[Analysis of risk factors for drug resistant mutations in the reverse transcriptase region in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients].

Objective: To analyze the risk factors that may affect the mutations in the reverse transcriptase region in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. Methods: 678 hospitalized cases with chronic HBV infection who underwent HBV RT testing at Tianjin Second People's Hospital from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 were collected retrospectively. Among them, 417 cases were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B, 219 cases with liver cirrhosis and 42 cases with primary liver cancer. There were 268 cases of non-use of any antiviral therapy, 138 cases of discontinuation of antiviral drugs for 6 months or more, and 272 cases of continuous antiviral therapy. HBV genotyping and RT region mutation sites were detected by direct sequencing. The risk factors that may affect the drug resistant mutation in the HBV RT mutation, including age, genotype, antiviral drug selection and medication time, hepatitis B virus infection, and biochemical markers were analyzed by univariate analysis to screen out independent risk factors. Results: Among 678 HBV-infected cases, 290 cases (42.8%) were detected with RT-region mutation. Among them, the pre-existing drug resistant rate was 6.72%, and the drug resistant mutation rate was 23.19% in treated patients. The drug resistant mutation rate of patients with continuous antiviral therapy was 66.18%. Gene mutations highest rate for 1 ~ 5 years was 27.14% in chronic HBV patients treated with antiviral therapy. Logistic regression analysis of the factors that had led to HBV mutation showed that old age, the selection of nucleoside drugs at the beginning of treatment and medication time were the main factors affecting HBV RT mutations. Conclusion: Abnormal ALT level, HBV genotype, HBV DNA quantitative level are the main factors influencing non-drug resistant mutations. Age over 60 years old, and long-term use of low-barrier nucleoside drugs are high-risk groups for HBV resistant. Therefore, HBV resistant monitoring should be strengthened.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Sexual Behavioral Factors of Patients with Sexually Transmitted Infections Attending a Hospital in Southern Italy.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a serious global health problem. In Italy, data describing the vulnerability to STIs of specific sexual minorities and the influence of sociodemographic and behavioral determinants are limited, as most infections are not subject to mandatory notification. This retrospective study describes the sociodemographic profile and main sexual behaviors of patients attending a hospital in Palermo (Sicily, Italy) from January 2018 to March 2019 as predictors of STI risk. Patients were divided in subgroups: men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), men-who-have-sex-with-women (MSW), bisexual men and females. Data were obtained through an anonymous questionnaire. Patients were tested for chlamydia, syphilis, Mycoplasma genitalium infection, genital herpes and HPV infection. A total of 294 subjects with STIs (male/female ratio about 2:1) were screened. Of the total sample, 79.6% of patients were Italian. MSM accounted for 34.3%, MSW for 29.6%, bisexual men for 5.8% and females for 30.3%. A total of 44.5% of patients had a high education level, 42.5% reported irregular use of condoms, 20.7% reported having had 5-10 partners in the six months prior to the visit and 32.9% were HIV-positive. HPV infection and syphilis were the most prevalent STIs. Conclusions: The most common profile of patients attending our clinic was that of an adult, Italian man with a high level of education, poor use of condoms and a high number of partners. MSM had the highest sex-behavior-related risk for STIs. In addition, our results suggest that all STD teams need to implement counselling topics and recommendations to share with patients, as well as tips on how to approach sexual health education/counselling, thereby promoting patient-centered approaches and educational programs.

Factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños / Risk Factors Associated with Deforming Oral Habits in Children

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes tienen su origen dentro del sistema neuromuscular; constituyendo patrones reflejos de naturaleza compleja que se aprenden. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en el período comprendido de septiembre de 2014 a febrero de 2015. Se escogieron 180 niños en las edades comprendidas entre 8 y 11 años, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Pedro Díaz Coello de Holguín, que visitaron voluntariamente la consulta para participar en la investigación. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Resultados: hubo predominio de niños con hábitos bucales deformantes en el sexo femenino (57,2%) y en la edad de 10 años (37,2%), predominó como hábito deformante la lengua protráctil (39,2%) y se consideran condiciones de riesgo en la presencia de hábitos bucales deformantes variables socio biológicas de las madres y los niños, la no experiencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (57,2%) y el mal funcionamiento familiar (61,1%). El nivel de escolaridad de la madre que predominó fue el preuniversitario o técnico medio (60,6%). Conclusiones: se identificaron como factores de riesgo asociados a los hábitos bucales deformantes el mal funcionamiento familiar y la no lactancia materna.

Introduction: the deforming oral habits have their origin in the neuromuscular system, constituting reflex patterns of a complex nature that are learned. Objective: to identify the risk factors associated to deforming oral habits in children. Method: a cross-sectional observational study was carried out between September 2014 and February 2015. For this 180 children between the ages of 8 and 11 from the Pedro Diaz Coello Teaching Polyclinic health area of the in Holguín were selected, who voluntarily visited the consultation to participate in the research. The results were presented in statistical tables Results: the prevalence of children with deforming oral habits were from the female sex (57.2%) and in the age of 10 years (37.2%), prevailed as deforming habits the tongue thrusting (39.2%). Other risk conditions in the deforming oral habits were the socio biological variables of mothers and children as they do not have experience on breastfeeding (57.2%) and a wrong function of the family (61.1%). High school and technician were the mothers´ school level that prevailed (60.6%). Conclusions: family malfunction and non-breastfeeding were identified as risk factors associated with deforming oral habits.

Riesgo y edad vascular en una población citadina / Risk and Aging Vascular in a city population

Objetivo: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares que cada año tienen mayor prevalencia en el país, son producto de factores de riesgo, muchos de ellos modificables y que se pueden prevenir. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido conocer y analizar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y determinar la edad vascular en la población de Lima. Material y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en el mes de marzo 2016, en los conos sur, norte y este de Lima Metropolitana, en mayores de 30 años y menores de 75 años, La encuesta estructurada para el estudio, recopilaba las siguientes variables: género, edad, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes, nivel de actividad física y el tipo de dieta. Se registró la presión arterial, peso y talla. Resultados: En total fueron incluidos 485 participantes, 197 varones y 288 mujeres. La edad fue 49,5±9,9 años. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la dieta no saludable (47,6%), seguido por el sedentarismo (42,5%). La hipertensión arterial se evidenció en un 20,8%, siendo más frecuente en los varones. El 85,2% no fumaban y el sobrepeso se encontró en un 47,2%, siendo su frecuencia mayor en las mujeres. El bajo riesgo se determinó en un 60,4% y predominó en el sexo femenino, mientras que el alto riesgo fue 18,6% y caracterizó a los varones. La edad vascular promedio fue mayor en 1,4 años que la edad cronológica, siendo más marcada en los varones, en quienes la diferencia fue de 5,8 años entre los 50 a 59 años. Conclusiones: El factor de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuente ha sido la dieta no saludable seguida por el sedentarismo. El alto riesgo fue un 18,6%, predominando en los varones. Los hombres entre los 50 a 59 años tiene una edad vascular 5,8 años mayor que la cronológica.

Objetive: Cardiovascular diseases that every year have more prevalence in the country, are the product of risky factors, many of them modifiable and preventable. The objective of the present study has been to know and analyze the factors of cardiovascular risk and determine the vascular age in the population of Lima. Material and methods: A descriptive cross sectional study, carried out in March 2016, in the southern, northern and eastern cones of Metropolitan Lima, in people older than 30 and younger than 75 years old. The survey structured for the study collected the following variables: gender, age, arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes, physical activity and type of diet. Blood presure, weight and tall were recorded. Results: In total, 485 participants were included, 197 men and 288 women. The age was 49,5± 9,9 years old. The more frequent risky factor was the unhealthy diet (47,6%), followed by sedentary lifestyle (42,5%). Arterial hypertension was observed in 20,8%, being more frequent in men. 85.2% did not smoke and overweight was found in 47.2%, being its frequency higher in women. The low risk was determined in 60,4% and it was predominant in women, while higher risk was 18.6% in men. The average cardiovascular age was higher in 1,4 years compared to the chronological age beign more marked in men, in whom the difference was 5,8 years between 50 and 59 years old. Conclusions: The more frecuente cardiovascular risk has been unhealthy diet followed by sedentary lifestyle. The high risk was 18,6% predominating in men. Men between 50 and 59 years old have a cardiovascular age 5,8 years higher than the chronological age.

