Ethics of the Use of Social Media as Training Data for AI Models Used for Digital Phenotyping.

Digital phenotyping, or personal sensing, is a field of research that seeks to quantify traits and characteristics of people using digital technologies, usually for health care purposes. In this commentary, we discuss emerging ethical issues regarding the use of social media as training data for artificial intelligence (AI) models used for digital phenotyping. In particular, we describe the ethical need for explicit consent from social media users, particularly in cases where sensitive information such as labels related to neurodiversity are scraped. We also advocate for the use of community-based participatory design principles when developing health care AI models using social media data.

Recovery and Renewal of Co-Design Approaches in Health: Protocol for a Realist Synthesis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the landscape of work and collaboration, impacting design research methodologies and techniques. Co-design approaches have been both negatively and positively affected by the pandemic, prompting a need to investigate and understand the extent of these impacts, changes, and adaptations, specifically in the health sector. Despite the challenges that the pandemic imposed on conducting co-design and related projects, it also encouraged a re-evaluation of co-design practices, leading to innovative solutions and techniques. Designers and researchers have explored alternative ways to engage stakeholders and end users, leveraging digital workshops and participatory digital platforms. These adaptations have the potential to enhance inclusivity, allowing for a wider range of individuals to contribute their perspectives and insights through co-design and thus contribute to healthcare change. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the impacts of the pandemic on co-design and related practices, focusing on co-design practices in healthcare that have been gained, adapted, or enhanced, with a specific focus on issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion. METHODS: The study uses a realist synthesis methodology to identify and analyze the effects of the pandemic on co-design approaches in health, drawing on a range of sources including first-person experiences, gray literature, and academic literature. A community of practice in co-design in health will be engaged to support this process. RESULTS: By examining the experiences and insights of professionals, practitioners, and communities who were actively involved in co-design and have navigated the challenges and opportunities of the pandemic, we can gain a deeper understanding of the strategies, tools, and techniques that have facilitated effective co-design during the pandemic, contributing to building resilience and capacity in co-design in health beyond the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: By involving community partners, community of practice (research), and design practitioners, we expect closer proximity to practice with capacity building occurring through the realist process, thus enabling rapid adoption and refinement of new techniques or insights that emerge. Ultimately, this research will contribute to the advancement of co-design methodologies and inform the future of co-design in health. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/58318.

Balancing ethical norms and duties for the introduction of new medicines through conditional marketing authorization: a research agenda.

The European Medicines Agency's conditional marketing authorization (CMA) aims to expedite patient access to medicines for unmet medical needs by shifting a part of the drug development process post-authorization. We highlight ethical issues surrounding CMA, comprising (i) the complexity of defining unmet medical need; (ii) poor understanding of CMA and its impact on informed consent; (iii) hope versus unrealistic optimism; (iv) implications of prolonged post-authorization studies and potential patient harm; (v) rights and duties of patients surrounding participation in post-authorization studies; (vi) access to previously authorized CMA medicines; and (vii) the "benefit slippage" phenomenon, defined as the gradual shift of strict criteria to less strict criteria. We propose a comprehensive research agenda to address these ethical issues, and stress the need for multi-stakeholder engagement to ensure patient-centered use of CMA.

Research Ethics of Involving Adolescents in Health Research Studies: Perspectives From Australia.

PURPOSE: Adolescent participation in health research studies is critical yet complex given the lack of clarity around issues such as consent. This study aimed to understand how those conducting research in Australia navigate research ethics in health research involving adolescents, through qualitative interviews. METHODS: Purposive sampling was used to recruit 23 researchers involved in adolescent health research using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted via Zoom and audio-recorded after obtaining informed consent. Thematic analysis was used to construct themes and data were organised using NVivo. RESULTS: Two contrasting positions emerged from the data: (1) framing of adolescents as inherently vulnerable, their participation in research understood in terms of risk and protection and (2) adolescent engagement in research is understood in terms of empowerment, emphasising their capacity to make decisions about research participation. We traced these positions through three key themes, particularly in relation to the role of ethics committees: (1) competing positions as a result of inferior or superior knowledge about adolescent lives, (2) competing positions resulting in a risk averse or an empowerment approach, and (3) reflections on processes of obtaining consent which involves gatekeeping and tokenism. DISCUSSION: Our study highlights the contentious topic of navigating ethics committee requirements for the needs of adolescents. Majority of participants felt the current research ethics establishment is not favourable for researchers or adolescents themselves. While it is imperative that perceptions of ethics committees also be studied in the future, our study provides preliminary understanding of how experiences and perceptions shape how researchers interact with the research ethics establishment.

