation, and other times by strengthening. In order to minimize the vulnerability of young people to exposure to HIV and the risks of living with stigma and social prejudice, it is necessary to adopt strategies to raise awareness about the disease and to expand the dissemination of public policies that cover this topic.

Graph-Based Audio Classification Using Pre-Trained Models and Graph Neural Networks.

Sound classification plays a crucial role in enhancing the interpretation, analysis, and use of acoustic data, leading to a wide range of practical applications, of which environmental sound analysis is one of the most important. In this paper, we explore the representation of audio data as graphs in the context of sound classification. We propose a methodology that leverages pre-trained audio models to extract deep features from audio files, which are then employed as node information to build graphs. Subsequently, we train various graph neural networks (GNNs), specifically graph convolutional networks (GCNs), GraphSAGE, and graph attention networks (GATs), to solve multi-class audio classification problems. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of employing graphs to represent audio data. Moreover, they highlight the competitive performance of GNNs in sound classification endeavors, with the GAT model emerging as the top performer, achieving a mean accuracy of 83% in classifying environmental sounds and 91% in identifying the land cover of a site based on its audio recording. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the potential of graph representation learning techniques for analyzing audio data.

«Yo tengo mi abogado¼: vínculo y participación en representación jurídica de niños / «I have my lawyer¼: Relationships and participation in the legal representation of children / «Eu tenho o meu advogado¼: Vínculo e participação na representação legal de crianças

Resumen (analítico) Este estudio buscó conocer los significados que construyen profesionales del programa Mi Abogado (Chile) sobre el vínculo y la participación infantil. Bajo un diseño cualitativo exploratorio, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y se aplicó un análisis de contenido. Los participantes señalan que se requiere conocer al niño o adolescente, reconocer su singularidad y su historia de vida. A su vez, es necesario reconstruir la confianza en el mundo adulto, para construir un vínculo significativo como base de la participación infantil. Reconocer la singularidad y reconstruir la confianza permite representarles mejor y fortalecer su agencia, facilitando su participación en los procesos que les afectan directamente. Se sugiere conocer cómo los nuevos programas construyen significados en torno a los derechos en este contexto que busca superar una perspectiva tutelar.

Abstract (analytical) This study aimed to understand the meanings developed by professional staff in the Mi Abogado Program (Chile). Using a qualitative exploratory design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals and content analysis was applied. Participants highlighted a number of essential factors in their work, including that it was necessary to get to know the children and recognize their unique circumstances and life histories. At the same time, they stated that it was necessary to rebuild their trust in adults in order to form a significant relationship and enable child participation. Identification of their unique circumstances, generating trust and forming significant relationships lead to better legal representation of these children, strengthen agency and facilitate their participation in the processes that directly affect them. The authors conclude by the article by recommending further examination of how new programs are building meanings around children's rights in a context that seeks to overcome existing power imbalances.

Resumo (analítico) Este estudo buscou compreender os significados construídos pelos profissionais do Programa Mi Abogado (Chile) sobre vínculo e participação infantil. Sob um delineamento exploratório qualitativo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais e aplicada a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. Os participantes destacam que é preciso conhecer à criança, reconhecer sua singularidade e sua história de vida. Ao mesmo tempo, é preciso reconstruir a confiança nos adultos, a fim de construir um vínculo significativo e possibilitar a participação infantil. Singularidade, confiança e vínculo significativo permitem uma melhor representação, fortalecem sua agência e facilitam a participação nos processos que os afetam diretamente. É relevante explorar como novos programas estão construindo significados em torno dos direitos da criança neste contexto que busca superar o enfoque tutelar.

Representaciones sociales acerca de Instagram: Estudio cualitativo con adultos emergentes con diferente bienestar psicológico y autoestima corporal

Antecedentes existe una relación entre el uso de Instagram y diferentes influencias e interacciones con el bienestar y salud mental de este grupo etario. Objetivo Reconstruir las representaciones sociales acerca de la red social Instagram de adultos emergentes con diferentes niveles de bienestar psicológico y autoestima corporal. Método redes semánticas naturales y entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron aplicadas a N=12 adultos emergentes (19 - 27 años) divididos en dos grupos según sus niveles de autoestima corporal y bienestar psicológico. El análisis de datos estuvo basado en análisis de redes semánticas naturales y algunos procedimientos de codificación teórica. Resultados se muestra la presencia del concepto de "acoso" como núcleo central de la representación social de Instagram en el grupo con baja autoestima corporal y bajo bienestar psicológico, a diferencia del grupo con alta autoestima corporal y alto bienestar psicológico en donde el núcleo central fue "red social". Conclusiones en los grupos estudiados, se encontraron dos representaciones sociales diferentes respecto de Instagram. Estos resultados pueden ser relevantes para aportar a llenar el vacío de conocimiento sobre los significados subjetivos colectivos de los adultos emergentes, teniendo implicancias en la mejor comprensión de las diversas formas de relación que establecen con esta y otras redes sociales.

