Borders and liminality in the right to health of migrants in transit: The case of Colchane in Chile and Necoclí in Colombia.

The absence of the right to health of migrants in transit has evolved into a significant global health concern, particularly in the border regions thus, this study aims to improve knowledge in this area by exploring the effects of the spatio-temporal liminal characteristics at borders in the achievement of the right to health of migrants in transit moving across two of the most transited and dangerous borders in Latin America: Colchane (Chile-Bolivia) and the Darién Gap (Colombia-Panamá). Through a qualitative descriptive multi-case study, we implemented 50 semi-structured interviews (n = 30 in Chile and n = 20 in the Darién/Necoclí) involving national, regional, and local stakeholders. The findings highlight that the fulfilment of the right to health of migrants in transit is hindered by liminal dynamics at the borders. These dynamics include closure of borders, (in)securities, uncertainty and waiting, lack of economic resources, lack of protection to all, liminal politics, and humanitarian interventions. These findings surface how the borders' liminality exacerbates the segregation of migrants in transit by placing them in a temporospatial limbo that undermines their right to health. Our study concludes that not just the politics but also the everyday practices, relationships and social infrastructure at borders impedes the enjoyment of the right to health of distressed migrants in transit. The short-term humanitarian response; illicit dynamics at borders; migratory regulations; and border and cross-border political structures are some of the most significant determinants of health at these borderlands.

Potentially functional lactose-free ice cream with Lacticaseibacillus casei CSL3, ginger, and honey.

AIMS: To develop and characterize a functional lactose-free ice cream with added ginger and honey, evaluate the survival of Lacticaseibacillus casei CSL3 under frozen storage and the simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as well as antioxidant activity and product acceptability. METHODS AND RESULTS: The survival of Lacticaseibacillus casei CSL3 was evaluated for 180 days, under frozen storage, and GIT at 60 days. At 15 days of storage, proximal composition, antioxidant activity, color, pH, acidity, fusion, density, overrun, and sensory analysis were performed. Ice cream was an effective food matrix for maintaining the viability of CSL3, with concentrations > 7 log CFU g- 1 during storage and GIT. In addition, the analysis showed overrun and prebiotic characteristics through high values of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds, good acceptability, and purchase intention. CONCLUSIONS: The product has satisfactory market potential (acceptance rate of 95.19% and purchase intention rate > 96%), and it could become another means of inserting probiotics in food.

Safety performance of dedicated and preferential bus lanes using multivariate negative binomial models for Bogotá, Colombia.

Public transport priority systems such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Buses with High Level of Service (BHLS) are top-rated solutions to mobility in low-income and middle-income cities. There is scientific agreement that the safety performance level of these systems depends on their functional, operational, and infrastructure characteristics. However, there needs to be more evidence on how the different characteristics of bus corridors might influence safety. This paper aims to shed some light on this area by structuring a multivariate negative binomial model comparing crash risk on arterial roads, BRT, and BHLS corridors in Bogotá, Colombia. The analyzed infrastructure includes 712.1 km of arterial roads with standard bus service, 194.1 km of BRT network, and 135.6 km of BHLS network. The study considered crashes from 2015 to 2018 -fatalities, injuries, and property damage only- and 30 operational and infrastructure variables grouped into six classes -exposure, road design, infrastructure, public means of transport, and land use. A multicriteria process was applied for model selection, including the structure and predictive power based on [i] Akaike information criteria, [ii] K-fold cross-validation, and [iii] model parsimony. Relevant findings suggest that in terms of observed and expected accident rates and their relationship with the magnitude of exposure -logarithm of average annual traffic volumes at the peak hour (LOG_AAPHT) and the percentage of motorcycles, cars, buses, and trucks- the greatest risk of fatalities, injuries, and property damage occurs in the BHLS network. BRT network provides lower crash rates in less severe collisions while increasing injuries and fatalities. When comparing the BHLS network and the standard design of arterial roads, BHLS infrastructure, despite increasing mobility benefits, provides the lowest safety performance among the three analyzed networks. Individual factors of the study could also contribute to designing safer roads related to signalized intersection density and curvature. These findings support the unique characteristics and traffic dynamics present in the context of Bogotá that could inform and guide decisions of corresponding authorities in other highly dense urban areas from developing countries.

