RESUMO
Resumen: Objetivo: Explorar necesidades de conocimiento y posibles líneas futuras de investigación sobre los Productos de Tabaco Calentado, PTC (Heat-not-bum tobacco products), desde la literatura científica publicada y las fuentes en internet para el público. Métodos: Estudio mixto cualitativo/cuantitativo paralelo bajo tipología de revisiones de literatura por Grant & Booth y Pinto, y diseño de estudios de mapeo según Cooper. Exploración de bases de datos en motores de búsqueda, cotejo de títulos/resúmenes en cuatro idiomas de 2016-12-01 a 2017-12-31. Textos guardados en formatos MHT y PDF, acopiados en Dropbox y gestionados con Endnote X8. Definición de categorías agrupadas en cuatro dimensiones. Información analizada con Microsoft® Excel 2016 y Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Resultados: Cotejadas 46 páginas web, 63 referencias científicas, 99% en inglés; dos manuscritos con nota de retirada. En D1 (sumario): presentación del producto vs. aspectos toxicológicos o evaluativos de PTC. 48 artículos (76,2%) en digital o impreso (2017); por país: EUA: páginas web 23 (50%), 20 artículos (32%); Suiza: 22 artículos (35%), tres páginas web (7%). D2 (comercial): financiación por Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22; 33%) o universidades con fondos propios/gubernamentales (19, 30%); en páginas web predominaron PMI (60%), British American Tobacco y Japan Tobacco International (40%); relación con PMI ausente en 41 manuscritos (65%) y 36 páginas web (80%). D3 (metodológica): nivel de evidencia "experimental", laboratorial (26; 41,2%) o en humanos (4; 6,3%); investigación independiente en 36 (57%). D4 (interpretativa): principal interrogante en páginas web fue el carácter dañino o no de los PTC; en artículos científicos, los efectos de micro/nanopartículas de los PTC a mediano/largo plazo. Conclusiones: Se precisa que la comunidad científica complete los respectivos estudios de toxicidad y reducción del daño (harm reduction) relativos a los PTC y resuelva junto con el público y las autoridades, preguntas relativas a su seguridad a mediano y largo plazo.
Summary: Object: To explore knowledge gaps and possible future research line on Heat-not-burn tobacco products (HBT) from the published scientific literature and internet sources available to the population. Methods: Mixed methods qualitative/quantitative study under typology of literature reviews by Grant & Booth and Pinto, and mapping review study design by Cooper. Database search and check-in of titles/abstracts in 4 languages from 2016-12-01 to 2017-12-31. Texts saved in MHT and PDF formats, located in Dropbox and managed with Endnote X8. Category definitions grouped in 4 dimensions. Information analyzed with Microsoft® Excel 2016 and Epi-INFO® 7.2.2 Results: 46 webpages and 63 papers located, 99% in English; 2 manuscripts had withdrawal notes. In D1 (summary): product advertisement vs toxicological or evaluative aspects of the HBT. 48 papers (76,2%) in digital or printed (2017); by country, USA: webpages 23 (50%), 20 papers (32%); Switzertland: 22 papers (35%), 3 webpages (7%). D2 (commercial): financing by Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) or universities with own or government funds (19, 30%); on webpages PMI (60%), British American Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International (40%); relation with PMI absent in 41 papers (65%) and 36 webpages (80%). D3 (methodological): evidence level "experimental", laboratory (26; 41,2%) or humans (4, 6,3%); independent research in 36 (57%). D4 (interpretative): main question on webpages was whether HBT products were harmful or not; on papers, the effects of HBT micro/nanoparticles at medium/long term. Conclusion: It is required from scientific community to finish their respective toxicity and harm reduction studies on HBT and to guide and solve questions related to HBT safety in medium/long term alongside population and authorities.
Résumé: Objectif: Explorer les besoins en connaissances et les éventuelles futures lignes de recherche sur les Produits de Tabac Chauffé, PTC (Heat- not-burn tobacco products), á partir de la littérature scientifique publiée et de sources Internet destinées au public. Méthodes: Étude mixte, qualitative / quantitative en paralléle, selon le tipe de revue de littérature proposé par Grant & Booth et Pinto, et conception d'études de cartographie selon Cooper. Exploration de bases de données á partir de moteurs de recherche, révision de titres / résumés en quatre langues du 01-12-2016 au 31-12-2017. Textes enregistrés aux formats MHT et PDF, stockés dans Dropbox et gérés avec Endnote X8. Définition de catégories regroupées en quatre dimensions. Information analysée avec Microsoft® Excel 2016 et Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Résultats: 46 pages Web révisées, 63 références scientifiques dont 99% en anglais; deux manuscrits avec acte de retrait. En D1 (résumé): présentation du produit vs aspects toxicologiques ou évaluatifs des PTC. 48 articles (76,2%) en version numérique ou imprimée (2017); par pays: États-Unis: 23 pages Web (50%), 20 articles (32%); Suisse: 22 articles (35%), trois pages Web (7%). D2 (commercial): financement par Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) ou par des universités disposant de fonds propres/publics (19, 30%); dans les pages Web, ont prédominé PMI (60%), British American Tobacco et Japan Tobacco International (40%); la relation avec PMI était absente dans 41 manuscrits (65%) et 36 pages Web (80%). D3 (méthodologique): niveau de preuve «expérimental¼, de laboratoire (26, 41,2%) ou avec des humains (4, 6,3%); 36 recherches indépendantes (57%). D4 (interprétative): le principal questionnement dans les pages Web portait sur la nocivité ou non des PTC; dans les articles scientifiques, il portait sur les effets des micro/nanoparticules des PTC á moyen/long terme Conclusions: II est nécessaire que la communauté scientifique compléte les études respectives sur la toxicité et al.
