Social administration of juvenile hormone to larvae increases body size and nutritional needs for pupation.

Social insects often display extreme variation in body size and morphology within the same colony. In many species, adult morphology is socially regulated by workers during larval development. While larval nutrition may play a role in this regulation, it is often difficult to identify precisely what larvae receive from rearing workers, especially when larvae are fed through social regurgitation. Across insects, juvenile hormone is a major regulator of development. In the ant Camponotus floridanus, this hormone is present in the socially regurgitated fluid of workers. We investigated the role the social transfer of juvenile hormone in the social regulation of development. To do this, we administered an artificial regurgitate to larvae through a newly developed handfeeding method that was or was not supplemented with juvenile hormone. Orally administered juvenile hormone increased the nutritional needs of larvae, allowing them to reach a larger size at pupation. Instead of causing them to grow faster, the juvenile hormone treatment extended larval developmental time, allowing them to accumulate resources over a longer period. Handfeeding ant larvae with juvenile hormone resulted in larger adult workers after metamorphosis, suggesting a role for socially transferred juvenile hormone in the colony-level regulation of worker size over colony maturation.

A systematic review of the role of teachers' support in promoting socially shared regulatory strategies for learning.

Interpersonal physiological synchrony and collaboration in educational contexts have been identified as key aspects of the learning environment to foster critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and shared knowledge construction and learning of students. In addition to this, teachers' support and interaction with students result in a protective factor for students' well-being and academic outcomes. The main aim of this systematic review was to explore if and how teachers' support and relationship with students can affect their use of Socially Shared Regulatory Strategies for Learning (SSRL). Studies were identified in six electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL and ERIC) following PRISMA guidelines. The initial search yielded a total of 110 records. Fifty-nine studies were fully reviewed, and 16 studies met all inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the review. Studies were analyzed and teachers' support strategies to enhance SSRL were identified and recorded. This review identifies a range of teachers' strategies that may foster students' SSRL, such as prompting and moving from one group to another, helping and checking the groups' progress, especially in primary and secondary school; flipped classrooms at university level. The results of this systematic review may inform teachers, educational practitioners, the general public and the design of individualized educational interventions aimed at improving teacher-child relationships, their well-being and academic performance.

How to Improve Others' Emotions: Reappraise and be Responsive.

People often try to improve others' emotions. However, it is unclear which interpersonal emotion regulation strategies are most effective and why. In 121 candid dyadic conversations between undergraduate students via video conferencing, target participants recounted a stressful event to regulator participants. Three strategies used by regulators during these conversations to change targets' emotions were obtained from the regulator after the conversation: extrinsic reappraisal, extrinsic suppression, and extrinsic acceptance. Perceived regulator responsiveness was obtained from targets to examine the social consequences of extrinsic emotion regulation and its mediating role in successful extrinsic emotion regulation. We found that regulators' extrinsic reappraisal use was associated with improved target emotions measured across two distinct classes of outcomes: targets' emotions during the conversation and targets' perception that the regulator improved their emotions. Regulators' extrinsic suppression and acceptance, in contrast, were not related with improved target emotions or perceptions of improvement. Instead, all extrinsic regulatory strategies were associated with improved targets' emotions when mediated by targets' perceptions of regulator responsiveness. Finally, observer-ratings of regulators' extrinsic reappraisal and suppression use were found to be consistent with regulators' self-ratings and follow the same pattern of results on the outcome measures. These findings provide insight into why the social regulation of emotions can succeed or fail and hold implications for interventions aimed at guiding people toward more successfully improving others' emotions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00183-4.

Interpersonal context and desired emotional closeness in neural response to negative visual stimuli: Preliminary findings.

INTRODUCTION: Emotions typically emerge in interpersonal contexts, but the neural circuitry involved remains insufficiently understood. Two key features of interpersonal contexts are interpersonal interactions (e.g., supportive physical touch serving as a form of social regulation) and interpersonal traits. Social regulation research has predominately focused on fear by using physical threat (i.e., electric shock) as the stimulus. Given that social regulation helps with various negative emotions in the real world, using visual stimuli that elicit negative emotions more broadly would also be beneficial. Differing from trait loneliness-which is related to lower recruitment of social circuitry in negative socioaffective contexts-trait desired emotional closeness is related to adaptive outcomes and may demonstrate an opposite pattern. This study investigated the roles of social regulation and desired emotional closeness in neural response to aversive social images. METHODS: Ten pairs of typically developing emerging adult friends (N = 20; ages 18-25) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) handholding task. Each friend viewed negative and neutral social images in the scanner under two conditions: (a) holding their friend's hand and (b) having their friend in the room. RESULTS: Handholding attenuated response to aversive social images in a region implicated in emotion and inhibitory control (right dorsal striatum/anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex). Desired emotional closeness was positively associated with response to aversive social images (in the no handholding condition) in self and social processing (right ventral posterior cingulate cortex) and somatosensory regions (right postcentral gyrus). DISCUSSION: These findings extend previous research on the roles of interpersonal behaviors and tendencies in neural response to aversive stimuli.