Background There is a relationship between the use of Instagram and various influences and interactions with the well-being and mental health of this age group. Objective To reconstruct the social representations of the Instagram social network among emerging adults with different levels of psychological well-being and body esteem. Method Natural semantic networks and semi-structured interviews were conducted with N=12 emerging adults (19 - 27 years old) divided into two groups based on their body self-esteem and psychological well-being levels. Data analysis relied on natural semantic network analysis and theoretical coding. Results The concept of "harassment" is revealed as the central core of the social representation of Instagram in the group with low body self-esteem and low psychological well-being, unlike the group with high body esteem and high psychological well-being where the central core was the "social network" itself. Conclusions Two different social representations of Instagram were found in the studied groups. These results could contribute to filling the knowledge gap about the collective subjective meanings of emerging adults, impacting the better understanding of the diverse relationships they establish with this and other social networks.

Structural analysis of whey representation between rural and urban populations in western Mexico.

Whey is a by-product derived from cheese making. Despite being rich in nutrients, it is little used, it even represents a problem form the environment in Mexico. In this sense, it is important to know the meanings that are associated with this term, especially when it is intended to develop new products from this by-product. The objective of this work was to analyze the representation of the term whey in rural and urban populations through the Central core Theory. Additionally, the relationship between gender-place of residence with the evoked word is explored. Therefore, three hundred and sixty people (from rural and urban areas) were interviewed face to face in two areas in the western region of Mexico. Word association test was carried out, using "whey" as stimulus; the associated words were ordered according to their importance; the polarity index of each associated word was evaluated. The most frequently mentioned words were analyzed based on their frequency of mention and average importance to identify the conceptual structure of the concept representation. The results show and influence of the place of residence on the conceptual structure. Rural participants tend to generate more words with negative connotations, while the central elements of urban consumers are mainly related to dairy products. When comparing consumers by gender, rural and urban women associate "whey" with aspects of both the production process and dairy products. In the case of men, those from the urban zone, relate to aspects related to nutrition, dairy products and nutrients. In contrast, men from the rural area relate whey mainly to negative aspects such as pollution. The study confirms that there is a link between the place of residence and the conformation of the conceptual structure, where the gender-region relationship influences the definition of the term "whey".

A representação social da covid-19 veiculada pelo jornal O Globo durante a pandemia / The social representation of covid-19 published by the newspaper O Globo during the pandemic / La representación social de la covid-19 publicada por el diario O Globo durante la pandemia

O estudo em que se baseia este artigo objetivou discutir os conteúdos representacionais da covid-19 veiculados pelo jornal O Globo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, descritiva, pautada na teoria das representações sociais. Foram coletadas matérias jornalísticas publicadas no período de 11 de março de 2020 a 30 de junho de 2021. Ao todo, 421 matérias foram analisadas com o software de análise lexical Iramuteq. Os resultados mostram seis classes lexicais, discutidas a partir de três contextos organizadores da representação social da covid-19: as dimensões sociais e econômicas da doença; os fatores constituintes do seu enfrentamento, e a política e seus representantes na pandemia. Concluiu-se que foi possível observar o uso de formas subliminares de veiculação de uma visão neoliberal e biomédica durante a pandemia, obscurecendo o papel do Estado na redução das vulnerabilidades sociais, assim como a atuação do campo da Saúde Pública.

O estudo em que se baseia este artigo objetivou discutir os conteúdos representacionais da covid-19 veiculados pelo jornal O Globo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, descritiva, pautada na teoria das representações sociais. Foram coletadas matérias jornalísticas publicadas no período de 11 de março de 2020 a 30 de junho de 2021. Ao todo, 421 matérias foram analisadas com o software de análise lexical Iramuteq. Os resultados mostram seis classes lexicais, discutidas a partir de três contextos organizadores da representação social da covid-19: as dimensões sociais e econômicas da doença; os fatores constituintes do seu enfrentamento, e a política e seus representantes na pandemia. Concluiu-se que foi possível observar o uso de formas subliminares de veiculação de uma visão neoliberal e biomédica durante a pandemia, obscurecendo o papel do Estado na redução das vulnerabilidades sociais, assim como a atuação do campo da Saúde Pública.