COVID-19 ethics: unique aspects and a review as of early 2024.

COVID-19 presents a variety of ethical challenges in a set of arenas, arenas not always considered in past pandemics. These challenges include issues related to autonomy, distributive ethics, and the establishment of policies of equity and justice. Methods are a literature review based on regular editing of an online textbook during the COVID-19 outbreak and a literature review using key ethical terms. Patients are confronted with new issues related to autonomy. Providers need to expand their concepts of ethical issues to include decisions based on proportionality and public health ethics. The public health sector needs to assess the beneficence of alternative modes of disease control. The research community needs to redefine the concept of informed consent in emergent conditions. All elements of the medical spectrum-physicians, scientists, and the community-at-large including the pharmaceutical industry-need to consider the multifaceted methods for preventing future pandemics. This will require giving particular emphasis to public health funding and ending the documented discrimination that exists in the provision of proven therapies. The developing world is especially at risk for most of the ethical issues, especially those related to equity and justice. The ethical issues associated with the COVID-19 outbreak are not unique but provide a diverse set of issues that apply to patients, providers, social groups, and investigators. The further study of such issues can help with preventing future outbreaks.

Comparison of the Response to an Electronic Versus a Traditional Informed Consent Procedure in Terms of Clinical Patient Characteristics: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Electronic informed consent (eIC) is increasingly used in clinical research due to several benefits including increased enrollment and improved efficiency. Within a learning health care system, a pilot was conducted with an eIC for linking data from electronic health records with national registries, general practitioners, and other hospitals. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the eIC pilot by comparing the response to the eIC with the former traditional paper-based informed consent (IC). We assessed whether the use of eIC resulted in a different study population by comparing the clinical patient characteristics between the response categories of the eIC and former face-to-face IC procedure. METHODS: All patients with increased cardiovascular risk visiting the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, were eligible for the learning health care system. From November 2021 to August 2022, an eIC was piloted at the cardiology outpatient clinic. Prior to the pilot, a traditional face-to-face paper-based IC approach was used. Responses (ie, consent, no consent, or nonresponse) were assessed and compared between the eIC and face-to-face IC cohorts. Clinical characteristics of consenting and nonresponding patients were compared between and within the eIC and the face-to-face cohorts using multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2254 patients were included in the face-to-face IC cohort and 885 patients in the eIC cohort. Full consent was more often obtained in the eIC than in the face-to-face cohort (415/885, 46.9% vs 876/2254, 38.9%, respectively). Apart from lower mean hemoglobin in the full consent group of the eIC cohort (8.5 vs 8.8; P=.0021), the characteristics of the full consenting patients did not differ between the eIC and face-to-face IC cohorts. In the eIC cohort, only age differed between the full consent and the nonresponse group (median 60 vs 56; P=.0002, respectively), whereas in the face-to-face IC cohort, the full consent group seemed healthier (ie, higher hemoglobin, lower glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], lower C-reactive protein levels) than the nonresponse group. CONCLUSIONS: More patients provided full consent using an eIC. In addition, the study population remained broadly similar. The face-to-face IC approach seemed to result in a healthier study population (ie, full consenting patients) than the patients without IC, while in the eIC cohort, the characteristics between consent groups were comparable. Thus, an eIC may lead to a better representation of the target population, increasing the generalizability of results.

Post-trial responsibilities in pragmatic clinical trials: Fulfilling the promise of research to drive real-world change.

While considerable scholarship has explored responsibilities owed to research participants at the conclusion of explanatory clinical trials, no guidance exists regarding responsibilities owed at the conclusion of a pragmatic clinical trial (PCT). Yet post-trial responsibilities in PCTs present distinct considerations from those emphasized in existing guidance and prior scholarship. Among these considerations include the responsibilities of the healthcare delivery systems in which PCTs are embedded, and decisions about implementation for interventions that demonstrate meaningful benefit following their integration into usual care settings-or deimplementation for those that fail to do so. In this article, we present an overview of prior scholarship and guidance on post-trial responsibilities, and then identify challenges for post-trial responsibilities for PCTs. We argue that, given one of the key rationales for PCTs is that they can facilitate uptake of their results by relevant decision-makers, there should be a presumptive default that PCT study results be incorporated into future care delivery processes. Fulfilling this responsibility will require prospective planning by researchers, healthcare delivery system leaders, institutional review boards, and sponsors, so as to ensure that the knowledge gained from PCTs does, in fact, influence real-world practice.

Responsible inclusion: A systematic review of consent to social-behavioral research with adults with intellectual disability in the US.