Neuropeptidergic and Neuroendocrine Systems Underlying Eusociality and the Concomitant Social Regulation of Reproduction in Naked Mole-Rats: A Comparative Approach.

The African mole-rat family (Bathyergidae) includes the first mammalian species identified as eusocial: naked mole-rats. Comparative studies of eusocial and solitary mole-rat species have identified differences in neuropeptidergic systems that may underlie the phenomenon of eusociality. These differences are found in the oxytocin, vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) systems within the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral septal nucleus. As a corollary of their eusociality, most naked mole-rats remain pre-pubertal throughout life because of the presence of the colony's only reproductive female, the queen. To elucidate the neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate this social regulation of reproduction, research on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in naked mole-rats has identified differences between the many individuals that are reproductively suppressed and the few that are reproductively mature: the queen and her male consorts. These differences involve gonadal steroids, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1), kisspeptin, gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone/RFamide-related peptide-3 (GnIH/RFRP-3) and prolactin. The comparative findings in eusocial and solitary mole-rat species are assessed with reference to a broad range of studies on other mammals.

Yielding to social presence as a bioenergetic strategy.

All life must strategically conserve and allocate resources in order to meet the challenges of living. Social Baseline Theory suggests that, for humans, social context and the social resources therein are a central ecology in human phylogeny. In ontogeny, this manifests in flexible bioenergetic strategies that vary in the population based on social history. We introduce yielding, a conservation process wherein we relax physiological investment in response to a challenge when in the presence of a relational partner. The availability of these conserved resources then impact response to subsequent challenges while alone and if this pattern is habitual, it can reciprocally influence strategies used to solve or cope with typical stress. We discuss neural targets of this resource conservation and reframe our lab's previous studies on the social regulation of neural threat responding within this framework. We then show functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data indicating the presence of relational partners decreases blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response to threat in key targets of resource conservation (e.g, dlPFC, dACC, and insula) and that stronger signal reduction in these areas coincide with less BOLD in pre-frontal (vmPFC, dlPFC) and visuo-sensory integration (occipital cortex, precuneus, superior parietal lobule) regions during ostracism. Finally, we show that these neural relationships are associated with less use of self-regulation-based coping strategies two years post scanning. Taken together, we show the utility of yielding both as a concept and as a bioenergetic process which helps to conserve energy in this social primate.

The challenge of understanding, evaluating and providing feedback on regulation during group learning / O desafio em entender, avaliar e fornecer feedback em regulação durante aprendizagem em grupo

Learning in groups is commonly used in academic and clinical health professions education (HPE). There is growing recognition that regulation during learning is essential for both the individual learner and group learning. The authors in this article propose a practical approach for understanding, evaluating and providing feedback on regulation during group learning. The approach is informed by previous studies conducted in other areas of education. Three varieties of regulation during group learning are discussed: individual, co-regulation and shared regulation. Each variety of regulation has a focus on three essential activities during group learning: task, social and motivation. Illustrative scenarios are presented to describe how the approach can be practically used in HPE. The specific and additional focus on regulation can enhance current approaches for providing feedback on group learning and the authors discuss recommendations for practical implementation and future research.

Aprendizagem em grupo é muito utilizada no ensino dos profissionais de saúde tanto na parte acadêmica quanto na parte clínica. Há um crescente reconhecimento de que a regulação durante aprendizagem é essencial para o indivíduo e em grupo. Os autores deste artigo propõem um modelo prático para entender, avaliar e fornecer feedback em regulação durante a aprendizagem em grupo. Esse modelo é baseado por estudos publicados em outras áreas de educação, sendo composto por três variações de regulação durante aprendizagem em grupo, a saber, individual, corregulação e regulação compartilhada. Cada variação de regulação foca em três atividades essenciais durante a aprendizagem em grupo: tarefa, social e motivacional. Cenários ilustrativos são apresentados para descrever como esse modelo pode ser utilizado em ensino em saúde. O foco específico e adicional em regulação pode melhorar práticas de feedback em aprendizagem em grupos e os autores discutem recomendações para implementações práticas assim como pesquisas futuras.

