Maltobionic acid accelerates recovery from iron deficiency-induced anemia in rats.

In experiments 1 and 2, effect of ingestion of maltobionic acid calcium salt (MBCa) on recovery of rats from a latent iron deficiency and from iron deficiency anemia was examined, respectively. After grouping rats into control and iron-deficiency groups, a latent iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia was induced in the latter group. And recovery from these states by MBCa containing diets (0%, 3%, and 6% MBCa in diet, classified into MBCa-0, MBCa-3, and MBCa-6 groups) was compared for convalescence period in light of iron sufficient control group. In experiment 1, MBCa ingestion significantly increased the iron concentration in the serum and liver, and promoted recovery from a latent iron deficiency. In experiment 2, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increased significantly with MBCa intake, and recovery from iron-deficiency anemia was promoted. MBCa effectively promoted the recovery of rats from a subclinical iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia.Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; EDTA-2Na: disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Fpn: feroportin; Hb: hemoglobin; Ht: hematocrit; ICP-OES: inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; MBCa: maltobionic acid calcium salt; nitroso-PSAP: 2-nitroso-5-[N-n-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol; SE: standard error; SI: serum-iron concentration; TSAT: transferrin saturation; TIBC: total iron-binding capacity; UIBC: unsaturated iron-binding capacity.

Subclinical Iron Deficiency in Non-Anemic Individuals: A Retrospective Analysis of Korean Health Examinees.

OBJECTIVES: Non-anemic individuals may have undetected subclinical iron deficiency (SID). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of SID and identify the associated factors for SID. In addition, the screening performance of red blood cell (RBC) indices for SID in health check-ups was assessed. METHODS: This study was conducted with 16,485 non-anemic health examinees (3,567 males and 12,918 females) who underwent tests for iron variables (serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, and iron saturation) at 16 health-promotion centers in 13 cities in Korea between January 2017 and June 2018. SID was defined as a decreased ferritin level (<24 µg/L in males and <15 µg/L in females) and either a decreased serum iron level (<44 µg/dL in males and <29 µg/dL in females) or a transferrin saturation of <20%. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of SID were 0.6 and 3.3% in males and females, respectively. In terms of age and sex, SID was most prevalent in males aged ≥70 years (7.8%) and females aged 15-49 years (7.6%). There were significant differences in the hemoglobin (Hb) level, white blood cell count, platelet count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and RBC distribution width (RDW) between the SID and non-SID groups (p < 0.001). The factors associated with SID in males were older age (odds ratio, OR, 1.069, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.03-1.109, p = 0.004), lower Hb (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.345-0.976, p = 0.04), lower MCH (OR 0.433, 95% CI 0.298-0.629, p < 0.001), and higher RDW (OR 1.374, 95% CI 1.001-1.887, p = 0.049), while in females they were lower body mass index (BMI; OR 0.929, 95% CI 0.895-0.963, p < 0.001) and younger age (OR 0.954, 95% CI 0.945-0.963, p < 0.001), as well as lower Hb, lower MCH, and higher RDW. The AUC for the MCH (0.877, 95% CI 0.793-0.960 in males; 0.872, 95% CI 0.853-0.890 in females) indicates that the MCH at cut-offs of 29.2 and 29.3 pg are the best discriminators of SID in males and females, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive-age females with a lower BMI and elderly males are high-risk groups for SID. MCH is a reliable RBC index for the screening of SID. For the population with defined risk factors, including females with lower BMI and elderly males, screening for SID is needed to prevent the development of anemia.

Deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de cuatro años de edad, ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela / Subclinical iron deficiency in children under four years of age, Valencia city, Venezuela / Deficiencia subclinica de ferro em changas menores de quatro anos de idade, cidade de Valencia, Venezuela

La deficiencia de hierro (DH) se considera un problema de salud pública y afecta principalmente a los niños en las etapas de crecimiento rápido y desarrollo psicomotor. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de 4 años, mediante el uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor soluble de transferrina (RsTf) e índice RsTf-FS como herramientas diagnósticas. El estudio fue descriptivo, transversal, y se realizó en Valencia, Venezuela, en 2006. Se determinaron en 541 niños las concentraciones de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), RsTf (ELISA), Proteína C Reactiva y alfa glicoproteína (nefelometría). Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba de Mann-Whitney y Fisher, con nivel de significancia de p<0,05. El 72,1% de los niños tenían depósitos de hierro agotados, 25,5% eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro y 27,0% anemia. El índice RsTf-FS identificó mayor porcentaje de niños con DH subclínica; mostrando mayor valor diagnóstico frente a la FS y el RsTf por separado. El índice RsTf-FS podría convertirse en una prueba invaluable para distinguir entre agotamiento de los depósitos corporales de hierro y eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro, fases subclínicas de la DH. Se propone una intervención nutricional con base en la suplementación y la educación como estrategia fundamental para disminuir la prevalencia de DH y anemia.

Iron deficiency is considered a public health problem, especially affecting children at ages of fast growth and psychomotor development. The study was aimed to identify subclinical iron deficiency in children below four years of age, through the use of serum ferritin (FS), soluble transferrin receptor (RsTf) and index RsTf-FS as diagnostic tools. It was a descriptive, transversal study performed at Valencia, Venezuela, 2006. Hemoglobin (Hb) by automated method, FS by IRMA, RsTf by ELISA, C Reactive Protein and alpha glycoprotein by nephelometry were assessed in 541 subjects. Descriptives values and Mann-Whitney and Fisher test results are presented. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. 72.1% of children had iron stores depletion, 25.5% had iron deficient erithropoyesis and prevalence of anemia was 27.0%. The index RsTf-FS allowed to identify a higher percentage of children with subclinical iron deficiency, which indicates that the index is better diagnostic indicator than FS or RsTf by separate. Index RsTf-FS could become a invaluable test in order to distinguish between iron body stores depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis, subclinical phases of iron deficiency. Nutritional intervention based on supplementation and education as fundamental tool to diminish anemia and iron deficiency prevalence should be initiated.

