Working retirees in Taiwan: examining determinants of different working status after retirement.

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the work status of retirees after retirement, especially focusing on self-employment and unpaid work. Data was taken and analyzed from the "Taiwan Health and Retirement Study," a nationally representative sample of retired personnel aged 50-74 in 2015-2016. Four types of work status were classified after retirement: Fully retired, Paid work, Self-employment, and Unpaid work. Multinomial regression analysis was used to explore the factors related to participation in paid, self-employed, and unpaid work. Results show that pre-retirement occupation was significantly associated with paid work after retirement. For example, retirees in Taiwan who were employed by private enterprises or self-employed before retirement were more likely to engage in paid work after retirement than civil servants before retirement. Two other factors, namely pre-retirement job stress and work flexibility, prolong the careers of retired workers, especially in self-employment and unpaid work after retirement. Gender also significantly affects the choice of work after retirement. These findings can be used as a reference for future policies on the aging labor force.

Mindfulness and loneliness in retired older adults in China: mediation effects of positive and negative affect.

Objectives: Drawing from the mindfulness framework and the broaden-and-build theory, this study investigates the extent to which mindfulness influences loneliness and whether the relation is mediated by positive and negative affect.Method: Data were collected from 748 retired older adults aged 60 and above in Chengdu, China in 2022. Loneliness and mindfulness were measured by the UCLA loneliness scale and by the short-form version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, while the positive and negative affect was assessed by the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.Results: The results of this study show that mindfulness was positively associated with positive affect (ß = 0.37, p<.001), negatively related to negative affect (ß=-0.21, p<.001) and loneliness (ß=-0.13, p<.001), and had an indirect effect on loneliness via positive and negative affect (ß=-0.20, p<.001).Conclusion: The findings suggest that mindfulness could be a positive resource for improving mental health and reducing loneliness among retired older adults in China.

The Role of Psychological Time in Late Socialization. A SEM Analysis.

Background: Psychological time, a subjective reflection of the objective passage of time, has age specific characteristics and can be considered a resource for adaptation to difficult life situations (Pultz, & Hviid, 2016). We assume that the components of psychological time are also a resource for adaptation to retirement, smoothing out undesirable social and biological changes in retirees' lives. Objective: This study explores this hypothesis by identifying the contribution of the cognitive component of psychological time - temporal focus and subjective age - to the effectiveness of late socialization. Design: The developed theoretical model was verified by the SEM method on the sample of retirees from Chelyabinsk, Russia (N = 291). To collect the empirical data we used the Temporal Focus Scale (Shipp et al., 2009), the Age of Me (Barak, 2009), the Life Satisfaction Scale (Diener & Lucas, 1999), the Income Satisfaction Scale (Deyneka, 2000), and questionnaire variables. Results: Temporal focus and subjective age mediated the influence of biological and social variables on the retirees' subjective well-being. A younger subjective age smoothed the contribution of educational level, working status, and disability, whilst the current and future focuses mediated the association between religiosity and various parameters of satisfaction. Conclusion: The results of the study broaden the understanding of psychological time in the late socialization process. A pronounced focus on the present, along with younger subjective age, can be seen as psychological resources, allowing for better adaptation to the social status of a retiree; that is, increasing the effectiveness of late socialization.

A survey of social well-being among employees, retirees, and nursing students: a descriptive-analytical study.

BACKGROUND: Social well-being is one of the essential dimensions of individual health. Nursing is one of the occupations that can affect a person's well-being. This study aimed to determine social well-being among employees, retirees, and nursing students. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. 321 samples participated in this study. Convenience sampling method was used to collect samples. Two questionnaires of demographic characteristics and the Keyes Social Well-being Questionnaire were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Linear regression analysis by the Backward Elimination method were applied using SPSS 14.0. RESULTS: The mean total social well-being score of this study's participants was 100 ± 16.43. The mean social well-being score among nursing employees was 109.58 ± 15.98, among nursing retirees was 95.67 ± 12.55, and among nursing students was 93.14 ± 14.81. Nursing students had lower social well-being scores than nursing employees and retirees (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the number of children (p = 0.04) (ß = -0.11), marital status (p = 0.04) (ß = 2.95), and employment status (p < 0/001) (ß = 0.451) and social well-being and predicted 25% of the total variance of social well-being. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the social well-being of retirees and nursing students was significantly lower than nursing employees. Therefore, the educational and healthcare systems of the countries must take the necessary measures to improve the Social well-being of this group of people.

