Identificación del síndrome de piernas inquietas en estudios polisomnográficos y su asociación con otras variables / Identification of restless legs syndrome in polysomnography studies and its association with other variables

Introducción: El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es un trastorno del movimiento caracterizado por un impulso incontrolable de mover las piernas en respuesta a una sensación desagradable. La coexistencia de SPI junto con otros trastornos del sueño y del estado de ánimo puede modificar el enfoque terapéutico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de SPI en adultos estudiados con polisomnografía y evaluar su asociación con otros trastornos del sueño y del estado de ánimo. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyó a adultos estudiados con polisomnografía entre 2015 y 2021. Se recopiló información sobre sus antecedentes, datos polisomnográficos y trastornos del ánimo y del sueño mediante un cuestionario escrito autoadministrado que forma parte de la evaluación de todos los pacientes referidos a esta unidad de sueño. Se compararon estas variables en relación con la presencia de SPI. Resultados: Se incluyó a 406 pacientes. La prevalencia de SPI fue del 36,7% (n = 149). La presencia de fatiga (45,3%), insomnio moderado a grave (38,9%) y depresión (45,6%) fue mayor en sujetos con SPI. No se encontraron diferencias en relación con somnolencia diurna y síntomas de ansiedad. Los movimientos periódicos de las piernas no se asociaron con SPI (p = 0,26) y su prevalencia fue baja. Conclusión: La prevalencia de SPI en sujetos estudiados con polisomnografía fue elevada y se asoció a fatiga clínicamente significativa, insomnio y depresión. Estos síntomas deberían identificarse para establecer una estrategia terapéutica adecuada. La prevalencia de movimientos periódicos de las piernas fue baja y no se vinculó con SPI, hallazgo que contrasta con lo publicado previamente. Se requieren estudios adicionales para esclarecer la causa de esta asociación.(AU)

Introduction: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs in response to an unpleasant sensation. The coexistence of RLS and other sleep and mood disorders may require adjustment in the therapeutic strategy. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of RLS in adults studied with polysomnography and to evaluate its association with other sleep and mood disorders. Patients and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. We included adults studied with polysomnography between 2015 and 2021. We collected information on their medical history, polysomnographic data and mood and sleep disorders using a self-administered written questionnaire which is part of the routine evaluation of all patients referred to this sleep unit. These variables were compared between patients with and without RLS. Results: We included 406 patients. The prevalence of RLS was 36.7% (n = 149). The presence of fatigue (45.3%), moderate to severe insomnia (38.9%) and depression (45.6%) was higher in subjects with RLS. We did not find differences regarding daytime sleepiness and anxiety symptoms. Periodic Limb Movements (PLM) was not associated with RLS (p = 0.26) and its prevalence was low. Conclusion: The prevalence of RLS in subjects studied with Polysomnography is high and it was associated with clinically significant fatigue, insomnia and depression. These symptoms should be identified in order to establish an adequate therapeutic strategy. The prevalence of periodic limb movements was low and was not linked with RLS. These findings contrast with previous publications. Therefore, it requires additional studies to clarify the cause of this variation.(AU)

Restless legs syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis: evaluation of risk factors and clinical impact.

INTRODUCTION: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterised by an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by unpleasant sensations. It is more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of RLS, defined according to the 4 essential requirements included in the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group, in a cohort of patients with MS; and to identify potential risk factors and the clinical impact of RLS. RESULTS: The sample included 120 patients with MS, with a mean age of symptom onset of 40 years and an average disease duration of 46 months. The prevalence rate of RLS was 23.3%. MS progression time was significantly shorter in patients with RLS (P=.001). A recent relapse, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and neuropathic pain were significantly associated with risk of RLS (P=.001, P<.001, P<.001, and P=.001, respectively). In addition, patients with RLS had a greater risk of poor sleep quality, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and poor quality of life than those without RLS (P=.002, P=.017, P=.013, and P=.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RLS should be considered in the neurological evaluation of patients with MS; early diagnosis and treatment would improve the quality of life of patients with MS presenting RLS.