A deficiencia de ferro (DF) é considerada um problema de saúde pública e afeta principalmente changas em fases de crescimento rápido e desenvolvimento psicomotor. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a deficiencia de ferro subclinica em criangas menores de 4 anos, através do uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor solúvel de transferrina (sTfR) e índice sTfR-FS como ferramentas de diagnóstico. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal, e foi feito em Valencia, Venezuela, em 2006. Foram determinadas em 541 criangas as con-centragoes de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), sTfR (ELISA), Proteína C reativa e alfa-gli-coproteína (nefelometria). Foram realizados estatísticos descritivos, testes de Mann-Whitney e Fisher, com um nivel de significancia de p<0,05. 72,1% das criangas tinham os depósitos de ferro esgotados, 25,5% eritropoiese deficiente de ferro e 27,0% anemia. O índice sTfR-FS identificou maior percentagem de crian-gas com DF subclínica mostrando assim maior valor diagnóstico em relagáo a FS e sTfR separadamente. O índice sTfR-FS poderia tornar-se um teste de valor inestimável para a distingáo entre deplegáo de reservas corporais de ferro e eritropoiese deficiente de ferro, estágios subclínicos da deficiencia de ferro. Propoe-se uma intervengáo nutricional com base na suplementagáo e educagáo como estratégia fundamental para diminuir a prevalencia de deficiencia de ferro e anemia.

Deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de cuatro años de edad, ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela / Subclinical iron deficiency in children under four years of age, Valencia city, Venezuela / Deficiencia subclinica de ferro em changas menores de quatro anos de idade, cidade de Valencia, Venezuela

La deficiencia de hierro (DH) se considera un problema de salud pública y afecta principalmente a los niños en las etapas de crecimiento rápido y desarrollo psicomotor. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de 4 años, mediante el uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor soluble de transferrina (RsTf) e índice RsTf-FS como herramientas diagnósticas. El estudio fue descriptivo, transversal, y se realizó en Valencia, Venezuela, en 2006. Se determinaron en 541 niños las concentraciones de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), RsTf (ELISA), Proteína C Reactiva y alfa glicoproteína (nefelometría). Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba de Mann-Whitney y Fisher, con nivel de significancia de p<0,05. El 72,1% de los niños tenían depósitos de hierro agotados, 25,5% eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro y 27,0% anemia. El índice RsTf-FS identificó mayor porcentaje de niños con DH subclínica; mostrando mayor valor diagnóstico frente a la FS y el RsTf por separado. El índice RsTf-FS podría convertirse en una prueba invaluable para distinguir entre agotamiento de los depósitos corporales de hierro y eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro, fases subclínicas de la DH. Se propone una intervención nutricional con base en la suplementación y la educación como estrategia fundamental para disminuir la prevalencia de DH y anemia.(AU)

Iron deficiency is considered a public health problem, especially affecting children at ages of fast growth and psychomotor development. The study was aimed to identify subclinical iron deficiency in children below four years of age, through the use of serum ferritin (FS), soluble transferrin receptor (RsTf) and index RsTf-FS as diagnostic tools. It was a descriptive, transversal study performed at Valencia, Venezuela, 2006. Hemoglobin (Hb) by automated method, FS by IRMA, RsTf by ELISA, C Reactive Protein and alpha glycoprotein by nephelometry were assessed in 541 subjects. Descriptives values and Mann-Whitney and Fisher test results are presented. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. 72.1% of children had iron stores depletion, 25.5% had iron deficient erithropoyesis and prevalence of anemia was 27.0%. The index RsTf-FS allowed to identify a higher percentage of children with subclinical iron deficiency, which indicates that the index is better diagnostic indicator than FS or RsTf by separate. Index RsTf-FS could become a invaluable test in order to distinguish between iron body stores depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis, subclinical phases of iron deficiency. Nutritional intervention based on supplementation and education as fundamental tool to diminish anemia and iron deficiency prevalence should be initiated.(AU)

A deficiencia de ferro (DF) é considerada um problema de saúde pública e afeta principalmente changas em fases de crescimento rápido e desenvolvimento psicomotor. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a deficiencia de ferro subclinica em criangas menores de 4 anos, através do uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor solúvel de transferrina (sTfR) e índice sTfR-FS como ferramentas de diagnóstico. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal, e foi feito em Valencia, Venezuela, em 2006. Foram determinadas em 541 criangas as con-centragoes de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), sTfR (ELISA), Proteína C reativa e alfa-gli-coproteína (nefelometria). Foram realizados estatísticos descritivos, testes de Mann-Whitney e Fisher, com um nivel de significancia de p<0,05. 72,1% das criangas tinham os depósitos de ferro esgotados, 25,5% eritropoiese deficiente de ferro e 27,0% anemia. O índice sTfR-FS identificou maior percentagem de crian-gas com DF subclínica mostrando assim maior valor diagnóstico em relagáo a FS e sTfR separadamente. O índice sTfR-FS poderia tornar-se um teste de valor inestimável para a distingáo entre deplegáo de reservas corporais de ferro e eritropoiese deficiente de ferro, estágios subclínicos da deficiencia de ferro. Propoe-se uma intervengáo nutricional com base na suplementagáo e educagáo como estratégia fundamental para diminuir a prevalencia de deficiencia de ferro e anemia.(AU)