BACKGROUND: In recognition of their status as a health disparities population, there is growing emphasis on conducting research inclusive of adults with intellectual disability to generate new knowledge and opportunities to improve health and equity. Yet they are often excluded from research, and human research participant protection experts and researchers lack agreement on effective consent protocols for their inclusion. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify approaches to consent in US-based social-behavioral research with adults with intellectual disability. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review on approaches to self-consent with adults with intellectual disability published between 2009 and 2023, identified via searching eight databases and reference list hand searches. We identified 13 manuscripts and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Our analysis identified themes related to guiding principles, strategies to enhance informed and voluntary consent, approaches to consent capacity, involving individuals subject to guardianship, and strategies for expressing decisions and enhancing ongoing decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Manuscripts largely reflected an emphasis on identifying approaches to consent that reflect disability rights principles to promote the right to be included and make one's own decisions based on assessment of relevant information, risks and benefits, and to employ reasonable modifications to achieve inclusion. To avoid the risks of exclusion and advance the responsible inclusion of adults with intellectual disability, we make recommendations to align consent approaches anchored in contemporary thinking about human research participant protections, including through integration with disability rights.

On "intent" in research misconduct.

Research misconduct, broadly defined as acts of fabrication, falsification and/or plagiarism, violate the value system of science, cost significant wastage of public resources, and in more extreme cases endanger research participants or members of the society at large. Determination of culpability in research misconduct requires establishment of intent on the part of the respondent or perpetrator. However, "intent" is a state of mind, and its perception is subjective, unequivocal evidence for which would not be as readily established compared to the objective evidence available for the acts themselves. Here, we explore the concept of "intent" in research misconduct, how it is framed in criminological/legal terms, and narrated from a psychological perspective. Based on these, we propose a framework whereby lines of questioning and investigation, as defined by legislative terms and informed by the models and tools of psychology, could help in establishing a preponderance of evidence for culpable intent. Such a framework could be useful in research misconduct adjudications and in delivering sanctions.

Ethics and applications of isotope analysis in archaeology.

This synthesis explores specific ethical questions that commonly arise in isotopic analysis. For more than four decades, isotope analysis has been employed in archeological studies to explore past human and animal dietary habits, mobility patterns, and the environment in which a human or animal inhabited during life. These analyses require consideration of ethical issues. While theoretical concepts are discussed, we focus on practical aspects: working with descendant communities and other rights holders, choosing methods, creating and sharing data, and working mindfully within academia. These layers of respect and care should surround our science. This paper is relevant for specialists in isotope analysis as well as those incorporating these methods into larger projects. By covering the whole of the research process, from design to output management, we appeal broadly to archaeology and provide actionable solutions that build on the discussions in the general field.

One Health research ethics review processes in African countries: Challenges and opportunities.

One Health research has gained attention over the past few decades due to its potential to improve health challenges across the globe. However, obtaining ethics approvals for timely implementation of One Health research is a challenge in some contexts. Our study was undertaken to describe various challenges faced by researchers, research ethics committees (RECs) and members of regulatory bodies in Africa. An online survey was conducted between March and June 2021. The effect of predictors, including respondents' role (e.g., REC member, regulator and/or One Health researcher), sex, education, age, and country, on the perception of challenges and opportunities when conducting and reviewing One Health research, was investigated using multivariable linear regression models. Participants with different roles did not perceive any of the examined challenges differently during review of One Health-related research; but female participants (p = 0.026) and those with ten or more years of experience (p = 0.0325) perceived insufficient One Health knowledge as less of a challenge. Professional role was an important predictor (p = 0.025) for the perception of the establishment of a mandatory One Health review system. Respondents with multiple roles perceived the creation of ad hoc committees for review of One Health research under emergency situations to be less important (p = 0.02); and REC members perceived the creation of such committees to be less feasible (p = 0.0697). Our study showed that perceptions of the importance and feasibility of opportunities for improvement of One Health research ethics review under emergency and non-emergency situations varied across professional roles. This emphasizes the need to consider such improvement strategies; and the need for continuous and timely evaluation for improvement of ethics review of One Health and emergency research in Africa.

Developing a Framework for Self-regulatory Governance in Healthcare AI Research: Insights from South Korea.