Asociación de impacto entre factores socioculturales, insatisfacción corporal, e índice de masa corporal en estudiantes universitarios de Hidalgo, México

Después de identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo asociados a la predicción y prevención de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), en estudiantes, hombres y mujeres, de una universidad del sector privado de Pachuca, Hidalgo; el propósito de este estudio consistió en reafirmar las siguientes hipótesis: 1) La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, guarda estrecha relación tanto con la influencia de factores socioculturales como con el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC); 2) Las mujeres participantes, reportan más insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, e indican mayor influencia de factores socioculturales que los hombres. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo y de asociación en una muestra a conveniencia de 490 estudiantes universitarios (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), de 16 a 30 años de edad(X=19.63, DE=± 2.11), a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario multidimensional que mide factores socioculturales e imagen corporal. Cada sujeto fue pesado y medido para obtener su IMC. A partir de las medidas de asociación de impacto obtenidas mediante Razón de Momios, los resultados arrojaron asociaciones significativas (p.

After to identify risky factors involved in the prediction and prevention of eating disorders (ED), in a sample of university males and females students from an urban setting in Hidalgo, Mexico; the main purpose of this paper was to reaffirm the following assumptions: 1) Dissatisfaction with body shape is closely related to both, the influence of sociocultural factors as Body Mass Index (BMI); 2) The participating women reported more dissatisfaction with body shape, indicating greater influence of sociocultural factors than men.Transversal, descriptive and association field research was carried out in a sample of 490 students (57% females, 43% males), from 16 to 30 years old (X¯ = 19.63, SD = ± 2.11). Multidimensional self-reported questionnaire were applied. BMI was obtained by measuring each subject’s weight and height. Regarding the impact association measures obtained by Odds Ratio, there were significant association (p.

Change of the aortic elasticity in rheumatoid arthritis: Relationship to associated cardiovascular risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease, which is associated with an excess of cardiovascular events. A decrease in the compliance of the arterial system, termed arterial stiffness, results in increased cardiac workload. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a priority for modern medicine. Therefore, further studies are required to explore the mechanisms through which CVD increases in RA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control study was performed to detect possible change of aortic elasticity in patients with RA, and to estimate the impact of different cardiovascular and atherogenic risk factors on the severity of arterial stiffness. Sixty-three consecutive adults with RA were enrolled for the study (case group). Forty-one healthy adults matched for age and gender were considered as a control group. All were subjected to assessment of aortic stiffness index and various cardiovascular risk factors. Patients with rheumatoid disease (case group) were divided by their aortic stiffness index status to two groups (A and B, with and without aortic stiffness, respectively). RESULTS: Aortic stiffness was present in 31.7% of the RA patients. Age of the patients, duration of RA, smoking index, waist circumference, triglycerides levels, and CRP were significantly higher in patients with aortic stiffness. CONCLUSION: RA is associated with decreased elasticity of the aorta in both genders, and such changes seem to be higher in the presence of visceral obesity, smoking, high triglycerides, and extraarticular disease severity.