Emotions, relationships, health and illness into old age.

There is strong evidence linking relationships and emotions to physical health outcomes. What is critically missing is a more comprehensive understanding of how these important psychosocial factors influence disease over the lifespan. In this narrative review, existing lifespan models of social support and emotion regulation are reviewed and integrated into a general conceptual framework in the health domain. This integrated model takes into account bidirectional links between relationships and emotions, as well as health behaviors, biological pathways, and health. Evidence is consistent with the utility of an integrative model attempting to understand its links to health-relevant pathways and outcomes in older adults. Future work that examines multiple pathways using prospective designs will be necessary for this work to reach its full potential, including intervention and policy opportunities.

Socially regulated estrogen in an eavesdropping brood parasite.

Social regulation of reproductive hormones is a means by which conspecific males and females orchestrate successful reproductive efforts. We investigate whether social cues modify activity within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the specificity of this response in a social parasite that is known to eavesdrop on the communication signals of other species: the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Brown-headed cowbirds are obligate brood parasites that do not build nests or care for their own young. Instead, obligate brood parasites leave their eggs in the nest of a host species and therefore must coordinate their breeding attempts with conspecifics as well as potential heterospecific hosts. Here, we explore whether the vocal signals of potential host species can also be used as a social cue that modifies the HPG axis of female brown-headed cowbirds. Results reveal that both conspecific and heterospecific song-exposed females exhibit significantly greater circulating estradiol concentrations as compared to silence-exposed females. While conspecific song induces the greatest elevation in circulating estradiol, there is no significant difference in circulating estradiol levels in females exposed to either conspecific or heterospecific songs. This pattern suggests both song types are effective at evoking a reproductive physiological response. On the other hand, circulating progesterone concentrations did not differ among the song- and silence-exposed groups nor did the size of the female's ovarian follicles. These results indicate that heterospecific vocal communication signals can effectively be used as a social cue that simultaneously provides necessary information regarding breeding status of hosts and modifies breeding condition of the eavesdropper.

Precursors to the performing arts in infancy and early childhood.

Across cultures, aspects of music and dance contribute to everyday life in a variety of ways that do not depend on artistry, aesthetics, or expertise. In this chapter, we focus on precursors to music and dance that are evident in infancy: the underlying perceptual abilities, parent-infant musical interactions that are motivated by nonmusical goals, the consequences of such interactions for mood regulation and social regulation, and the emergence of rudimentary singing and rhythmic movement to music. These precursors to music and dance lay the groundwork for our informal engagement with music throughout life and its continuing effects on mood regulation, affiliation, and well-being.

Maternal Self-Construal, Maternal Socialization of Emotions and Child Emotion Regulation in a Sample of Romanian Mother-Toddler Dyads.

Over the recent years, there is growing recognition of the social and cultural regulatory processes that act upon individual emotions. The adult-to-child social regulation of emotion is even more relevant, given the development of child self-regulatory abilities during early years. Although it is acknowledged that parental regulatory attempts to their children's emotional expressions are influenced by cultural models, relatively little is known about the specific relationship between parental cultural models and socialization practices that foster emotion self-regulation, particularly in the case of toddlers. Therefore, in the present study, our first aim was to examine, in a Romanian sample of mother-toddler dyads, the relationships between maternal cultural model of self and maternal regulatory attempts targeting toddlers' emotions during a delay of gratification task, while controlling for maternal perceptions of child individual characteristics, namely temperament. The second aim was to analyze, within the delay of gratification task, the relations between maternal regulatory attempts, child regulatory strategies and child affect expression, as the outcome of emotion regulation. Results showed that mothers scored higher for Independence as compared to Interdependence dimensions of self-construal. Also, the multidimensional analysis of self-construal revealed that Autonomy/Assertiveness scores were significantly higher than Relational Interdependent scores. Moreover, different dimensions of Independence predicted different maternal regulatory strategies employed during the delay of gratification task. This pattern of results suggests that maternal representations of an independent self, evidenced in our sample, are reflected in regulatory practices, aimed to develop primary control in the toddler. Moreover, our data revealed several significant associations between maternal regulatory strategies and child regulatory strategies expressed during the delay of gratification task. Finally, we demonstrated that child self-regulation mediated the relation between maternal regulatory attempts and child expression of affect during this task.