El estudio en el que se basa este artículo tuvo como objetivo discutir el contenido representacional de la covid-19 publicado por el periódico O Globo. Se trata de una investigación documental, descriptiva, basada en la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Se recolectaron artículos periodísticos publicados entre el 11 de marzo de 2020 y el 30 de junio de 2021 y se analizaron 421 de ellos con el software de análisis léxico Iramuteq. Los resultados muestran seis clases léxicas, discutidas desde tres contextos organizadores de la representación social del Covid-19: las dimensiones social y económica de la enfermedad; los factores constitutivos para hacerle frente; y la política y sus representantes en la pandemia. Se concluyó que fue posible observar el uso de formas subliminales de difusión de una visión neoliberal y biomédica durante la pandemia, oscureciendo el papel del Estado en la reducción de las vulnerabilidades sociales, así como el desempeño del campo de la Salud Pública.

Vectorial Image Representation for Image Classification.

This paper proposes the transformation S→C→, where S is a digital gray-level image and C→ is a vector expressed through the textural space. The proposed transformation is denominated Vectorial Image Representation on the Texture Space (VIR-TS), given that the digital image S is represented by the textural vector C→. This vector C→ contains all of the local texture characteristics in the image of interest, and the texture unit T→ entertains a vectorial character, since it is defined through the resolution of a homogeneous equation system. For the application of this transformation, a new classifier for multiple classes is proposed in the texture space, where the vector C→ is employed as a characteristics vector. To verify its efficiency, it was experimentally deployed for the recognition of digital images of tree barks, obtaining an effective performance. In these experiments, the parametric value λ employed to solve the homogeneous equation system does not affect the results of the image classification. The VIR-TS transform possesses potential applications in specific tasks, such as locating missing persons, and the analysis and classification of diagnostic and medical images.

NeoSLAM: Long-Term SLAM Using Computational Models of the Brain.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a fundamental problem in the field of robotics, enabling autonomous robots to navigate and create maps of unknown environments. Nevertheless, the SLAM methods that use cameras face problems in maintaining accurate localization over extended periods across various challenging conditions and scenarios. Following advances in neuroscience, we propose NeoSLAM, a novel long-term visual SLAM, which uses computational models of the brain to deal with this problem. Inspired by the human neocortex, NeoSLAM is based on a hierarchical temporal memory model that has the potential to identify temporal sequences of spatial patterns using sparse distributed representations. Being known to have a high representational capacity and high tolerance to noise, sparse distributed representations have several properties, enabling the development of a novel neuroscience-based loop-closure detector that allows for real-time performance, especially in resource-constrained robotic systems. The proposed method has been thoroughly evaluated in terms of environmental complexity by using a wheeled robot deployed in the field and demonstrated that the accuracy of loop-closure detection was improved compared with the traditional RatSLAM system.

Deep learning algorithms applied to computational chemistry.

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of deep learning techniques in the molecular sciences, which have shown high performance on datasets and the ability to generalize across data. However, no model has achieved perfect performance in solving all problems, and the pros and cons of each approach remain unclear to those new to the field. Therefore, this paper aims to review deep learning algorithms that have been applied to solve molecular challenges in computational chemistry. We proposed a comprehensive categorization that encompasses two primary approaches; conventional deep learning and geometric deep learning models. This classification takes into account the distinct techniques employed by the algorithms within each approach. We present an up-to-date analysis of these algorithms, emphasizing their key features and open issues. This includes details of input descriptors, datasets used, open-source code availability, task solutions, and actual research applications, focusing on general applications rather than specific ones such as drug discovery. Furthermore, our report discusses trends and future directions in molecular algorithm design, including the input descriptors used for each deep learning model, GPU usage, training and forward processing time, model parameters, the most commonly used datasets, libraries, and optimization schemes. This information aids in identifying the most suitable algorithms for a given task. It also serves as a reference for the datasets and input data frequently used for each algorithm technique. In addition, it provides insights into the benefits and open issues of each technique, and supports the development of novel computational chemistry systems.

Accelerating the Discovery and Design of Antimicrobial Peptides with Artificial Intelligence.

Peptides modulate many processes of human physiology targeting ion channels, protein receptors, or enzymes. They represent valuable starting points for the development of new biologics against communicable and non-communicable disorders. However, turning native peptide ligands into druggable materials requires high selectivity and efficacy, predictable metabolism, and good safety profiles. Machine learning models have gradually emerged as cost-effective and time-saving solutions to predict and generate new proteins with optimal properties. In this chapter, we will discuss the evolution and applications of predictive modeling and generative modeling to discover and design safe and effective antimicrobial peptides. We will also present their current limitations and suggest future research directions, applicable to peptide drug design campaigns.