Síndrome de piernas inquietas en esclerosis múltiple: evaluación de factores de riesgo y repercusión clínica / Restless legs syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis: evaluation of risk factors and clinical impact

Introducción: El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es un trastorno caracterizado por la necesidad imperiosa de mover las piernas, estando a menudo acompañado de sensaciones desagradables. Su frecuencia es superior en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) que en la población general. Objetivos: Evaluar la prevalencia del SPI, según el cumplimiento de los 4 requisitos esenciales incluidos en los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por la International Restless leg syndrome study group (IRLSSG, 2003), en una cohorte de pacientes con EM e identificar posibles factores de riesgo y repercusión clínica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 120 pacientes con EM, con una edad media de inicio de 40 años y un tiempo medio de evolución de 46 meses. La prevalencia de SPI, según el cumplimiento de criterios diagnósticos de la IRLSSG, fue del 23,3%. El tiempo de evolución de EM, desde la aparición de los primeros síntomas, fue significativamente menor en pacientes con SPI (p=0,001). La presencia de un brote reciente, así como de síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y dolor neuropático se asociaron de forma significativa con el riesgo de SPI (p=0,001, p<0,001, p<0,001 y p=0,001, respectivamente). Además, los pacientes con SPI y EM presentaron mayor riesgo de mala calidad de sueño, fatiga, somnolencia diurna y peor calidad de vida, que aquellos sin SPI (p=0,002, p=0,017, p=0,013 y p=0,009, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El SPI debe ser considerado en la evaluación neurológica de pacientes con EM, cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz mejoraría la calidad de vida de estos sujetos. (AU)

Introduction: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterised by an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by unpleasant sensations. It is more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of RLS, defined according to the 4 essential requirements included in the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group, in a cohort of patients with MS; and to identify potential risk factors and the clinical impact of RLS. Results: The sample included 120 patients with MS, with a mean age of symptom onset of 40 years and an average disease duration of 46 months. The prevalence rate of RLS was 23.3%. MS progression time was significantly shorter in patients with RLS (P = 0.001). A recent relapse, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and neuropathic pain were significantly associated with risk of RLS (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, patients with RLS had a greater risk of poor sleep quality, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and poor quality of life than those without RLS (P = 0.002, P = 0.017, P = 0.013, and P = 0.009, respectively). Conclusions: RLS should be considered in the neurological evaluation of patients with MS; early diagnosis and treatment would improve the quality of life of patients with MS presenting RLS.

El efecto de la relajación muscular progresiva en la reducción del síndrome de las piernas inquietas entre los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis en una unidad periférica en Indonesia / The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on reducing restless legs syndrome among patients undergoing hemodialysis in a satellite/hospital unit in Indonesia

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la relajación muscular progresiva (RMP) sobre el síndrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis.Metodología:Se llevó a cabo un estudio con diseño cuasi-experimental en la unidad de hemodiálisis. La muestra reclutada fue de 12 encuestados tanto en el grupo de intervención como en el de control, siendo el muestreo de conveniencia. El instrumento de investigación utilizado fue la Escala Internacional del Grupo de Estudio del SPI.Resultados:En el grupo de intervención, las puntuaciones medias del SPI antes y después fueron de 22,92 y 17,42, respectivamente. En el grupo de control, las puntuaciones medias del SPI antes y después de la intervención fueron de 24,33 y 23,50, respectivamente. La RPM fue eficaz para mejorar el SPI (p<0,005).Conclusión:La RMP podría ser una alternativa para reducir el SPI en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. Se necesitan estudios futuros para aclarar los hallazgos utilizando métodos más robustos y un tamaño de muestra mayor. (AU)

Introduction: Muscle relaxation is considered as an alternative therapy for restless legs syndrome (RLS).Objective:To determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on restless legs syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methodology:This study was conducted using the quasi-experimental design in the unit hemodialysis. The sample recruited was 12 respondents in both intervention and control group using convenience sampling. The research instrument used the International RLS Study Group Scale.Results:The average score of RLS before and after PMR in the intervention group was 22.92 and 17.42, respectively. In the control group, the mean score of RLS before and after intervention was 24.33 and 23.50, respectively. PMR was effective to improve RLS (p<0.005).Conclusion:PMR could be an alternative to reduce RLS in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Future studies are needed to clarify the findings using more robust methods and large sample size. (AU)