Nandrolone decanoate impairs gastrointestinal motility and duodenal morphometry in moderately exercised rats

The misuse of anabolic androgenic steroid associated or not with physical workouts disrupts gastrointestinal (GI) function homeostasis. Our goal was to investigate the effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND) and moderate swimming on the GI transit of solid meals, GI motor contractility, and intestinal histology in rats. Male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups that received intramuscular injections of ND (5.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (60.0 µL) and were submitted or not to swimming sessions (60 min, 5% body weight overload) for 4 weeks. Gastric emptying, intestinal transit, in vitro GI contractility, intestinal morphometry, and duodenal mucosal mast cells were evaluated in all experimental groups. ND treatment accelerated gastric emptying, slowed small intestine transit time, enhanced gastric carbachol-mediated reactivity, decreased crypt depth and villus height, reduced mucosal thickness, and increased the circular and longitudinal muscle layer thickness of the duodenum in sedentary rats. Moderate exercise accelerated intestinal transit time and reduced submucosa thickness. In vehicle-treated animals, a strong negative correlation was found between intestinal transit and mucosal mast cells, which was reversed by ND treatment. Combining ND treatment and swimming accelerated gastric emptying, increased duodenal cholinergic reactivity, inhibited the sodium nitroprusside relaxing response, increased the number of duodenal mast cells, decreased villus height, and increased the thickness of all muscle layers. ND changed the morphological and functional properties of the GI tract over time, with intense dysmotility, especially in sedentary animals, but moderate exercise seemed to have played a compensatory role in these harmful effects in the gut.

Non-invasive biomagnetic assessment of gastrointestinal motility in a loperamide-induced constipation model

Constipation is a disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) and some of the main etiological mechanisms are directly related to changes in GI physiology. The capacity to carry out paired assessments and measure GI parameters under the influence of constipation is a relevant point in selecting a suitable methodology. We aimed to perform a non-invasive investigation of gastrointestinal motility in constipated rats using the alternating current biosusceptometry system (ACB). The animals were split into two groups: the pre-induction stage (CONTROL) and post-induction loperamide stage (LOP). We assessed GI motility parameters using the ACB system. Colon morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for biomarkers (C-kit) for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Our results showed a significant increase in gastrointestinal transit in the LOP group in addition to a reduction in the dominant frequency of gastric contraction and an arrhythmic profile. A change in colonic contractility profiles was observed, indicating colonic dysmotility in the LOP group. We found a reduction in the number of biomarkers for intestinal cells of Cajal (ICC) in the LOP group. The ACB system can evaluate transit irregularities and their degrees of severity, while also supporting research into novel, safer, and more efficient treatments for constipation.

Walk and connect. Measurement of inclusion criteria for people with functional diversity. Ibague, Colombia.

The absence of comprehensive and structured planning strategies for pedestrians, especially for those with functional diversity, promotes the need to address tools that allow broadening the spectrum of their assessment and prioritizing the inclusive development of cities. Therefore, this document describes the application of the Transit Oriented Development Standard guide in an area with mixed uses in Ibague city, as an evaluation tool in the analysis of the principles of walking and connecting. For its general understanding, the terms of Transit Oriented Development, walkability and functional diversity are analyzed. Evidence is presented on the need to project balanced intermodal systems that demonstrate the importance of universal accessibility in urban mobility.