Use of Hypothetical Situations as a Methodological Resource in a Social Representations Study / Uso de Situações Hipotéticas como Recurso Metodológico em Estudo de Representações Sociais / Uso de Situaciones Hipotéticas como Recurso Metodológico en Estudio de las Representaciones Sociales

Abstract: Gender-based violence is a multifaceted problem, recurrently addressed in different fields, and its approach is always challenging. The study aimed to characterize the use of hypothetical situation vignette as a methodological resource in the study of representations and social practices of gender and gender-based violence among professionals from Specialized Police Stations for Women's Assistance (DEAMs). A total of 15 adults of different ages, genders, and roles, working at two DEAMs in different Brazilian states, who were presented with two hypothetical situations took part in the study. The data were submitted to IRaMuTeQ and analyzed in the light of the Social Representations Theory. Data suggested social representations of gender anchored in the traditional division of social roles and gender-based violence supported by ideas about gender oppression and legal norms. It is considered that the vignettes contributed to a broader understanding of these phenomena, capturing meanings, positions, and practices.

Resumo: A violência de gênero é um problema multifacetado, recorrentemente abordado em diversos campos, e sua abordagem é sempre desafiadora. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o uso de vinheta de situação hipotética como recurso metodológico em estudo de representações e práticas sociais de gênero e de violência de gênero entre profissionais de Delegacias Especializadas de Atendimento à Mulher (Deams). Participaram 15 adultos de idades, gêneros e funções variadas, atuantes em duas Deams de diferentes estados brasileiros, aos quais foram apresentadas duas situações hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos ao IRaMuTeQ e analisados à luz da Teoria de Representações Sociais. Apontaram representações sociais de gênero ancoradas em divisão tradicional de papéis sociais e de violência de gênero sustentadas em ideias sobre opressão de gênero e em normas legais. Considera-se que as vinhetas contribuíram para compreensão mais ampla destes fenômenos, captando significações, posicionamentos e práticas.

Resumen: La violencia de género es un problema multifacético tratado en diferentes campos, y su abordaje es siempre desafiante. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de viñetas de situaciones hipotéticas como recurso metodológico para estudiar las representaciones y prácticas sociales de género y violencia de género entre los profesionales de las Comisarías Especializadas de Atención a la Mujer (Deams). Participaron 15 adultos de diferentes edades, géneros y roles que trabajan en dos Deams en diferentes estados brasileños y se les presentaron dos situaciones hipotéticas. Los datos se enviaron a IRaMuTeQ para pasar por un análisis a la luz de la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Señalaron representaciones sociales de género ancladas en la división tradicional de los roles sociales, y de violencia de género sostenidas en ideas sobre opresión de género y en normas jurídicas. Se considera que las viñetas contribuyeron a una comprensión más amplia de estos fenómenos, captando significados, posicionamientos y prácticas.

Memória e ancoragem na construção de representações sociais sobre edição genética de embriões humanos / Memory and anchoring in the construction of social representations about human embryo gene editing / Memoria y anclaje en la construcción de representaciones sociales sobre edición genética de embriones humanos

Resumo: As representações sociais são elaboradas a partir da inserção de determinado objeto em um sistema de conhecimentos preexistentes, processo este, denominado de ancoragem. Este estudo buscou analisar a relação entre memória e ancoragem nas representações sociais da edição genética de embriões humanos. Foram conduzidas 40 entrevistas com pessoas adultas maiores de 18 anos sobre opiniões acerca da edição genética de embriões humanos. Realizou-se uma Análise de Conteúdo Temática a partir das entrevistas. As memórias evocadas discutem os avanços da ciência e o surgimento de outras biotecnologias no passado. O risco de práticas eugenistas e erros da ciência também foram rememorados. As memórias mostram duas tendências concomitantes entre os entrevistados: a busca pela familiarização da edição genética e/ou o distanciamento deste objeto. Os posicionamentos revelam um pensamento condicional, apontando para os aspectos controversos e esperançosos e as consequências positivas e negativas que podem ocorrer a partir da aplicação dessa tecnologia.

