Prevalence of cysticercosis in cattle slaughterhouses in the western region of Minas Gerais, Brazil (2013-2020): Influence of sanitary regulations in reducing risks to human health.

Bovine cysticercosis is a foodborne zoonosis that has a worldwide distribution, and its highest prevalence is found in developing countries with a large volume of cattle production, such as Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of cysticercosis during seven years in three slaughterhouses located in the western region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and the impacts of the legislation on the identification and destination of infected carcasses. Three slaughterhouses (Sl) were selected for this study with averages of 200 (SlA), 721 (SlB) and 1138 (SlC) bovines slaughtered per day. The monthly number of slaughtered cattle, infected carcasses with cysticercosis and destination were used to calculate the condemnation occurrence index (COI) and the adjusted seasonal index (ASI). To assess the impact of the legislation, the prevalence rate and destination of infected carcasses were subdivided into the PRE (January 2013 to March 2017) and POST (April 2017 to December 2020) period of Decree 9013 of 2017 and the results were compared by chi-square (P < 0.05). SlA recorded the highest cysticercosis rate with 1.54 % and SlC the lowest rate with 0.33 %. In addition, it was observed that in the POST period there was an increase in the identification of infected carcasses in SlA and B (P < 0.05). The POST period also resulted in a change in the relative frequency of infected carcasses destination in the three slaughterhouses (P < 0.05). The ASI identified an increase in infected carcasses in February and a decrease in November for SlB, proving to be an important tool for planning the inspection team trainings. These results show that the disease is still present in the studied region and highlight the benefits of using the One Health concept in the evaluation of a time series prevalence of bovine cysticercosis by: identifying seasonality of the disease, trends during the time period and impacts brought by updates in the national sanitary legislation.

Prevalência de cisticercose bovina em um abatedouro sob inspeção sanitária federal no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in a slaughterhouse under federal inspection service in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

A cisticercose é uma doença parasitária causada pela Taenia saginata que se caracteriza pela presença de cistos nos bovinos. É uma das principais causas de condenação de órgãos, carcaças e desvalorização da carne bovina dentro dos frigoríficos sob inspeção oficial. Portanto, esse trabalho objetivou determinar a prevalência de cisticercose bovina em bovinos abatidos durante o ano de 2021 em um abatedouro sob Inspeção Federal no Estado do Espírito Santo. No período avaliado, a prevalência anual foi de 4%. Foi verificada maior ocorrência nos meses de maio, setembro e novembro. Também foi verificada uma maior frequência de cistos calcificados (3,3%) em relação aos cistos vivos (0,76%). Essa alta taxa de prevalência indica que essa doença é endêmica na região, necessitando de medidas efetivas e de ações que interrompam o ciclo de transmissão dessa parasitose entre humanos e animais para diminuir a ocorrência de cisticercose no rebanho bovino e as consequentes perdas econômicas.

Cysticercosis is a parasitoses caused by Taenia saginata characterized by the presence of cysts in bovine tissues. It is one of the most important cause of viscera and carcasses condemnation and undervaluation of beef in slaughterhouses under official inspection. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis during the year in the 2021 in a slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection located at the state of Espirito Santo. During the study, the annual prevalence was 4%, being the months of higher occurrence May, September, and November. Additionally, the found frequency of calcified cysts (3,3%) was higher compared to live cysts (0,76%). These data indicate that this is an endemic disease in the region, and more effective actions are required to avoid transmission of this parasitosis between humans and animals and reduce cysticercosis frequency on cattle and its economic losses.

Epidemiology and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil / Epidemiologia e impacto econômico da cisticercose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is an important disease in Brazil due to its detection in abattoirs, resulting in economic losses for cattle farmers, and a public health corcern. Besides its importance, the knowledge about BCC epidemiology and impact remains not fully described in several areas in this country, requiring more studies. Thus, this study focused on establishing BCC prevalence in the regions and municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2019, establishing the associated risk factors, and estimating the economic losses for cattle farmers. A set of 2,330 cases of BCC was detected in the 407,529 bovine inspected by Federal Inspection Service (0.57%; C.I. 95% 0.55 - 0.60%) with a higher detection of unviable cysticercus (66.14%). The beef producers lost at least US$153,000.20 due to BCC through this period. The highest risk for BCC infection occurred in Metropolitana (OR = 9.19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7.77), Caparó (OR = 7.44), and Central Sul (OR = 7.19) mesoregions, respectively. The BCC was detected in animals from 67 municipalities and its prevalence increased in areas with high human population density (OR = 1.58;; p = 0.01). In conclusion, BCC is an important disease for beef production chain in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and a cause of economic losses, mainly in some areas, and urgently requires the adoption of prophylactic strategies to reduce the ocurrence of this parasite.