Valoración de factores de riesgo para DM 2 en una comunidad semiurbana de la Ciudad de México / Diabetes mellitus 2 risk factors in a mexican city semi urban community

Introducción: Hoy en día la diabetes mellitus constituye un problema de salud pública, debido a ello se hace necesario de profesionales de la salud hacia los aspectos de detección temprana y reconocimiento de los grupos de riesgo, a fin de incidir en la preservación o modificación de los estilos de vida saludables. Objetivos: 1) Describir la frecuencia de factores de riesgo para DM2 presentes en una comunidad semiurbana, 2) Identificar el nivel de riesgo para DM2 en el grupo de edad entre 20-69 años de una comunidad semiurbana. Material y métodos: En una comunidad semiurbana de la Ciudad de México, se realizó visita domiciliaria hasta completar una muestra de 395 personas en las que se aplicó la Cédula de Entrevista Familiar (CEF) y se realizó la medición de parámetros clínicos, con referencia estándar para el diagnóstico de DM, somatometría y datos clínicos establecidos por la OMS, ADA, el Comité de Expertos sobre el Diagnóstico y Clasificación de la Diabetes Mellitus y el Comité de Unión Nacional de Prevención y Detección de la Hipertensión. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia para diabetes mellitus de 5%, con edad promedio de 38 años y predominio de las mujeres, en proporción de 2:1. Se observó un incremento en la prevalencia de 8.8% a 16.6% en el grupo de 40 a 49 años, y en el de 60 a 69 años. El IMC por arriba del estándar permitido fue de 28.9% y 27% en hombres; 39% y 20% de cada grupo presentan algún grado de obesidad. Conclusiones: El género femenino predomina con mayor predisposición al sobrepeso y obesidad. En ambos géneros se obtuvieron valores del ICC en niveles de riesgo, sobre todo en los grupos de edad más jóvenes. Se identificaron tres factores que más se asocian a la presencia de diabetes mellitus: la edad, particularmente en personas de >45 años, las cifras de TAS >140 mm/Hg y la presencia de antecedentes familiares diabéticos.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus constitutes a major health public problem. Due to the rising figure of people with this problem, more health professionals are required to recognize high risk population and do early detection. To build health educational programs to promote healthier lifestyles. Objectives: To identify people from 20 to 69 year olds with low and high risk of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 of a semi-urban community. Methods: A population of 395 people was visited door to door who accepted previously to participate in this program. Our staff used a standardized process for the application of Family Interview Card (CEF-Cedula de Entrevista Familiar), and the standardized clinical parameters. It was considered the reference perimeters established by World Health Organization (WHO), American Diabetes Association (ADA), Expert Committee of diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus, and the National Union of Prevention and Detection of Hypertension. Results: 395 persons were studied, between 20 and 69. Average age: 38. 67% were women and 33% men. Diabetes is prevalent in 5.0% (> 200mg/dl casual Glucose) moreover 14.2% in 111 at 199 mg/dl of glycemia. 45% of people with diabetes were men and 55% women. There's an increasing prevalence in the 40-49 group of 8.8% and in the 60-69 group of 16%. According to the sex, body mass index average in females was 28.9 and 38.8% of them had obesity in varying degrees. For males body mass index average was 27.0 and 19.7% of them had also obesity in varying degrees. Conclusions: Women presented higher predisposition to overweight and obesity. A relevant data was waist:hip ratio of risk (0.84 women, 0.93 men) For both sexes in younger groups. The risk factors that were associated to diabetes mellitus were people older than 45, with more than 140 mmHg in Systolic Arterial Tension with diabetic relatives.

Some risky factors of cancer in Bac Giang town

The interview was conducted with 1.500 households in Bac Giang city and a control group of 1.500 households in Tan Yen rural district. Secondary date were analysed. Matching the incidence of cancers and some factors of enviromental pollution in Bac Giang city territory, showed that the smokers had got a risk of cancer 1.56 folds higher than not smoking subjects, alcohol abuse subjects had got a risk of cancer 1.89 folds higher than who did not use alcohol. The subjects exposed to noxious chemicals had got a risk of cancer 1.06 folds higher than who did not. The subjects living in polluted enviroment had got the risk of cancer 1.06 folds higher than who did not.