Aparición tardía de síndrome de piernas inquietas como síntoma de abstinencia a la metadona en pacientes oncológicos: reporte de dos casos / Late onset of restless legs syndrome as a methadone withdrawal symptom in cancer patients: report of two cases

El síndrome de piernas inquietas es una alteración del sueño frecuente, el cual involucra usualmente un deseo urgente de mover las piernas, asociado con una sensación displacentera y movimientos periódicos de las mismas durante el sueño. La fisiopatología de este síndrome ha sido ampliamente estudiada y aun no es completamente clara, entendiéndose en la actualidad que en el mismo influyen factores de la personalidad, genéticos y ambientales. En el presente escrito describimos 2 casos en los cuales la suspensión del tratamiento con metadona se consideró fuertemente asociada a la presentación de síndrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes sin diagnóstico previo del mismo.(AU)

Restless legs syndrome is a frequent sleep disturbance, which usually involves an urgent desire to move the legs, associated with an unpleasant sensation and periodic movements of the legs during sleep. Its pathophysiology has been widely studied and is still not completely clear, and it is currently understood that it is influenced by personality, genetic and environmental factors. In this paper we describe 2 cases in which the suspension of methadone treatment was considered strongly associated with the presentation of restless legs syndrome in patients without previous diagnosis of this syndrome.(AU)

Management of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders in women of childbearing age: Part 2. / Manejo de la enfermedad de Parkinson y otros trastornos del movimiento en mujeres en edad fértil: parte 2.

INTRODUCTION: Many diseases associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders manifest in women of childbearing age. It is important to understand the risks of these diseases during pregnancy, and the potential risks of treatment for the fetus. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to define the clinical characteristics and the factors affecting the lives of women of childbearing age with dystonia, chorea, Tourette syndrome, tremor, and restless legs syndrome, and to establish guidelines for management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in these patients. RESULTS: This consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the content by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology. CONCLUSIONS: We must evaluate the risks and benefits of treatment in all women with hyperkinetic movement disorders, whether pre-existing or with onset during pregnancy, and aim to reduce effective doses as much as possible or to administer drugs only when necessary. In hereditary diseases, families should be offered genetic counselling. It is important to recognise movement disorders triggered during pregnancy, such as certain types of chorea and restless legs syndrome.

Restless legs syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis: evaluation of risk factors and clinical impact. / Síndrome de piernas inquietas en esclerosis múltiple: evaluación de factores de riesgo y repercusión clínica.

INTRODUCTION: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterised by an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by unpleasant sensations. It is more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of RLS, defined according to the 4 essential requirements included in the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group, in a cohort of patients with MS; and to identify potential risk factors and the clinical impact of RLS. RESULTS: The sample included 120 patients with MS, with a mean age of symptom onset of 40 years and an average disease duration of 46 months. The prevalence rate of RLS was 23.3%. MS progression time was significantly shorter in patients with RLS (P = 0.001). A recent relapse, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and neuropathic pain were significantly associated with risk of RLS (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, patients with RLS had a greater risk of poor sleep quality, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and poor quality of life than those without RLS (P = 0.002, P = 0.017, P = 0.013, and P = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RLS should be considered in the neurological evaluation of patients with MS; early diagnosis and treatment would improve the quality of life of patients with MS presenting RLS.

Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis / Síndrome de Piernas Inquietas en enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis

ABSTRACT Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent complication of hemodialysis that has been associated with poor quality of life and increased risk for complications. Nevertheless, few studies regarding this entity exist in resource-limited settings. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of RLS among Mexican patients on hemodialysis; and compare these patients with a control group of the same population. Methods: We recruited 105 hemodialysis patients. Restless legs syndrome was diagnosed according to the updated criteria set out by the International RLS Study Group. We selected patients who did not meet the criteria, as controls. Results: We found an RLS prevalence of 18%. The RLS patients had a significantly higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and uremic pruritus. None of the patients reported RLS symptoms prior to hemodialysis initiation. Conclusions: Restless legs syndrome is common among Mexican patients on hemodialysis. Larger studies are required to address the impact of RLS in hemodialysis patients.