A produção acadêmica sobre regulação em saúde: um recorte a partir da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações / The academic production about health regulation: a piece from the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

Introdução: a regulação em saúde implica a intervenção do Estado para assegurar a produção, distribuição e o consumo de serviços de saúde, e requer o estabelecimento de leis, normas e procedimentos que serão incorporados pelos variados agentes que atuam no sistema. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo de revisão bibliográfica possui como objetivo principal analisar a produção acadêmica sobre a regulação em saúde e como objetivos específicos: identificar os temas existentes na produção acadêmica sobre o assunto e discutir as possíveis semelhanças e diferenças de compreensão presentes nos estudos que serão examinados. A abordagem adotada foi qualitativa e optou-se pela análise de conteúdo temática como técnica para a análise dos dados. Não foi realizado recorte temporal. Foram pesquisadas as teses de doutorado presentes na Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações que abordaram regulação em saúde. Estes temas não se excluem mutuamente, mas, funcionam como norteadores para a análise efetuada. Nove teses foram examinadas e os temas identificados foram regulação econômica e regulação social. A complexidade da regulação em saúde foi ressaltada pela maioria das teses e houve o reconhecimento que em função de tal complexidade faz necessário a ponderação de fatores econômicos e sociais para uma ação regulatória apropriada e efetiva. Questões relacionadas ao poder foram foco de diversos estudos examinados, quer seja pelo destaque ao poder do Estado para realizar ações regulatórias como pela análise da regulação como espaço de disputa de poder pelos diversos grupos de interesse relacionados à saúde.

Introduction: health regulation implies state intervention to ensure the production, distribution and consumption of health services, and requires the establishment of laws, norms and procedures that will be incorporated by the various agents that operate in the system. In this perspective, this bibliographic review study has as main objective to analyze the academic production on health regulation and how specific objectives: to identify the existing themes in the academic production on the subject and to discuss the possible similarities and differences of understanding present in the studies that will be examined. The approach adopted was qualitative and the analysis of thematic content as technique for data analysis. No temporal trimming was done. The doctoral dissertations present in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations that research health regulation were examined. These themes are not mutually exclusive, but they act as guiding principles for the analysis. Nine dissertations were examined and the themes identified were economic regulation and social regulation. The complexity of health regulation was underscored by most of the theses and there was recognition that because of such complexity it is necessary to weigh economic and social factors for appropriate and effective regulatory action. Issues related to power were the focus of several studies examined, either by highlighting the power of the state to carry out regulatory actions or the analysis of regulation as a space for power struggle by many health-related interest groups.

Social Status-Dependent Shift in Neural Circuit Activation Affects Decision Making.

In a social group, animals make behavioral decisions that fit their social ranks. These behavioral choices are dependent on the various social cues experienced during social interactions. In vertebrates, little is known of how social status affects the underlying neural mechanisms regulating decision-making circuits that drive competing behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that social status in zebrafish (Danio rerio) influences behavioral decisions by shifting the balance in neural circuit activation between two competing networks (escape and swim). We show that socially dominant animals enhance activation of the swim circuit. Conversely, social subordinates display a decreased activation of the swim circuit, but an enhanced activation of the escape circuit. In an effort to understand how social status mediates these effects, we constructed a neurocomputational model of the escape and swim circuits. The model replicates our findings and suggests that social status-related shift in circuit dynamics could be mediated by changes in the relative excitability of the escape and swim networks. Together, our results reveal that changes in the excitabilities of the Mauthner command neuron for escape and the inhibitory interneurons that regulate swimming provide a cellular mechanism for the nervous system to adapt to changes in social conditions by permitting the animal to select a socially appropriate behavioral response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how social factors influence nervous system function is of great importance. Using zebrafish as a model system, we demonstrate how social experience affects decision making to enable animals to produce socially appropriate behavior. Based on experimental evidence and computational modeling, we show that behavioral decisions reflect the interplay between competing neural circuits whose activation thresholds shift in accordance with social status. We demonstrate this through analysis of the behavior and neural circuit responses that drive escape and swim behaviors in fish. We show that socially subordinate animals favor escape over swimming, while socially dominants favor swimming over escape. We propose that these differences are mediated by shifts in relative circuit excitability.

Shared-Reality Development in Childhood.