Abstract: Social representations are developed by inserting a given object into a system of preexisting knowledge, a process known as anchoring. This study sought to analyze the relationship between memory and anchoring in social representations of human embryo genetic editing. Forty interviews were conducted with adults over 18 years of age about their opinions about human embryo genetic editing. A Thematic Content Analysis was carried out based on the interviews. The memories evoked discuss scientific advances and the emergence of other biotechnologies in the past. The risk of eugenic practices and scientific errors were also recalled. The memories show two concomitant trends among the interviewees: the search for familiarization with genetic editing and/or distancing from this object. The positions reveal conditional thinking, pointing to the controversial and hopeful aspects and the positive and negative consequences that may occur from the application of this technology.

Resumen: Las representaciones sociales se crean a partir de la inserción de un determinado objeto en un sistema de conocimientos preexistentes, proceso llamado anclaje. Este estudio buscó analizar la relación entre la memoria y anclaje en las representaciones sociales de la edición genética de embriones humanos. Se realizaron 40 entrevistas a adultos mayores de 18 años sobre sus opiniones acerca de la edición genética de embriones humanos. Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático a partir de las entrevistas. Las memorias evocadas discuten los avances de la ciencia e el surgimiento de otras biotecnologías en el pasado. También se recordó el riesgo de prácticas eugenésicas y de errores en la ciencia. Las memorias muestran dos tendencias concomitantes entre los entrevistados: la búsqueda de familiarización con la edición genética y/o el distanciamiento de ese objeto. Las posturas revelan un pensamiento condicional, señalando los aspectos controvertidos y esperanzadores y las consecuencias positivas y negativas que pueden surgir del uso de esta tecnología.

Experiences and meanings of trans men about breastfeeding in light of the Theory of Social Representations / Experiencias y significados de hombres trans sobre la lactancia a la luz de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales / Experiências e significados de homens trans sobre amamentação à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the experiences and meanings attributed by trans men to the breastfeeding process in light of the Theory of Social Representations. Method: A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, carried out nationwide, with an intentional sample of five trans men who experienced breastfeeding and aged 18 or over. A semi-structured interview script was applied as a data collection instrument, using the Google Meet® platform, from September to October 2021. The data were described, integrating them with content analysis, resulting in two analytical categories. Results: Trans men in labor were willing to breastfeed their child, anchoring their representations of breastfeeding in the idea that it is a phenomenon performed exclusively by women and also recognizing this phenomenon as an event that constitutes their masculinity, in addition to describing it as a pedagogical and learning experience with the objective of guaranteeing the healthy development of children. Conclusions: This study may promote reflections for changing nursing and health practices in different care settings, especially during prenatal care, childbirth and the postpartum period.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias y significados atribuidos por hombres trans al proceso de lactancia a la luz de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, realizado a nivel nacional, con una muestra intencional de cinco hombres trans que han experimentado la lactancia y tienen 18 años o más. Se aplicó como instrumento de recolección de datos la guía de entrevista semiestructurada, utilizando la plataforma Google Meet®, de septiembre a octubre de 2021. Se describieron los datos integrándolos con el análisis de contenido, dando como resultado dos categorías analíticas. Resultados: Los hombres trans en trabajo de parto estaban dispuestos a amamantar a su hijo, anclando sus representaciones sobre la lactancia en la idea de que es un fenómeno realizado exclusivamente por mujeres y también reconocer este fenómeno como un acontecimiento que constituye su masculinidad, además de describirlo como una experiencia pedagógica y de aprendizaje con el objetivo de asegurar el sano desarrollo del niño. Conclusiones: Este estudio puede promover reflexiones sobre el cambio de las prácticas de enfermería y salud en diferentes entornos de atención, especialmente durante el prenatal, el parto y el posparto.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as experiências e significados atribuídos por homens trans ao processo de amamentação à luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Método: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado em âmbito nacional, com uma amostra intencional de cinco homens trans que experienciaram a amamentação e com idade igual ou superior aos 18 anos. Aplicou-se o roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado como instrumento de coleta de dados, utilizando a plataforma Google Meet®, de setembro a outubro de 2021. Os dados foram descritos, integrando-os à análise de conteúdo, resultando em duas categorias analíticas. Resultados: Os homens trans parturientes se dispuseram a amamentar sua criança, ancorando suas representações sobre a amamentação na ideia de que se trata de um fenômeno desempenhado, exclusivamente, por mulheres e reconhecendo, também, esse fenômeno como um acontecimento que constitui sua masculinidade, além de descrevê-la como uma experiência pedagógica e de aprendizado com o objetivo de garantir o desenvolvimento saudável da criança. Conclusões: Este estudo poderá promover reflexões para a mudança da prática em enfermagem e saúde nos diversos cenários do cuidado, especialmente durante a assistência pré-natal, ao parto e ao puerpério.