Urban distance to mental healthcare units and public transport increases duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode patients.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in environmental and social determinants of mental health. However, how distance to healthcare and public transportation affect illness is neglected in schizophrenia research. Here, we are interested in how the availability of mental healthcare and the ways to reach it may be associated with psychosis. AIMS: We aim to investigate the association between distances to healthcare units and subway stations and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and greater initial severity in an antipsychotic-naïve first episode of psychosis (FEP) sample. METHOD: Using 212 untreated FEP patients' data, we calculated the distances from their residences to the places of interest. Diagnoses comprehended schizophrenia spectrum disorders, depressive and bipolar affective disorders, and substance-induced disorders. Linear regressions were performed with distances as independent variables, DUP and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores as dependent variables. RESULTS: Longer distance to emergency mental healthcare was related to longer DUP (95% CI: p = .034, B = 0.152) and higher total PANSS (95% CI: p = .007, B = 0.0189); longer distance to community mental healthcare units was related to longer DUP (95% CI: p = .004, B = 0.0204) and higher total PANSS (95% CI: p = .030, B = 0.152). Moreover, a longer distance to the closest subway station predicted longer DUP (95% CI: p = .019, B = 0.170). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that poor healthcare access is related to longer DUP and higher initial PANSS scores. Future research should investigate how investments in mental health access and actions to improve public transport access could impact DUP and treatment outcomes in psychosis patients.

Alternate-day fasting induces metabolic and morphofunctional changes in the gastrointestinal tract of male rats.

Alternate-day fasting (ADF) is a nutritional intervention with modulatory and overall protective effects, but its role in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADF on the metabolic patterns and morphofunctional motility of the GI tract in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were allocated into groups: control for 15 days (CON 15, n = 8), control for 30 days (CON 30, n = 8), ADF for 15 days (ADF 15, n = 8), and ADF for 30 days (ADF 30, n = 8). Blood glucose, body weight, and food and water consumption were measured. Frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions as well as gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, and cecum arrival time were measured. Intestinal histomorphometric, relative weight of organs, lipidogram, and leptin levels were also evaluated. ADF decreased water consumption and food consumption. The weight gain decreased; however, the relative kidney weight increased. ADF triggered an increase in the amplitude of gastric contractions and accelerated gastric emptying. However, small intestinal transit time was delayed in both ADF groups. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased, whereas villus height, depth of the crypts and thickness of the circular, and longitudinal muscular layers of intestine increased after ADF. In conclusion, our results showed ADF exert an effect on both metabolism and GI motility and impacts on overall digestive functions.

Heno de alfalfa en la dieta final para emús: rendimiento, producción de canal y alometría gastrointestinal

RESUMEN Objetivo. Se determinaron los resultados de la inclusión de heno de alfalfa en la dieta de los emús, como ensayo simple para analizar la práctica de campo de su uso como fuente de forraje similar a otras dietas de ratitas. Materiales y métodos. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas, sin (dieta 1) o con (dieta 2) inclusión de heno de alfalfa. Veinte emús, con 38.4 semanas de edad media, se distribuyeron en los dos tratamientos y se alojaron en un sistema semiintensivo con alimentación y agua ad libitum. El peso corporal se evaluó semanalmente durante 13 semanas. Tras 91 días de ensayo, los emús fueron sacrificados y se midió el rendimiento de la canal y la alometría gastrointestinal. Resultados. La ganancia de peso acumulada fue menor (p<0.05) con la ingesta de la dieta 2 que con la dieta 1, 2.12 y 2.08 kg, a las 11 y 12 semanas del inicio del ensayo, respectivamente. Además, la deposición de grasa abdominal y visceral en los emús alimentados con la dieta 2 fue un 0.77 y un 0.63% menor (p<0.05), respectivamente. La inclusión de heno de alfalfa aumentó el peso relativo de la molleja y el intestino (p<0.05) y la longitud relativa del intestino (p<0.05), sin embargo, la alometría del ciego no se vio afectada (p>0.05). Conclusiones. El heno de alfalfa puede comprometer negativamente el crecimiento y la deposición de grasa de los emús cuando se añade a la alimentación de los finalizadores, y alterar la alometría del tracto gastrointestinal.