Retiring Unprepared in Abu Dhabi? Predicting Emirati Employees' Retirement Age and Self-Activation.

The topic of retirement is rarely explored in the context of the Middle Eastern and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study drew on data from a large-scale survey of retirees in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a universal welfare state characterized by the persistence of the traditional male-breadwinner model and gender roles, to analyze the determinants of retirement timing and post-retirement work. Multi-level regressions were performed to explore the effects of individual, family, institutional, and social-economic factors. The study revealed that Emirati females tended to retire earlier than men to fulfill their domestic duties and informal caregiving roles, rather than to retire together with their spouse. Additionally, early retirement incentives offered by Abu Dhabi pension systems appeared to attract employees into early retirement. On the other hand, securing more financial resources and reduced sense of belonging in society were among the most significant predictors of post-retirement job searching motivations among Emirati retirees.

Job Quality in the Late Career in Sweden, Japan and the United States.

Increasing numbers of older workers continue to work after being eligible to claim a state pension, yet little is known about the quality of these jobs. We examine how psychosocial and physical job quality as well as job satisfaction vary over the late career in three contrasting national settings: Sweden, Japan and the United States. Analyses using random effects modelling drew on data from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (n = 13,936-15,520), Japanese Study of Ageing and Retirement (n = 3704) and the Health and Retirement Study (n = 6239 and 8002). Age was modelled with spline functions in which two knots were placed at ages indicating eligibility for pensions claiming or mandatory retirement. In each country, post-pensionable-age jobs were generally less stressful, freer and more satisfying than jobs held by younger workers, results that held irrespective of gender or education level.

Prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among Chinese retirees: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems are common among older adults worldwide. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its independent factors among retired people in health check-ups population in China. METHOD: In this multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 2017, a group of retired people was invited to participate in an online survey of health status, and their data, including socio-demographic information, lifestyle, and medical characteristics, were recorded. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent factors responsible for poor sleep quality. RESULTS: Data from 17,408 responders who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed; among them, 53.04 % (95 % CI = 52 %-54 %) reported poor sleep quality. Binary logistic regression showed that poor sleep quality was associated with a number of factors, including being female (OR = 1.42, 95 % CI = 1.32-1.53), being single (OR = 1.35, 95 % CI = 1.18-1.54), non-smoker (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 1.03-1.22), physical inactivity (OR = 1.14, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.23), poor self-rated health status (OR = 1.69, 95 % CI = 1.43-2.00), long-term medication use (OR = 1.05, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.23), chronic pain (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI = 1.22-1.45), comorbidity (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.25), and depressive symptoms (mild depression: OR = 2.14, 95 % CI = 1.96-2.34; moderate depression: OR = 4.00, 95 % CI = 3.49-4.58, moderately severe depression: OR = 4.15, 95 % CI = 3.47-4.97, severe depression: OR = 4.27, 95 % CI = 2.93-6.22); while age (OR = 0.99, 95 % CI = 0.99-1.00) was negatively related to poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of poor sleep quality in the studied population is relatively high (53.04 %). Sleep problems are common among Chinese retirees, especially older females, and have a great impact on their quality of life. People living with depression, chronic diseases, and chronic pain were at a higher risk of developing sleep disorders. Therefore, it is critical to formulate effective management strategies for Chinese retirees with poor sleep quality in the context of healthy aging.

How do the non-cognitive skills affect retirees' reemployment? Evidence from China.

Introduction: Promoting the reemployment of retirees is important to effectively recognize the capacity of older adults and to help governments cope with an aging global population. Existing research on the factors that impact reemployment has mainly focused on the role of traditional forms of human capital, like education and experience, while ignoring non-cognitive skills. Methods: Based on 3,693 samples, this study examines the impact of non-cognitive skills on the reemployment of Chinese retirees using the Logit model through the lens of human capital theory. Results: The results show that non-cognitive skills incentivize retirees to seek reemployment. The incentive effect is greater for retirees who are male, live in a rural household, and are of lower age and education level. Further, the mediation effect model reveals the mediating role of social capital between non-cognitive skills and the reemployment of retirees. Social capital is important to the promotion of retiree reemployment. Discussion: This study ultimately sheds light on the relationship between non-cognitive skills and the reemployment of retirees. Findings will help improve governments' understandings of non-cognitive skills so that they may develop better policies on retiree reemployment.

Organizational participation in community and life satisfaction of retirees: The mediating roles of positive and negative affect and moderating role of family relation.