Resumo: Objetivo: Explorar as necessidades de conhecimento e possíveis futuras linhas de investigação sobre os produtos de tabaco aquecido, PTC (Heat-not-burn tabaco), a partir da literatura científica publicada e fontes da Internet para o público. Métodos: Estudo misto qualitativo/quantitativo baseado na tipologia de revisao da literatura de Grant & Booth e Pinto, e no desenho de estudos de mapeamento de Cooper. A exploração de bases de dados em motores de busca realizou-se pelos títulos/resumos em quatro idiomas de 2016-12-01 a 2017-12-31. Os textos foram guardados em formatos MHT e PDF, armazenados no Dropbox e geridos com o Endnote X8. As categorias foram agrupadas em quatro dimensões. A informação foi analisada com o Microsoft® Excel 2016 e Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Resultados: Foram agrupados em 46 páginas web, 63 referências científicas, 99% em inglês; dois manuscritos com notas. Em D1 (resumo): verifica-se a apresentação do produto versus aspetos toxicológicos ou avaliativos do PTC. 48 artigos (76,2%) em formato digital ou em suporte papel (2017); por país: EUA: páginas da Web 23 (50%), 20 artigos (32%); Suíça: 22 artigos (35%), três páginas da web (7%). D2 (comercial): financiamento pela Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) ou universidades com fundos próprios/governamentais (19, 30%); nas páginas web predominaram as PMI (60%), British American Tobacco e Japan Tobacco International (40%); a relação com PMI está ausente em 41 manuscritos (65%) e 36 páginas na web (80%). D3 (metodológico): nível de evidência "experimental", laboratorial (26, 41,2%) ou em humanos (4, 6,3%); pesquisa independente em 36 (57%). D4 (interpretativa): a principal questão nas páginas web foi a natureza nociva ou não do PTC; em artigos científicos, os efeitos das micro/nanopartículas do PTC no médio / longo prazo. Conclusoes: É necessário que a comunidade científica complemente os respetivos estudos de toxicidade e redução de danos (harm reduction) relacionados com o PTC e resolva, em conjunto com o público e as autoridades, questões relativas à sua segurança a médio e longo prazo.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Substance use has increased worldwide. Based on these data, we may think that substance use has also increased during pregnancy, but epidemiological data are scarce in this population. The potential consequences of tobacco, cocaine or cannabis use during pregnancy are a major public health concern. The combined use of different substances during pregnancy may have serious consequences on the pregnancy and on child development. METHODS: In this paper, we will describe the potential consequences for the newborn, child and adolescent after being exposed to tobacco, cannabis and cocaine in utero. For this purpose, we will review all retrospective and prospective studies (in English and French) referenced in PubMed reporting on the somatic or psychiatric consequences of alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption by pregnant women on newborn and children. Consumption during pregnancy was assessed in these studies using simple questionnaires, biomarkers analysis or both. RESULTS: Generally speaking, these pregnancies are at high risk for both the mother and the foetus: for example, an increased risk of miscarriage or of reduced length of gestation, an increased risk of uterine apoplexy and placenta praevia, more premature births and/or hypotrophy were reported. The occurrence of a newborn's withdrawal syndrome may be misdiagnosed. Many consequences on child development may be observed such as growth disorders, learning or motor disorders, language disorders, cognitive disorders (attention, memory, executive functions), attention deficit disorders with impulsivity or with hyperactivity (ADHD), and memory disorders. The prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorders may also be increased in these children. The risk of addictive disorders or schizophrenia in children exposed in utero to illicit drugs or tobacco is still unknown. The combined use of different substances increases, consequently it is difficult to disentangle the consequences on child development of each of the drugs used during pregnancy owing to potential interactions between these drugs. The consequences on child development will also depend on the dose and on the time of drug use during pregnancy. DISCUSSION: The National Institute of Drug Abuse reported that 75% of the infants exposed in utero to one or more substances will present medical problems during childhood, as compared to only 27% of the non-exposed infants. However, the medical consequences are still a matter of controversies. Methodological biases, such as the use of different rating scales among studies, and the heterogeneity of the populations included are main limitations. Further studies are needed using larger cohorts and longer follow-up periods.