ABSTRACT Objective. The results of the inclusion of alfalfa hay on emus diet were determined, as a plain trial to analyze the field practice of using it as a roughage source similar to other ratites diets. Materials and methods. The treatments consisted of two diets, without (diet 1) or with (diet 2) alfalfa hay inclusion. Twenty emus, with 38.4 weeks of mean age, were distributed in two treatments and housed in a semi-intensive system with ad libitum feed and water. The body weight was assessed weekly over 13 weeks. After 91 days of trial, the emus were slaughtered and the carcass yield and gastrointestinal allometry were measured. Results. Cumulative weight gain was lower (p<0.05) by intake diet 2 than diet 1, 2.12 and 2.08 kg, at 11 and 12 weeks after the start of the trial, respectively. Further, abdominal and visceral fat deposition in the emus fed with diet 2 was 0.77 and 0.63% lower (p<0.05), respectively. The inclusion of alfalfa hay increased gizzard and intestine relative weight (p<0.05) and intestine relative length (p<0.05), however, cecum allometry wasn't affected (p>0.05). Conclusions. Alfalfa hay can negatively compromise the growth and fat deposition of emus when it is added to the finisher feed, and alter the allometry of the gastrointestinal tract.

Anxiety among Central American Migrants in Mexico: A Cumulative Vulnerability.

Migration exposes Central American migrants, particularly those who migrate without documents, to a range of incidents, dangers, and risks that increase their vulnerability to anxiety symptoms. In most cases, the poverty, conflict, and violence they experience in their countries of origin are compounded by the unpredictable conditions of their journey through Mexico. The objective of this study was to explore the association between the presence of emotional discomfort and the experience of various vulnerabilities from the perspective of a group of Central American migrants in transit through Mexico. This is a descriptive, mixed-methods study (QUALI-QUAN). During the qualitative phase, thirty-five migrants were interviewed (twenty in Mexico City and six in Tijuana). During the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was administered to 217 migrants in shelters in Tijuana. An analysis of the subjects' accounts yielded various factors associated with stress and anxiety, which were divided into five main groups: (1) precarious conditions during the journey through Mexico, (2) rejection and abuse due to their identity, (3) abuse by Mexican authorities, (4) violence by criminal organizations, and (5) waiting time before being able to continue their journey. The interaction of various vulnerabilities predisposes individuals to present emotional discomfort, such as anxiety. Migrants who reported experiencing three or more vulnerabilities presented the highest percentages of anxiety symptoms.

Uso del desfibrilador externo automático en el sistema masivo de transporte TransMilenio en Bogotá, Colombia / Use of the external automated defibrillator in the mass transit system, TransMilenio in Bogota, Colombia

The proposal to implement the use of External Automated Defibrillators in public spaces arose more than 30 years ago as a means to reduce the mortality of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest events. Worldwide, deployment programs of these devices have demonstrated efficacy and effec- tiveness, reflected in concrete and tangible results. As a response to the global scenario, in Colombia 5 years ago legislation was passed to rule over the implementation of these devices in spaces of high confluence. The aim of this article is to expose the issues with implementation of EADs in the Bus Rapid Transport System of Bogota, TransMilenio, from a critical and analytical perspective; showing the existing flaws in the primary attention of cardiac arrest.

La propuesta de implementar el uso de Desfibriladores Externos Automático en espacios públicos surgió hace cerca de 30 años como una herramienta para disminuir la mortalidad de los eventos de paro cardíaco extrahospitalarios. Los programas de despliegue de estos dispositivos a nivel mundial han demostrado eficacia y efectividad, reflejada en cifras concretas y tangibles. Ante el panorama mundial, hace 5 años Colombia legisló a favor de la implementación de estos dispositivos en espacios de alta afluencia. Este artículo busca exponer el problema de la implementación de los DEA en el principal sistema masivo de transporte de Bogotá, TransMilenio, desde una perspectiva crítica y analítica, mostrando el déficit en la atención primaria de los paros cardíacos.