This study examined the association between participation in community organizations and life satisfaction, and relevant mediating and moderating mechanisms among retirees. Positive and negative affect were considered as mediating variables, and family relation as a moderating variable. A total of 1132 community-dwelling retirees aged 50 years or more were investigated. A self-developed questionnaire with five items measured the level of organizational participation (OP) based on residential community. The Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Family Cohesion sub-scale of Family Environment Scale (FES) were used to assess life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and family relation, respectively. Mplus was used to conduct mediating and moderating analyses after controlling for six demographic and socioeconomic factors. First, the results indicated that OP was positively associated with life satisfaction. Second, positive and negative affect partly mediated the relationship between OP and life satisfaction. Third, family relation negatively moderated the relationship between OP and life satisfaction; that is, compared with those retirees with good family relation, the beneficial role of OP in enhancing one's satisfaction was more significant for those retirees with poor family relation; furthermore, family relation also moderated the links of OP-negative affect. These findings suggested that OP related to life satisfaction of retirees through mediating roles of positive and negative affect, and family relation partly moderated the above direct and indirect processes. In a word, OP based on residential community had a positive role in buffering adverse influence of poor family relation.

Physical Activity Health Literacy in Iranian Older Adults: Development and Psychometric Testing.

Inadequate health literacy decreases physical activity. This study aimed to develop and examine psychometrics of physical activity health literacy in Iranian older adults. This methodological work was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of extensive studies review and qualitative study to extract and design the items. The psychometrics were measured in Phase 2 included content, faceconstruct validities, reliability, and stability. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS (version 25.0) and AMOS (version 24.0). The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed four factors- information evaluation, reading skill, perception, and decision making-and used information that explained 70.08% of the variance. The model's fitness was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency based on Cronbach's alpha was .89 with composite reliability >0.85. Stability was confirmed through the test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (.89-1). Psychometrics of physical activity health literacy in Iranian older adults supported validity and reliability of the tool.

Community Participation and Subjective Wellbeing: Mediating Roles of Basic Psychological Needs Among Chinese Retirees.

Objectives: Participation in various social organizations, including community organizations, has become an important part of later year. The current study examined the effects of community participation on subjective wellbeing (SWB) and mediating mechanisms among retired residents. Specifically, this study attempts to explain the link between community participation and SWB from the perspective of basic psychological needs (BPN). Methods: A total of 1,458 community-dwelling retirees aged ≥50years in China participated in this study. A self-developed questionnaire measured the general levels of community participation. BPN were assessed with the BPN Scale. SWB was represented by life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Results: Community participation positively predicted one's SWB. Specifically, retirees with a higher levels of community participation often indicated higher life satisfaction and positive affect, and lower negative affect. Three BPN, which consist of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, mediated the effect of community participation on SWB, respectively, after controlling for some main demographic and socioeconomic factors. Conclusion: The BPN perspective provides a comprehensive explanation for understanding the link between community participation and SWB. Policymakers should consider the role of community participation when developing measures to improve retirees' quality of life.

User Requirements Analysis of an Embodied Conversational Agent for Coaching Older Adults to Choose Active and Healthy Ageing Behaviors during the Transition to Retirement: A Cross-National User Centered Design Study.

BACKGROUND: Retirement is recognized as a factor influencing the ageing process. Today, virtual health coaching systems can play a pivotal role in supporting older adults' active and healthy ageing. This study wants to answer two research questions: (1) What are the user requirements of a virtual coach (VC) based on an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) for motivating older adults in transition to retirement to adopt a healthy lifestyle? (2) How could a VC address the active and healthy ageing dimensions, even during COVID-19 times? METHODS: Two-wave focus-groups with 60 end-users aged 55 and over and 27 follow-up telephone interviews were carried out in Austria, Italy and the Netherlands in 2019-2020. Qualitative data were analysed by way of framework analysis. RESULTS: End-users suggest the VC should motivate older workers and retirees to practice physical activity, maintain social contacts and emotional well-being. The ECA should be reactive, customizable, expressive, sympathetic, not directive nor patronizing, with a pleasant and motivating language. The COVID-19 outbreak increased the users' need for functions boosting community relationships and promoting emotional well-being. CONCLUSIONS: the VC can address the active and healthy ageing paradigm by increasing the chances of doing low-cost healthy activities at any time and in any place.

How Does Self-Concept Differentiation Work in Chinese Retirees: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.