Many significant changes occur during human childhood, including cognitive, social-cognitive, and socioemotional changes. This article reviews some key phenomena associated with some of these changes and attempts to capture them within a single conceptual umbrella-changes in children's shared realities with others Shared reality is the experience that you have an inner state about something (e.g., a feeling or belief or concern about something) that is shared by others (a person or group). Four phases of shared-reality development are proposed: Phase 1 (6-12 months) shared feelings; Phase 2 (18-24 months) shared practices; Phase 3 (3-5 years) shared self-guides; Phase 4 (9-13 years) shared coordinated roles In each phase, a new way that children interact with and relate to others emerges, and the emergence of each new shared-reality mode has significant self-regulatory and social consequences. These consequences include both major benefits for children and potential costs-trade-offs of being human.

Dos conceitos de regulação às suas possibilidades / From the concepts of regulation to their possibilities

O termo regulação tem sido utilizado de forma muito diversa. Há uma variedade de significados, abordagens e objetivos, ora inter-relacionados, ora divergentes. Foi realizada uma revisão dos conceitos de regulação a partir das seguintes disciplinas: ciências da vida, direito, economia, sociologia e ciência política. O termo regulação apresenta significados múltiplos e é utilizado em distintas disciplinas. Nota-se que a evolução da noção de regulação não ocorreu de uma maneira linear, uma vez que as ideias relacionadas a esse termo não tiveram lugar em fases sucessivas de desenvolvimento e melhoria. No entanto, o que diferencia os conceitos de regulação é precisamente a definição das diversas formas de intervenção. Por fim, qualquer projeto consciente de intervenção para a melhoria da situação de saúde requer conceitos fundamentados sobre regulação. Justamente para romper com possíveis monopólios de interpretação. A partir dessa reflexão crítica, é possível aproximar-se tanto do contexto polissêmico que constitui os conceitos de regulação e de suas consequências para a análise de políticas públicas...

The term regulation has been used in very different ways. There is a variety of meanings, approaches, and objectives, sometimes interrelated, sometimes divergent. A review of the concepts of regulation was conducted by means of the following disciplines: life sciences, law, economics, sociology, and political science. The term regulation has multiple meanings and it has been used in several disciplines. It is noticed that the evolution of the notion of regulation did not occur in a linear way, since the ideas related to this term did not take place in successive stages of development and improvement. However, what makes the concepts of regulation different from each other is precisely the definition of various intervention ways. Finally, any conscious intervention project to improve the health situation requires grounded concepts of regulation. Precisely to break with potential interpretation monopolies. By means of this critical reflection, it is possible to get closer both to the polysemous context that constitutes the concepts of regulation and its consequences for analyzing public policies...

The social regulation of threat-related attentional disengagement in highly anxious individuals.

Social support may normalize stress reactivity among highly anxious individuals, yet little research has examined anxious reactions in social contexts. We examined the role of both state and trait anxiety in the link between social support and the neural response to threat. We employed an fMRI paradigm in which participants faced the threat of electric shock under three conditions: alone, holding a stranger's hand, and holding a friend's hand. We found significant interactions between trait anxiety and threat condition in regions including the hypothalamus, putamen, precentral gyrus, and precuneus. Analyses revealed that highly trait anxious individuals were less active in each of these brain regions while alone in the scanner-a pattern that suggests the attentional disengagement associated with the perception of high intensity threats. These findings support past research suggesting that individuals high in anxiety tend to have elevated neural responses to mild or moderate threats but paradoxically lower responses to high intensity threats, suggesting a curvilinear relationship between anxiety and threat responding. We hypothesized that for highly anxious individuals, shock cues would be perceived as highly threatening while alone in the scanner, possibly due to attentional disengagement, but this perception would be mitigated if they were holding someone's hand. The disengagement seen in highly anxious people under conditions of high perceived threat may thus be alleviated by social proximity. These results suggest a role for social support in regulating emotional responses in anxious individuals, which may aid in treatment outcomes.

O trabalho de Eros e de Tanatos na regulação social / The work of Eros and Thanatos in the social regulation

Este estudo objetiva discutir o trabalho de Eros e de Tanatos no contexto de regulação social na qual a responsabilidade social organizacional é comumente associada a um sistema de gestão capaz de minimizar os efeitos negativos do capitalismo. O trabalho de campo indicou uma falácia entre o discurso e as práticas da responsabilidade. Utilizaram-se dados qualitativos de três organizações, classificados com base na lógica das representações sociais. Identificou-se a responsabilidade social organizacional a serviço de Eros, enquanto possibilidade para vencer a angústia de morte organizacional. Mas este modelo também é vulnerável ao trabalho de Tanatos. Internamente, junto aos trabalhadores, se a RSO não recebe investimentos para ser uma ferramenta eficaz de oxigenação do sistema organizacional torna-se ela mesma parte de sua necrose. Conclui-se que a percepção do trabalho de morte que se instala na dinâmica institucional pode favorecer seu enfrentamento e criar saídas para a necrose do tecido social do qual as organizações também fazem parte.(AU)

