A grey-DEMATEL approach for analyzing factors critical to the implementation of reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical care process.

There is an increasing interest in product recovery, closed-loop supply chains, and reverse logistics (RL) for mitigating environmental impairment. Although RL is becoming a mandatory policy in developed countries, it is still in an embryonic stage in some industrial sectors of emerging economies. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) identify the critical factors to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian pharmaceutical care process (PCP) and (2) determine the cause-and-effect relationships among them. We use snowball sampling to select the relevant RL studies and deductive reasoning and classification to identify the critical factors and a grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationships among them. The study revealed management, collaboration, information technology, infrastructure, policy, financial and economic, end-of-life management practices, and logistic performance factors as the most relevant factors to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian PCP. The end-of-life management practices were identified as the most critical factor, and information technology was identified as the least critical factor. We further determined the end-of-life management practices and policy have the strongest casual relationship. The municipal PCP coordinators can use the findings of this study to formulate mitigating strategies to identify and eliminate barriers to the successful implementation of RL in the Brazilian PCP.

Trajectories of scientific reasoning: A microgenetic study on children's inquiry functioning.

From the literature, we know that young children engage in inquiry as an organized activity aimed either at confirming or refuting the relevance of certain ideas. The current study provides a characterization of changes in inquiry using a multiple case study of four 5-year old children. Three computer-based tasks were presented to the children as multivariable problem solving situations concerning moving objects. A description of the temporal unfolding of real-time action on a short-term time scale and long-term time scale of learning and development is provided. The results indicated that the development of inquiry did not follow linear growth but included advances and relapses, exploratory states and transitions. The data were compatible with the view that the child's thinking and acting form a complex dynamic system.

Momento reflexão: proposta de intervenção em psicologia educacional / Reflective moment: proposal for intervention in educational psychology

Este artigo descreve um método de trabalho em psicologia educacional embasado na teoria sistêmica e no construcionismo social. O Momento Reflexão (MR) é uma proposta interdisciplinar de intervenção em problemas do contexto escolar, que consiste em reuniões periódicas entre a professora e a equipe técnica. A partir das demandas emergentes no MR todos colaboram para construir estratégias de ação e planejar as intervenções mais adequadas para cada situação. Essas podem ser: conversações de dissolução do Sistema Determinado pelo Problema, intervenções mediadas, atendimento interdisciplinar com a família, observação em sala de aula, intervenção direta, encaminhamento para avaliação de outros especialistas. Por fim, todas as intervenções supracitadas têm como meta trabalhar as relações estabelecidas no contexto escolar.(AU)

This article describes a method of working in educational psychology grounded in systems theory and social constructionism. The Moment Reflection (MR) is a proposed interdisciplinary intervention in problems of school context, which consists of regular meetings between the teacher and the technical team. From the demands that arise in the MR, all members collaborate to construct strategies of action and plan the most appropriate nterventions for each situation. These can be: conversations of the dissolution System Determined by Problem, mediated interventions, an interdisciplinary approach with family, classroom observation, direct intervention, referral for evaluation of other experts. Finally, all the aforementioned interventions aim to work the relations established in the school context.(AU)

Não ensine a pescar: Sobre a fundamentação teórica das práticas sistêmicas / Do not teach to fish: On the theoretical foundations of systemic practices

Dado meu interesse pela compreensão dos sistemas sociais humanos e a fundamentação dos trabalhos com redes sociais – conversações constituídas em torno de um problema – identifico o pensamento sistêmico como a epistemologia que implica os profissionais envolvidos nessas práticas. Admitindo as vantagens do trabalho com redes sociais em torno do problema – em relação às formas tradicionais de atuação dos profissionais sociais – explico teoricamente essas vantagens. A partir da teoria de Maturana para os sistemas vivos (Teoria da Autopoiese), distingo conceitos utilizados em minha própria Teoria Geral dos Sistemas Autônomos a qual, propondo uma teoria mais ampla de sistemas, permite compreender não só as características gerais dos sistemas vivos, como dos sistemas sociais humanos. Finalmente, concebendo as redes sociais e os sistemas em torno de problemas como sistemas autônomos, fundamento e explico teoricamente as vantagens dos trabalhos sistêmicos com redes sociais, utilizando meu conceito de interconstituição de 2a ordem. Com essa explicação, justifico o título deste artigo, que se contrapõe à difundida proposta “ensine a pescar”.(AU)

Given my interest in understanding human social systems and the foundations for working with social networks – conceived as conversations constituted around a problem – I identify systems thinking as the epistemology that implies professionals involved in such practices. Assuming the advantages of working with social networks around problem – compared to traditional forms of action of social professionals – I explain theoretically these advantages. From Maturana’s theory for living systems (Theory of Autopoiesis), I distinguish concepts used in my own General Autonomous Systems Theory – based mainly on the work of aturana – which, proposing a broader systems theory, allows us to understand not only general characteristics of living systems but human social systems also. Finally, by conceiving both the social networks and the systems around problems as autonomous systems, I establish and theoretically explain the advantages of systemic works with social networks, by using my concept of 2nd order interconstitution. With this explanation, I justify the title of this article, which opposes the widespread proposal “teach to fish”.(AU)

Estudando a família em desenvolvimento: desafios conceituais e teóricos / Studying the family in development: conceptual and theoretical challenges / El estudio de la familia en desarrollo: desafíos conceptuales y teóricos

Estudar a família em desenvolvimento em contextos sociais e culturais em constantes transformações constitui um desafio para os pesquisadores da área de Psicologia do desenvolvimento familiar. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever o contexto em que viviam as famílias brasileiras quando o Questionário de Pai Ideal foi aplicado a jovens universitários participantes da pesquisa de Pasquali. São destacadas a estrutura e as relações parentais e de gênero que caracterizaram as famílias na segunda metade do século XX . A teoria sistêmica e a definição ecopsicológica de família são apontadas como caminhos promissores para orientar as pesquisas sobre o funcionamento familiar e as concepções atuais de família, mãe e pai.(AU)

Studying the family in development in social and cultural contexts that are in constant transformation constitutes a challenge for the psychologists who study the family development. This article aims to describe the environment in which Brazilian families lived when the Questionnaire of Ideal Father was administrated to young university students from Pasquali’s research. The structure and the parental and gender relations that characterize the families in the second half of the XX century are highlighted. The sistemic theory and the family ecopsychological definition are pointed out as promising ways to guide the research about the family functioning and the current conceptions of family, mother and father.(AU)

Estudiar a la familia en desarrollo en contextos sociales y culturales en constantes transformaciones constituye un desafío para los investigadores del área de la Psicología del desarrollo familiar. Este artículo tiene como objeto describir el contexto en el cual vivían las familias brasileñas cuando el Cuestionario de Padre Ideal ha sido llevado a cabo en jóvenes universitarios participantes de la investigación de Pasquali. Se destacan la estructura y las relaciones parentales y de género que caracterizan a las familias en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La teoría sistémica y la definición ecopsicológica de familia son apuntadas como senderos promisorios para orientar las investigaciones acerca del funcionamiento familiar y las concepciones actuales de familia, madre y padre.(AU)