Self-concept differentiation (SCD) is a sign of fragmentation of the self rather than specialization of role identities for its robust relationship with psychological adjustment. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the relationship between SCD and psychological adjustment. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-consistency and congruence (SCC) in the association between SCD and psychological adjustment (psychological well-being, depression, and anxiety), and the moderating role of age in the relationship between SCD and SCC. This moderated mediation model was examined among 158 Chinese retirees (mean age = 71.12, SD = 9.13), who completed measurements regarding SCD, SCC, psychological well-being, anxiety, and depression. The results showed that SCC partially mediated the links between SCD and the indices of psychological adjustment. Furthermore, age moderated this mediation effect, which was found in mean and high-age participants, but not in low-age ones. Our findings indicate that, at different age stages, the internal mechanisms of SCD affecting psychological adaptation are not the same, and a low differentiated or highly integrated self can serve as an adaptive resource to maintain high subjective well-being of the elderly and protect them from anxiety and depression.

Attitudes Toward Retirement Drive the Effects of Retirement Preparation on Psychological and Physical Well-Being of Hong Kong Chinese Retirees Over Time.

Recent findings on retirement preparation found a positive impact on the psychological and physical well-being of retirees. However, the types of mental resources that are driving the relationship, such as attitudes toward retirement, only received limited attention. Reasoning from previous findings, we posit that attitudes toward retirement would explain the relationship between retirement preparation and well-being over time after retirement. A three-wave study was conducted in a sample of 130 Hong Kong Chinese retirees over a period of 1.5 years. Data were collected 6 months prior to retirement (T1) and 6 and 12 months after retirement (T2 and T3, respectively), in which preretirement preparation, attitudes toward retirement, and psychological and physical well-being were measured. The positive effect of T1 retirement planning on T3 physical and psychological well-being was partially mediated by T2 attitudes toward retirement. These results remain significant even after controlling for gender, education level, preretirement occupation, and well-being at T1. These findings reveal the role of attitudes toward retirement in driving postretirement adjustment over time.

Sending retirees to the frontlines?

Facing an unprecedented surge of patient volumes and acuity, institutions around the globe called for volunteer healthcare workers to aid in the effort against COVID-19. Specifically being sought out are retirees. But retired healthcare workers are taking on significant risk to themselves in answering these calls. Aside from the risks that come from being on the frontlines of the epidemic, they are also at risk due to their age and the comorbidities that often accompany age. If, for current or future COVID efforts, we as a society will be so bold as to exhort a vulnerable population to take on further risk, we must use much care and attention in how we involve them in this effort. Herein we describe the multifaceted nature of the risks that retired healthcare workers are taking by entering the COVID-19 workforce as well as suggest ways in which we might take advantage of their medical skills and altruism yet while optimizing caution and safety.

Digital Health Coaching Programs Among Older Employees in Transition to Retirement: Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: The rapid increase of the aging population is pushing many national governments to reshape retirement legislation in order to extend older adults' working life. Once retired, older adults can be invaluable resources for the community as family carers, as volunteers, or by returning to work. Healthy aging is one of the main conditions for being able to work longer and being active after retirement. The latter, indeed, represents a very sensitive life transition, which can entail psychological and social difficulties. Interventions for promoting older workers' health and well-being and supporting the transition to retirement are on the top of the policy agenda of most European countries. Recently, computer-based and digital health interventions have been seen as promising means to reach this purpose. OBJECTIVE: This systematic literature review aimed to explore studies on digital health coaching programs for older workers that followed a user-centered design approach and evaluated their effectiveness in providing older adults with guidance for adopting a healthy lifestyle and being active in the community. METHODS: The search identified 1931 papers, and 2 relevant articles were selected by applying specific eligibility criteria. RESULTS: To our knowledge, only few digital health coaching programs have targeted the population of older workers to date; there is an insufficient number of studies on the efficacy of such programs. The results show the difficulties of assessing the efficacy of digital coaching itself and with respect to older employees. The 2 studies suggest that digital health programs for workplaces can improve various aspects of older employees' well-being; however, they considered health mainly from a physical perspective and neglected contextual, social, psychological, and cultural factors that can influence older workers' health and general well-being. Future digital health coaching programs should adopt the healthy aging paradigm as a multidimensional lens for interpreting the impact of eHealth technology on aging and retirement. The literature around this issue remains at an embryonic state, and this gap needs to be filled by further investigations that apply a user-centered approach for designing the technology, test innovative research methodologies, and adopt new technical solutions for high-quality interaction design. CONCLUSIONS: Further digital health coaching programs aimed at supporting healthy and active living for older workers and retirees are necessary. The user-centered design approach is recommended in order to fully address the users' health needs and the technological requirements throughout development. Moreover, the healthy aging perspective allows inclusion of physical, social, and psychological factors influencing the transition from work to retirement, as well as the experiences and interactions of individuals with the technology.