Determination of the Gastrointestinal Passage Rate Using Dexa Technology and Barium Sulfate As a Marker in Japanese Quails

The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamics of food passage in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Japanese quail. A randomized design was used with four treatments and four experimental units with one bird each, nine of which were measured in time. The ingredients used were albumin, starch, cellulose, and soybean oil. Suspensions containing barium sulfate and saline were prepared, except for soybean oil. For each bird, 2.5 mL of the suspension was administered directly to the crop. Dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify the passage of food. The birds were sedated and maintained under inhalation anesthesia during the scan. Measurements were taken at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h. The variables identified were passage time, first quality, and the average time of each variable. Based on these results, the ingredients may show differences in dynamic passing on the Japanese quail GIT. The duration of the first attempt was 32 min, ranging from 21 to 44 min. The average time value of food choice was close to 10.8 h and varied according to the ingredient from 8.45-12.16 h. Among the variables, soybean oil presented values ​​that denote a fast passage in the GIT, while albumin presented values ​​that denote a slower passage. The dynamics of food passage in the GIT of Japanese quails varies according to the chemical composition of the ingredients.(AU)

"They don't care about people; they only care about the money": the effects of border enforcement, commodification and migration industries on the mobility of migrants in transit through Mexico.

How does border enforcement affect the mobility of migrants and refugees in countries of transit? What impact does it have on migrants' bodily experiences of mobility and their reliance on actors of the migration industry? While the externalization of borders affects undocumented people by increasing their vulnerability to violence during transit, the impact of the migration regime on the social construction of inequalities in every-day interactions and its relationship to the capacity for mobility has not been studied in depth. This article intends to bridge this gap: based on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted between 2013 and 2019, this article analyzes the relation between immigration enforcement and the mobility strategies of migrants and refugees, particularly women. It focuses on the intertwining of border enforcement and violence and their impact on people's bodily mobility experiences in transit through Mexico along intersecting lines of inequality such as race, class, gender and nationality. First, I analyze how border enforcement contributes to internal bordering, thereby increasing the vulnerability and dependence of migrants on brokers for mobility; second, it looks at the bodily experiences of women in transit and the ways in which internal bordering shapes gendered power hierarchies among actors in the field of mobility. The analysis shows how women negotiate mobility and bodily integrity in social interactions with different actors and how they face constraints resulting from the gendered hierarchies to mobility on routes of transit. Furthermore, it demonstrates how women's bodies have become a privileged site for the construction of a 'body politic' exploitable by others, since border enforcement has contributed to weakening the possibilities of negotiating mobility and bodily integrity in transit.

Evidence for the Involvement of Cytokines Modulation and Prokinetic Properties in Gastric Ulcer Healing Effects of Helicteres sacarolha A. St.-Hil. A. Juss.

Preparations of Helicteres sacarolha (Malvaceae) leaves and roots are used in the form of decoction, infusion or maceration, to treat gastrointestinal disturbances, among others. Studies supporting some of its ethnomedicinal uses are still incipient. The present study aimed to investigate it potential effect on chronic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and possible prokinetic activities as part of its mechanism of action. The powdered leaves of Helicteres sacarolha (HEHs) was prepared by maceration in 70 % hydroethanolic solution. Its qualitative phytochemical constituents were investigated by direct flow injection analysis coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-APCI-IT-MSn ). The gastric ulcer healing effect was evaluated in acetic acid induced chronic ulcer in mice and the lesions were evaluated, including analysis of blood plasma cytokine levels. The prokinetic properties (gastric emptying and intestinal transit) were carried out in mice. Potential anti-ulcerative colitis activity was evaluated in rats using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (5 % TNBS) -induced colitis. All animal experiments were carried out at the doses of 20, 50 and 250 mg/kg (p.o.). Eight compounds were putatively identified, specifically lariciresinol, and its derivatives, kaempferol derivatives and Tricin-O-Glc. The extract promoted increased gastric ulcer healing at all doses tested. Modulation of the cytokines involved inhibition of some key pro-inflammatory cytokines with maximum effect on IL-1ß (70 %, 50 mg/kg, p<0.05), TNF-α (79 %, 20 mg/kg, p<0.01), and in the anti-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-10 (57 %, 50 mg/kg, p<0.05) and IL-17 (79 %, only at 50 mg/kg, p<0.05). Histological findings demonstrated a mitigated inflammatory activity, and tissues undergoing regeneration. HEHs treatment caused delayed gastric emptying, and increased intestinal transit, but had no effect in the experimentally induced ulcerative colitis. We report for the first time putatively the presence of Lariciresinol and tricin derivatives from the hydroethanolic leaves extract of H. sacarolha. Its possible mechanism of actions of gastric ulcer healing involves cytokines modulation, mitigation of inflammatory response and tissue regeneration and provoked opposing effect in the gastrointestinal system. The present study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of H. sacarolha leaves used in Brazilian ethnomedicine in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcer.