This paper elucidates and rationalizes the ethical governance system for healthcare AI research, as outlined in the 'Research Ethics Guidelines for AI Researchers in Healthcare' published by the South Korean government in August 2023. In developing the guidelines, a four-phase clinical trial process was expanded to six stages for healthcare AI research: preliminary ethics review (stage 1); creating datasets (stage 2); model development (stage 3); training, validation, and evaluation (stage 4); application (stage 5); and post-deployment monitoring (stage 6). Researchers identified similarities between clinical trials and healthcare AI research, particularly in research subjects, management and regulations, and application of research results. In the step-by-step articulation of ethical requirements, this similarity benefits from a reliable and flexible use of existing research ethics governance resources, research management, and regulatory functions. In contrast to clinical trials, this procedural approach to healthcare AI research governance effectively highlights the distinct characteristics of healthcare AI research in research and development process, evaluation of results, and modifiability of findings. The model exhibits limitations, primarily in its reliance on self-regulation and lack of clear delineation of responsibilities. While formulated through multidisciplinary deliberations, its application in the research field remains untested. To overcome the limitations, the researchers' ongoing efforts for educating AI researchers and public and the revision of the guidelines are expected to contribute to establish an ethical research governance framework for healthcare AI research in the South Korean context in the future.

Organizational aspects of tissue engineering clinical translation: insights from a qualitative case study.

Background: Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles from cell biology, bioengineering, material sciences, medicine and surgery to create functional and viable bioproducts that can be used to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissues in the human body. The complexity of tissue engineering can affect the prospects of efficiently translating scientific discoveries in the field into scalable clinical approaches that could benefit patients. Organizational challenges may play a key role in the clinical translation of tissue engineering for the benefit of patients. Methods: To gain insight into the organizational aspects of tissue engineering that may create impediments to efficient clinical translation, we conducted a retrospective qualitative case study of one tissue engineering multi-site translational project on knee cartilage engineered tissue grafts. We collected qualitative data using a set of different methods: semi-structured interviews, documentary research and audio-visual content analysis. Results: Our study identified various challenges associated to first-in-human trials in tissue engineering particularly related to: logistics and communication; research participant recruitment; clinician and medical student participation; study management; and regulation. Conclusions: While not directly generalizable to other types of advanced therapies or to regenerative medicine in general, our results offer valuable insights into organizational barriers that may prevent efficient clinical translation in the field of tissue engineering.

Indignity of Nazi data: reflections on the utilization of illicit research.

Human rights may feel self-apparent to us, but less than 80 years ago, one of the most advanced countries at the time acted based on an utterly contrary ideology. The view of social Darwinism that abandoned the idea of the intrinsic value of human lives instead argued that oppression of the inferior is not only inevitable but desirable. One of the many catastrophic outcomes is the medical data obtained from inhuman experiments at concentration camps. Ethical uncertainty over whether the resulting insights should be a part of the medical literature provides a chance to consider the seemingly irreplaceable social construct of human dignity. Would any medical benefit justify the utilization of this illicit data? Would utilization even qualify as an insult to the dignity of the exploited subjects, or is this a question about intersubjective meaning? This work discusses the wisdom in blind adherence to human dignity, the possibility of retrospective insults, moral complicity, contrary viewpoints, and possible resolutions.

The New Ethics of Neuromodulation with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Critical Appraisal.

With over 16 years of experience in clinical, research, and educational activities related to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), I have written this article exploring the ethical dimensions of TMS. This article aims to provide valuable and informative content for those unfamiliar with TMS as well as those just starting in the field. Specifically, this article elaborates on four principles of medical ethics, including those applicable to TMS therapy, the disparity between public medical insurance coverage and medical indications in private practice for TMS therapy, and issues concerning research ethics in practice. I also provide recommendations regarding roles and strategies for adoption by academia and those in this field dedicated to making TMS therapy accessible to a larger patient population in a suitable manner. Lastly, it is my hope that this article will serve as a contemporary "Ethics of TMS Neuromodulation", resonating with the inherent human pursuit of "truth, goodness, and beauty" for a sound mind and spirit.

Engajando crianças em pesquisas científicas: o termo de assentimento no formato de história em quadrinhos / Engaging children in scientific research: the term of assent in the format of comic / Instando a niños en investigaciones científicas: el término de asentimiento en el formato de cómics

O assentimento infantil é uma exigência ética em pesquisas com crianças, porém sua comunicação eficaz tem sido um desafio. Neste relato, descrevemos a construção teórica e metodológica de um termo de assentimento infantil em formato de história em quadrinhos. A experiência foi realizada em uma escola municipal de Teresina, Piauí, com 32 crianças entre oito e dez anos. As etapas consistiram no estudo das questões éticas envolvidas, na construção da arte sequencial, na observação participante, em ajustes na história em quadrinhos e na aplicação e assinatura do termo de assentimento. A experiência resultou em um termo com legibilidade de Flesch de 91,81 sobre as questões éticas na pesquisa com crianças. O assentimento infantil em formato de história em quadrinhos apresentou linguagem acessível, lúdica e legibilidade adequada para comunicar pesquisa com crianças.