RESUMEN El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es una complicación de la hemodiálisis que se ha asociado con menor calidad de vida y riesgo aumentado de complicaciones. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios acerca de esta entidad en escenarios de recursos limitados. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de SPI en pacientes mexicanos en hemodiálisis, y comparar las características con un grupo control de la misma población. Métodos: Reclutamos 105 pacientes en hemodiálisis. El SPI se diagnosticó de acuerdo con los criterios actualizados del grupo de estudio internacional del síndrome de piernas inquietas. Seleccionamos a los pacientes que no cumplieron dichos criterios como controles. Resultados: Encontramos una prevalencia de SPI del 18%. Los pacientes con SPI tenían una prevalencia más alta de anemia ferropénica, y prurito urémico. Ninguno de los pacientes reportó síntomas de SPI previo a iniciar la hemodiálisis. Conclusiones: El SPI es frecuente en pacientes mexicanos en hemodiálisis; se requieren estudios más grandes para evaluar el impacto del síndrome en ésta población.

Effects of rotigotine on clinical symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene adequacy in haemodialysis-associated restless legs syndrome. / Efectos de la rotigotina sobre la sintomatología, calidad de vida e higiene de sueño en el síndrome de piernas inquietas en hemodiálisis.

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterised by bothersome symptoms associated with impaired quality of life and sleep hygiene. Rotigotine is a novel therapeutic alternative, although few studies have been published in patients on haemodialysis (HD) with RLS treated with rotigotine. OBJECTIVES: 1.- To establish the prevalence of RLS in our HD unit. 2.- To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of rotigotine and its effect on symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene in our HD population with RLS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-centre, 12-week prospective study. Two stages (6 weeks): stage 1 (no treatment) and stage 2 (rotigotine). We analysed: 1.- Demographic data, biochemistry data, HD suitability parameters and RLS medical treatment data. 2.- Lower extremity symptoms questionnaire (QS). 3.- RLS severity symptoms scale (SRLSS). 4.- RLS Quality of life: John Hopkins RLS-QoL (JH-QoL). 5.- Sleep hygiene: SCOPA Scale. RESULTS: We included 66 HD patients, 14 with RLS; 44.4% male, 70.2±9.9 years and 111.1±160.8 months on HD. And 22.9% RLS. Exclusively in stage 2, a significant improvement for QS (10±2.4 vs. 5.7±1.0), SRLSS (21±4 vs. 5.7±4.6), JH-QoL (22.1±4.4 vs. 4.3±4.0) and SCOPA (16±5.3 vs. 6.7±1.9) were observed. A 77.7 and 11.1%, showed partial (> 20%) and complete (> 80%) remission, respectively, while 55.5% achieved «zero¼ symptoms. Only one patient had gastrointestinal intolerance and none experienced augmentation effect. No changes in biochemical data, suitability for dialysis or medical treatment were found. The inter-group analysis showed a significant improvement in relation to QS, SRLSS, JH-QoL and SCOPA in stage 2. CONCLUSIONS: RLS showed a considerable prevalence in our HD unit. Rotigotine improved clinical symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene in RLS patients on HD and was found to be a safe drug with minimal side effects and total therapeutic compliance. Nevertheless, future studies should be performed to confirm the benefits of rotigotine in RLS patients on haemodialysis.

[Role of iron in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder]. / Utilidad del hierro en el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

INTRODUCTION: The aetiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is attributed to different factors: genetic, environmental, and biological (neurotransmitters: dopaminergic system). Iron is essential for the correct functioning of the dopaminergic system. Iron deficiency is common in patients with ADHD, and its correction may be useful in the treatment. OBJECTIVES: To analyse a possible relationship between iron deficiency and symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD patients, and the potential benefit of iron therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on non-anaemic and cognitively normal children, newly diagnosed with ADHD, according to DSM-IV criteria. Specific scales were used (SNAP-IV, ADHS) and serum ferritin was determined. Those with ferritin ≤ 30 ng/ml were treated with ferrous sulphate (4 mg/kg/day) for 3 months, with its effect quantified being subsequently quantified. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients, with a mean age of 9.02 years (range: 6-14), were analysed. The inattentive subtype was the most frequent one (53.3%). Almost two-thirds (63.3%) had iron deficiency, which was more frequent among the inattentive group (38 vs 22, P<.02). The iron treatment was completed by 17 patients. The treatment was not effective in 7 of the 8 non-inattentive subtypes, with a partial response in the remaining one. Of the 9 inattentive subtypes: the treatment was successful in the total control of symptoms in 5 of them, partially effective in other 3, and ineffective in one patient. The probability of complete response after treatment with iron was higher in inattentive patients with ADHD (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with iron supplements can be an effective alternative to treat patients with ADHD and iron deficiency, especially the inattentive subtype.