A cisticercose bovina (CB) é uma doença importante no Brasil devido à sua detecção em abatedouros-frigoríficos que resulta em impactos econômicos aos criadores de bovinos, e um problema de saúde pública. Apesar da sua importância, o conhecimento sobre a sua epidemiologia e impacto persiste não completamente descritos em diversas áreas do país requer mais estudos. Portanto, esse estudo objetivou estabelecer a prevalência nos municípios e regiões do Estado do Espírito Santo de 2017 a 2019; estabelecer os fatores de risco associados; e estimar o impacto econômico aos pecuaristas. Durante o período, 2.330 casos de BC foram dectados entre os 407.529 bovinos inspecionados sob regime de inspeção federal (0,57%; I.C. 95% 0,55 - 0,60%), com maior frequência de cisticercos inviáveis (66,14%). Os pecuaristas perderam pelo menos US$153.000,20 devido à ocorrência de CB durante o período. As áreas de maior risco para a enfermidade nesse estado estão nas mesoregiões Metropolitana (OR = 9,19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7,77), Caparó (OR = 7,44), e Central Sul (OR = 7,19), respectivamente. A doença foi detectada em animais de 67 municípios e a prevalência da enfermidade foi maior em áreas com elevada densidade populacional humana (OR = 1,58; p = 0,01). Assim, conclui-se que a CB é uma importante doença para a cadeia da carne bovina no estado, além de uma importante causa de perdas econômicas, principalmente em algumas áreas, e necessita, urgentemente, da adoação de medidas profiláticas para reduzir a ocorrência desse parasita.

Bovine cysticercosis in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence, risk factors and financial losses for farmers.

Taenia saginata is the causative agent of bovine cysticercosis (BCC) and human taeniasis, two diseases that have economical and public health importance, respectively. This research focused on determining BCC prevalence in the state of São Paulo state, Brazil, in the period of 2017-2019, as well as associating risk factors related to disease occurrence and estimate the economic impact to beef producers. Data from 6,277,758 bovine carcasses originating from 571 municipalities and 15 different mesoregions in the state of São Paulo was gathered and analyzed. Cysticerci were detected in a total of 88,700 carcasses at meat inspection, resulting in an apparent prevalence of 1.41 % (C.I. 95 % 1.40-1.42 %). BCC was widespread in this state and its spatial distribution varied in municipalities and mesoregions. The variable number of milking cows in the municipality was significantly associated (OR = 1.48, p = 0.00) with BCC cases, conversely, the presence of peasant's settlements in the municipality was a protective factor (OR = 0.49, p = 0.02). Financial losses for cattle farmers were estimated at US$ 5,829,103.99. The results of this research show that there is still room for implementation of bovine cysticercosis control measures in endemic areas, aiming to reduce financial losses to farmers as well as reduction of human taeniasis cases in the population.

Impacto econômico aos pecuaristas decorrente da detecção de cisticercose bovina em um abatedouro frigorífico do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Economic losses for cattle farmers due the detection of bovine cysticercosis in one slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

A cisticercose bovina configura uma zoonose parasitária globalmente distribuída e que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia produtiva da carne bovina no Brasil. Também, o consumo de carnes contendo cisticercos viáveis veicula a teníase aos seres humanos, trazendo impactos à saúde pública. Assim, este estudo objetivou determinar a ocorrência da cisticercose em um frigorífico localizado no município de Promissão, Estado de São Paulo durante um período de três anos e estimar os impactos econômicos aos pecuaristas decorrentes da detecção de carcaças e vísceras infectadas. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de 668.601 animais abatidos e inspecionados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), sendo que 6.587 (0,98%) foram considerados positivos. A principal destinação das carcaças infectadas foi o tratamento pelo congelamento (69,56%), seguido pela remoção e liberação para consumo humano, condenação, cozimento e salga, respectivamente. Estimou-se um prejuízo de R$ 2.072.696,38 (US$901,172.33) aos produtores devido à detecção desses casos. Devem-se reforçar os cuidados sanitários junto às fazendas produtoras de bovinos, além de melhorar as políticas públicas sobre acesso a saneamento básico e educação sanitária da população, a fim de se controlar essa zoonose que persiste com grande relevância no país.

Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic zoonosis distributed globally and considered as an important reason for economic losses to the beef production chain in Brazil. Also, the consumption of beef containing viable cysticerci vehicles taeniosis to human beings, bringing impacts to public health. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of cysticercosis in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Promissão, State of São Paulo, through a three years period and to estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers resulting from the detection of infected carcasses and viscera. For this, data from 668,601 animals slaughtered and inspected by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) were used, with 6,587 (0.98%) being considered positive. The main destination of the infected carcasses was the freezing treatment (69.56%) followed by liberation to human consumption, rendering, heat treatment and salting, respectively. We calculated losses to farmers on around US$ 901,172.33. The adoption of sanitary practices should be reinforced at the cattle-producing farms, in addition to improving public policies such as access to basic sanitation and health education for the population, in order to control this zoonosis that persists with a great deal in the country.