This study aims to discuss the work of Eros and Thanatos in the context of social regulation, where the organizational social responsibility is commonly identified as being a management system capable of minimizing the negative effects of capitalism. The fieldwork indicated a fallacy between discourse and practices of responsibility. Qualitative data from three organizations were used and categorized based on the logic of social representations. It has been identified that the organizational social responsibility is in the service of Eros, being a possible way to beat the anguish of organizational death. However, that model is vulnerable to the work of Thanatos. It has been concluded that the perception of the work of death that is noticeable in the institutional dynamics may favor its confrontation and also find ways out to the necrosis in the social tissue which work organizations are also part.(AU)

O trabalho de Eros e de Tanatos na regulação social / The work of Eros and Thanatos in the social regulation

Este estudo objetiva discutir o trabalho de Eros e de Tanatos no contexto de regulação social na qual a responsabilidade social organizacional é comumente associada a um sistema de gestão capaz de minimizar os efeitos negativos do capitalismo. O trabalho de campo indicou uma falácia entre o discurso e as práticas da responsabilidade. Utilizaram-se dados qualitativos de três organizações, classificados com base na lógica das representações sociais. Identificou-se a responsabilidade social organizacional a serviço de Eros, enquanto possibilidade para vencer a angústia de morte organizacional. Mas este modelo também é vulnerável ao trabalho de Tanatos. Internamente, junto aos trabalhadores, se a RSO não recebe investimentos para ser uma ferramenta eficaz de oxigenação do sistema organizacional torna-se ela mesma parte de sua necrose. Conclui-se que a percepção do trabalho de morte que se instala na dinâmica institucional pode favorecer seu enfrentamento e criar saídas para a necrose do tecido social do qual as organizações também fazem parte.

This study aims to discuss the work of Eros and Thanatos in the context of social regulation, where the organizational social responsibility is commonly identified as being a management system capable of minimizing the negative effects of capitalism. The fieldwork indicated a fallacy between discourse and practices of responsibility. Qualitative data from three organizations were used and categorized based on the logic of social representations. It has been identified that the organizational social responsibility is in the service of Eros, being a possible way to beat the anguish of organizational death. However, that model is vulnerable to the work of Thanatos. It has been concluded that the perception of the work of death that is noticeable in the institutional dynamics may favor its confrontation and also find ways out to the necrosis in the social tissue which work organizations are also part.

Children's social/emotional characteristics at entry to school: implications for school nurses.

Children entering school need to build healthy peer relationships; school, however, is the central place for bullying. School nurses have a growing focus on providing care for students with social, emotional and behavioural problems. We examined the relational development of children at school entry in regard to aggression and empathy, showing that teacher-reported aggression decreased between Pre-primary and Year One, while empathy increased between Year One and Year Two classes. No gender difference was found in teacher-reported total, or covert aggression. Understanding how development of empathy can be supported in children at school entry is important, thereby supporting development of pro-social behaviour and decreasing bullying. School nurses must understand the importance of surrounding children with safety in relationships as they begin school.

Suicide rates and socioeconomic factors in Eastern European countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union: trends between 1990 and 2008.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the various Eastern European (EE) countries adapted in different ways to the social, political and economic changes. The present study aims to analyse whether the factors related to social integration and regulation are able to explain the changes in the suicide rate in EE. A separate analysis of suicide rates, together with the undetermined intent mortality (UD), was performed. A cross-sectional time-series design and applied a panel data fixed-effects regression technique was used in analyses. The sample included 13 countries from the former Soviet bloc between 1990 and 2008. Dependent variables were gender-specific age-adjusted suicide rates and suicide plus UD rates. Independent variables included unemployment, GDP, divorce rate, birth rate, the Gini index, female labour force participation, alcohol consumption and general practitioners per 100,000 people. Male suicide and suicide or UD rates had similar predictors, which suggest that changes in suicide were related to socioeconomic disruptions experienced during the transition period. However, male suicide rates in EE were not associated with alcohol consumption during the study period. Even so, there might be underestimation of alcohol consumption due to illegal alcohol and differences between methodologies of calculating alcohol consumption. However, predictors of female suicide were related to economic integration and suicide or UD rates with domestic integration.