A mutation in THREONINE SYNTHASE 1 uncouples proliferation and transition domains of the root apical meristem: experimental evidence and in silico proposed mechanism.

A continuum from stem to transit-amplifying to a differentiated cell state is a common theme in multicellular organisms. In the plant root apical meristem (RAM), transit-amplifying cells are organized into two domains: cells from the proliferation domain (PD) are displaced to the transition domain (TD), suggesting that both domains are necessarily coupled. Here, we show that in the Arabidopsis thaliana mto2-2 mutant, in which threonine (Thr) synthesis is affected, the RAM lacks the PD. Through a combination of cell length profile analysis, mathematical modeling and molecular markers, we establish that the PD and TD can be uncoupled. Remarkably, although the RAM of mto2-2 is represented solely by the TD, the known factors of RAM maintenance and auxin signaling are expressed in the mutant. Mathematical modeling predicts that the stem cell niche depends on Thr metabolism and that, when disturbed, the normal continuum of cell states becomes aborted.

Transit-time flow measurement parameters after protamine infusion in CABG surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate protamine sulfate effects on graft's blood flow by comparing transit-time flow measurement (TTFM) values before and after protamine administration. METHODS: This is an observational study with data collected between years 2018 and 2020. Immediate graft patency was evaluated using TTFM. Only patients with TTFM parameters registered before and after protamine infusion were included. The main three parameters studied were:  mean graft flow  (MGF),  pulsatility index (PI), and  diastolic flow (DF). In the first analysis, all conduits were evaluated regardless of the surgical technique used. In a second analysis, on-pump and off-pump groups were compared. Evaluated grafts were left internal thoracic artery, saphenous vein graft (SVG), radial artery, and right internal thoracic artery. Since SVG was numerically the most used graft, an exclusive analysis was created. RESULTS: Our study included 575 patients, resulting in a total of 1686 grafts, mean 2.93 grafts/patient. Off-pump surgery was performed in 158 patients. Before protamine infusion, inadequate TTFM parameters were observed in 3.8% of grafts. Overall, after protamine administration, MGF decreased in all grafts, but its reduction was not statistically significant. PI values increased in the SVG and DF values reduced in LIMA grafts. SVG group analysis showed that after protamine PI values were higher in OM1 and RCA. DF values increased in RCA. The comparison between off and on-pump surgeries, showed that in off-pump cases TTFM measures did not present statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Significant variations were observed in TTFM values before and after protamine administration. Although different, those values remained within the normal reference ranges. We recommend that flow measurement should be performed before protamine infusion.