Child assent is an ethical requirement in research with children, however effective communication has been a challenge. In this report we describe the theoretical and methodological construction of a child assent term in comic book format. The experience was carried out in a municipal school of Teresina-Piaui with 32 children between eight and ten years old. The steps consisted of the study of ethical issues, the construction of sequential art, in participant observation, in adjustments to the comic strip and in the application and signature of the assent term. The experience resulted in a term with Flesch readability of 91.81 on ethical issues in research with kids. The childish nod in comic book format presented accessible, playful language and adequate legibility to communicate research with children.

El asentimiento infantil es una exigencia ética en investigaciones con niños. Sin embargo, la comunicación eficaz ha sido un desafío. En este relato describimos la construcción teórica y metodológica de un término de asentimiento infantil en formato de cómics. La experiencia ha sido realizada en una escuela municipal de Teresina, Piauí, con 32 niños entre ocho y diez años. Las etapas consistieron en el estudio de las cuestiones éticas, en la construcción del arte secuencial, en la observación participante, en ajustes en los cómics y en la aplicación y firma del término de asentimiento. La experiencia resultó en un término con legibilidad de Flesch de 91,81 sobre las cuestiones éticas en la investigación con niños. El asentimiento infantil en formato de cómics presentó lenguaje accesible, lúdica y legibilidad adecuada para comunicar investigación con niños.

Single IRB Review and Local Context Considerations: A Scoping Review.

A leading concern about single IRB (sIRB) review for multisite studies, as is now required by federal policies, is whether and how sIRBs consider local context in their review. While several types of local context considerations have been proposed, there is no shared agreement among those charged with the ethics oversight of human subjects research as to the goals and content of local context review, nor the types of research studies for which sIRB review might be inappropriate. Through a scoping review of published scholarship, public comments, and federal guidance documents, we identified five assumed goals for local context review: protecting the rights and welfare of local participants; ensuring compliance with applicable laws and policies; assessing feasibility; promoting the quality of research; and promoting procedural justice. While a variety of content was proposed to be relevant, it was largely grouped into four domains: population/participant-level characteristics; investigator and research team characteristics; institution-level characteristics; and state and local laws. Proposed characteristics for exclusion from sIRB requirements reflected both protection- and efficiency-based concerns. These findings can inform ongoing efforts to assess the implications of policies mandating sIRB review, and when exceptions to those policies might be appropriate.

Rationale and Study Checklist for Ethical Rejection of Participants on Crowdsourcing Research Platforms.

Online participant recruitment ("crowdsourcing") platforms are increasingly being used for research studies. While such platforms can rapidly provide access to large samples, there are concomitant concerns around data quality. Researchers have studied and demonstrated means to reduce the prevalence of low-quality data from crowdsourcing platforms, but approaches to doing so often involve rejecting work and/or denying payment to participants, which can pose ethical dilemmas. We write this essay as an associate professor and two institutional review board (IRB) directors to provide a perspective on the competing interests of participants/workers and researchers and to propose a checklist of steps that we believe may support workers' agency on the platform and lessen instances of unfair consequences to them while enabling researchers to definitively reject lower-quality work that might otherwise reduce the likelihood of their studies producing true results. We encourage further, explicit discussion of these issues among academics and among IRBs.

Developing an Evidence-Based Ethics Education Program for Surgical Residents in Guatemala.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed 2 modalities for teaching responsible conduct of research and human subjects protection (RCR/HSP) to surgical residents in Guatemala-an "off the shelf" online curriculum and a new in-person curriculum specific to the local context. METHODS: In 2018, 160 surgical residents in 3 large urban hospitals in Guatemala City completed 2 online programs in RCR/HSP. Residents in the intervention arm also completed 7 weeks of in-person training. Pre- and post-assessments tested awareness of key concepts with particular attention to international and Guatemalan research regulations. Group differences in matched (pre- and post-) mean scores were analyzed using t-tests. RESULTS: One hundred forty residents completed pre- and post-training assessments and were included in the analytic sample. Overall mean scores improved modestly from 52.7 to 58.7 points out of 100. Intervention-arm trainees reported greater confidence in recognizing ethical issues, understanding legal and ethical requirements for research, and identifying, reporting and avoiding scientific misconduct than control-arm trainees. CONCLUSION: Given the limited availability of RCR/HSP faculty, financial resources, and time in the surgical training schedule, the investigators recommend that academic authorities in Guatemala consider online training programs in RCR/HSP in all surgical residency programs as an affordable and scalable strategy to build ethical research skills in its surgical workforce. Investment in human resources to support in-person ethics education as a way to build self-efficacy in ethical decision-making should be considered.