Social Network Size and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Future Time Perspective Among Community-Dwelling Retirees.

An accumulating body of literature has confirmed the effect of social networks on the subjective well-being (SWB). However, the relevant mechanism for the relationship between them requires further exploration. This research examined the association between social network size and SWB and the mediating role of future time perspective (FTP) among Chinese retirees. We modeled the relationship between social network size, FTP, and SWB by two sub-studies. SWB was indicated by life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and meaning in life. FTP comprised two dimensions: focusing on opportunity in future and focusing on limitation of time. Study 1 used the number of Spring Festival greeters, and Study 2 used the size of networks based on common actions (discussion, mutual helping, and social participation) as indicators of network size to examine the association and mediating effect among 1097 and 335 community-dwelling retirees, respectively. Both studies revealed that social network size was positively associated with SWB; FTP-opportunity but not FTP-limitation mediated above associations, when possible confounding variables were controlled for. Findings confirm relevance of social networks in the SWB of retirees, and provide a new insight into the role of FTP as an explanatory mechanism.

Significados de aparência e o perfil socioeconômico de idosos aposentados associados ao SINDNAPI / Meanings of appearance and socioeconomic profile of retired elderly people associated with SINDNAPI, Brazil / Apariencia, significados y perfil socioeconómico de mayores jubilados asociados al SINDNAPI, Brasil

O culto ao corpo associado à aparência juvenil ainda se trata de uma máxima no Brasil. O estudo buscou identificar os significados de aparência e o perfil socioeconômico de idosos aposentados associados ao SINDNAPI, seção São Paulo. Orientações do método etnográfico e aplicação de formulário misto junto a 200 participantes: maioria de homens, baixa renda e escolaridade, sem participação em atividades sociais. Obteve-se a relevância e os significados positivos quanto à própria aparência, independentemente das variáveis analisadas.

The worship of body and youthful appearance still very appreciated in Brazilian culture. This study aimed to identify the meanings of appearance and socioeconomic profile of retired seniors from the SINDNAPI, Brazil, a retirees' association. It was oriented by the ethnographic method and a mixed form was applied to 200 participants. Most were men, with low income and education, without participation in social activities. It was found relevance and positive meanings regarding their appearance, regardless of the variables analyzed.

El culto al cuerpo joven sigue siendo una obsesión en Brasil. En este estudio se buscó identificar los significados de la apariencia y el perfil socioeconómico de los mayores jubilados de la asociación SINDNAPI de São Paulo, Brasil. Se orientó por el método etnográfico y hubo la aplicación de un formulario mixto en 200 ancianos. La mayoría eran hombres de bajos ingresos y nivel de escolaridad que no participaban de actividades sociales. Se obtuvo que la apariencia era relevante y detenía de significados positivos independientemente de las variables y distintos perfiles investigados.

How does returning to work after retirement influence older workers' health? A scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The return to the labour market after retirement is an increasing phenomenon in the North American population. It is the subject of a growing number of studies, whose conclusions seem inconsistent. As returning to working life after retirement is not neutral for individuals, the aim of this article is to present the protocol of a scoping review about its effects on older workers' health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The methodology of Arksey and O'Malley, including the recommendations of Levac et al and Daudt et al will be used. The process is composed of seven steps, from the identification of the research question, to the planning of knowledge transfer activities. Documents dealing with retirees returning to work in connection with health will be explored and analysed using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approval has been obtained for the consultation step of the protocol (ethics board of the Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, project #2019-1753). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols checklist will be used to support transparency and guide translation of findings. Findings will be shared with various stakeholders involved in older workers' health. Findings will also be disseminated in workshops, peer-reviewed journals and conferences.

Working After Retirement and Life Satisfaction: Cross-National Comparative Research in Europe.

This study examines differences in life satisfaction between full retirees and working retirees in Europe. We hypothesize that these differences depend on the financial resources of retirees and the resources available in the household and country context. We selected retirees from the "Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe" project and estimated country fixed effects models to explain their life satisfaction. The results indicate a positive relationship between working after retirement and life satisfaction for retirees with low pension income without a partner. Additionally, working after retirement seems to be most important for life satisfaction in relatively poor countries.