Acute intake of fructooligosaccharide and partially hydrolyzed guar gum on gastrointestinal transit: A randomized crossover clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Dietary fibers, such as fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) have several gastrointestinal functions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of acute ingestion of FOS and PHGG on the percentage of gastric emptying and small intestinal transit and to evaluate the effect of these dietary fibers on the levels of intestinal hormones-active glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, and gastric inhibitory peptide-and their effect on feelings of hunger and satiety and the desire to eat. METHODS: In this crossover, randomized controlled clinical trial, we compared the effects of these two fibers on gastrointestinal transit. The tests were performed using scintigraphy. On three different days, healthy participants consumed a test meal containing 20 g of digestible maltodextrin (placebo), 20 g of FOS, or 20 g of PHGG. RESULTS: The gastric emptying of the FOS-based diet (84.2 ± 9.4%) within 2 h was statistically increased compared with the placebo and PHGG-based diets (78 ± 10.2% and 74 ± 15.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). However, a reduction in small intestinal transit was observed after consumption of both FOS- and PHGG-based diets (28.5 ± 15.56% and 24.2 ± 13.7%, respectively) compared with the placebo diet (41.20 ± 15.4%; P < 0.05). There were no changes in the levels of intestinal hormones, feeling of hunger and satiety, or desire to eat after consuming the three diets (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The acute intake of FOS increased gastric emptying, whereas both FOS and PHGG reduced small intestine transit without altering the levels of intestinal hormones, hunger feelings and satiety, or the desire to eat.

Qual é a influência da microbiota na obesidade e em seu quadro inflamatório? / What is the influence of microbiota on obesity and its inflammatory involvement?

A obesidade tem causa multifatorial que atinge atualmente mais da metade da população brasileira. Mais recentemente, a microbiota intestinal foi considerada um fator que contribui para essa condição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a influência da microbiota intestinal na obesidade e no processo inflamatório, e analisar os efeitos da utilização dos pré e probióticos. Foi realizada revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. Dos mais de 27.000 artigos, apenas 16 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão. Em conclusão, o desequilíbrio da microbiota aparece como fator favorável ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do quadro inflamatório decorrente dela. Tanto o uso de prebióticos quanto probióticos são recursos válidos no tratamento da obesidade, porém os primeiros parecem proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.

Obesity has a multifactorial etiological condition that involves more than half of the Brazilian population. More recently, the intestinal microbiota was considered a factor that contributes to this condition. The aims of this study were to review the intestinal microbiota influence in the obesity and in the inflammatory response, and to analyze the effects of using prebiotic and probiotic medications. A systematic review was firstly done. More than 27,000 articles were found, but only 16 contained the proper criteria. In conclusion, the microbiota imbalance seems to increase the obesity development and its inflammatory aspects. Both the use of pre and probiotics are good options in the obesity treatment, though the first ones seem to enhance bettere quality of life.

Interrupted transit and common mental disorders among migrants in Tijuana, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Policies of migration contention can interrupt the transit of people on the move, forcing them to remain in wait in non-destination countries. This liminal condition might impact negatively on migrants' mental health. AIMS: To assess the relationship between interrupted transit and common mental disorders (CMD; symptoms of depression or anxiety), among migrants in shelters in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey conducted in November to December 2020 and February to April 2021. We assessed depressive symptoms with the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D-7), and symptoms of anxiety with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2). We evaluated the association of being in interrupted transit (sent back from the United States to Mexico), as compared to having not crossed to the United States yet or planning to stay in Mexico, with having a CMD (either depressive or anxiety symptoms), as well as the association of other migration-related variables with CMD. RESULTS: Being in interrupted transit (OR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.12, 2.71]), and having experienced violence during transit (OR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.63, 3.82]) were associated with CMD. CONCLUSIONS: Interrupted transit is a potential risk factor for mental health problems among migrants. Migration and public health policies should consider the mental health consequences of interrupted transit, and promote initiatives to address the mental health needs of migrants on the move.

Models, protocols, and pathways, towards a social perspective in the mental health care of migrants in transit through Mexico.

To guarantee the right to mental health for migrants, we analyze the network of services, models, and protocols of attention produced to address the particular needs of this population. Through interviews with governmental and civil society healthcare personnel, part of the network of services and resources available for mental health, we conclude that psychologists operating in civil society organizations and shelters have innovative paths to provide appropriate care adjusted to the context lived by migrants during transit. Unlike the psychiatric dominant model, the psychosocial model of civil organizations provides a social perspective adequate to include in the protocols of the medical official institutions responsible for mental health care in Mexico.