Trastornos del sueño en pacientes en hemodiálisis Prevalencia y características clínicas y epidemiológicas / Sleep Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients. Prevalence and Clinical and Epidemiological Features

Introducción: Dormir mal es una de las quejas más frecuentes de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. Este problema afecta negativamente la calidad de vida y la salud de quienes los padecen. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de los trastornos del sueño y los factores clínicos y epidemiológicos relacionados, en pacientes adultos con enfermedad renal crónica que se encuentran en hemodiálisis. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal. Se evaluaron los pacientes mayores de 18 años con enfermedad renal crónica que requieren diálisis y asisten a las unidades de hemodiálisis de los hospitales universitarios de San Ignacio, en Bogotá, y San Vicente, en Medellín. Se diseñó un cuestionario para recopilar información sociodemográfica y clínica. Se emplearon escalas para medir la calidad del sueño, la excesiva somnolencia diurna y el riesgo de apnea del sueño y de síndrome de piernas inquietas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 139 pacientes, entre 20 y 84 años de edad, el 54% (75) fueron de sexo masculino; 94,2% merecen atención médica por su problema de sueño. Conclusión: Los trastornos del sueño son una condición clínica de alta prevalencia en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis. En todo paciente que se encuentre en hemodiálisis se debe buscar de forma rutinaria problemas de sueño.

Introduction: Poor sleep is one of the most common complaints of patients on hemodialysis. This in turn affects the quality of life and health of those who suffer from it. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sleep disorders and related clinical and epidemiological features in adult patients with chronic kidney disease who are on hemodialysis. Method: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study. The patients assessed were over 18 years old, had chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis, and attended the hemodialysis units of the University Hospital San Ignacio in Bogotá and the San Vicente Foundation in Medellin. We designed a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic and clinical information. Scales were used to measure sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, risk of sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Results: 139 patients were assessed between the ages of 20 and 84 years old, 54% (75) were male. 94.2% of the patients were deserving of medical attention due to sleep problem. Conclusion: Sleep disorders are a highly prevalent clinical condition in hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Sleep problems should be routinely assessed in all dialysis patients.

Síndrome de piernas inquietas: enfoque diagnóstico y tratamiento / Restless leg syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutical approach

El Síndrome de Piernas Inquietas (SPI) es un desorden sensitivo motor primario, frecuente pero subdiagnosticado. Clínicamente definido por la (I) Urgencia o irresistible necesidad de mover las piernas, acompañada de sensación desagradable en ellas, (II) La presentación de los síntomas o empeoramiento durante el sueño, el reposo o la inactividad, (III) La mejoría total o parcial moviendo las piernas y (IV) El empeoramiento o aparición principalmente al atardecer o durante la noche. El reto diagnóstico es diferenciar el SPI de los trastornos con síntomas parecidos como son la polineuropatía, el mioclonus, la enfermedad arterial entre otros, para poder dar a cada paciente el mejor tratamiento dependiendo de su grado de compromiso, sus síntomas dolorosos asociados y las coomorbilidades presentes. Existen varias opciones de tratamiento como la levodopa, el gabapentín y el hierro oral, pero los agonistas dopaminérgicos persisten como el manejo de elección ya que la mayoría de los pacientes responden favorablemente con ellos.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a primary sensoriomotor disorder, common but underdiagnosed. RLS is clinically defined by (I) an urge to move the legs accompanied by unpleasant feeling in them, (II) a worsening of symptoms with sleep, rest or inactivity, (III) total or parcial improvement with activity and (IV) a worsening of symptoms in the evening and at night. The challenge is to differentiate the SPI diagnosis of disorders with similar symptoms such as polyneuropathy, the myoclonus, arterial disease among others, to give each patient the best treatment depending on their degree of involvement, symptoms and comorbidities present. There are several treatment options such as levodopa, gabapentin and oral iron, but dopamine agonists persist as the management of choice because most patients respond favorably to them.