Impacto econômico aos pecuaristas decorrente da detecção de cisticercose bovina em um abatedouro frigorífico do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Economic losses for cattle farmers due the detection of bovine cysticercosis in one slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

A cisticercose bovina configura uma zoonose parasitária globalmente distribuída e que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia produtiva da carne bovina no Brasil. Também, o consumo de carnes contendo cisticercos viáveis veicula a teníase aos seres humanos, trazendo impactos à saúde pública. Assim, este estudo objetivou determinar a ocorrência da cisticercose em um frigorífico localizado no município de Promissão, Estado de São Paulo durante um período de três anos e estimar os impactos econômicos aos pecuaristas decorrentes da detecção de carcaças e vísceras infectadas. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de 668.601 animais abatidos e inspecionados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), sendo que 6.587 (0,98%) foram considerados positivos. A principal destinação das carcaças infectadas foi o tratamento pelo congelamento (69,56%), seguido pela remoção e liberação para consumo humano, condenação, cozimento e salga, respectivamente. Estimou-se um prejuízo de R$ 2.072.696,38 (US$901,172.33) aos produtores devido à detecção desses casos. Devem-se reforçar os cuidados sanitários junto às fazendas produtoras de bovinos, além de melhorar as políticas públicas sobre acesso a saneamento básico e educação sanitária da população, a fim de se controlar essa zoonose que persiste com grande relevância no país.(AU)

Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic zoonosis distributed globally and considered as an important reason for economic losses to the beef production chain in Brazil. Also, the consumption of beef containing viable cysticerci vehicles taeniosis to human beings, bringing impacts to public health. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of cysticercosis in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Promissão, State of São Paulo, through a three years period and to estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers resulting from the detection of infected carcasses and viscera. For this, data from 668,601 animals slaughtered and inspected by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) were used, with 6,587 (0.98%) being considered positive. The main destination of the infected carcasses was the freezing treatment (69.56%) followed by liberation to human consumption, rendering, heat treatment and salting, respectively. We calculated losses to farmers on around US$ 901,172.33. The adoption of sanitary practices should be reinforced at the cattle-producing farms, in addition to improving public policies such as access to basic sanitation and health education for the population, in order to control this zoonosis that persists with a great deal in the country.(AU)

Epidemiology of bovine cysticercosis and associated economic losses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is the most frequently detected zoonosis in Brazilian slaughterhouses and is considered a problem for public health and beef production chain, requiring epidemiological studies focusing on evaluating its prevalence, spatial distribution, and economic losses in order to improve and adopt specific strategies for BCC control. Thus, this study focused to establish BCC prevalence and spatial distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers suppliers of one exporter slaughterhouse. A set of 70,591 bovine carcasses were postmortem inspected from 2019 to 2020, which came from 134 municipalities located in eight distinct regions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The prevalence found was 3.44% (C.I. 95% 3.30-3.57%), and animals infected with unviable cysticerci were more frequently detected (70.56%) than those carrying viable ones (29.44%). The most frequent destination of carcasses and viscera was non-export (65.48%), followed by freezing/salting (25.41%), heat treatment (8.74%), and rendering (0.37%), resulting in a total economic burden of at least US$ 167,868.53 for cattle farmers. Some regions had higher risk for BCC occurrence, such as Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Santa Maria, Ijuí, and Passo Fundo (OR > 1, p < 0.05), respectively. These results highlight the need of adopting prophylactic measures, mainly in specific areas, in order to control BCC and reduce the economic losses for beef production chain.

Prevalence and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis in the mesoregion of Northern Minas Gerais / Prevalência e distribuição geográfica de cisticercose bovina na mesorregião do Norte de Minas Gerais

The knowledge of the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis is important for the implementation of control programs. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Northern Minas Gerais. For that, 14,556 cattle were evaluated during the federal post-mortem inspection in 27 municipalities of five microregions: Janaúba, Montes Claros, Januária, Pirapora and Bocaiúva. The prevalence of Cysticercus bovis was 1.03% with distribution in all microregions evaluated of the northern Minas Gerais. All municipalities with a sampling number of cattle slaughtered above 543 showed positive animals for cysticercosis. The microregions of Bocaiúva, Montes Claros, Janaúba, Januária and Pirapora presented a prevalence of cysticercosis at 2.11%, 1.17%, 1.01%, 0.90% and 0.56%, respectively. The microregions of Montes Claros and Januária presented a greater chance of finding positive cattle for cysticercosis. As there are positive cases of cysticercosis in all microregions evaluated, there is a risk to human health.(AU)

O conhecimento da prevalência da cisticercose bovina é importante para a implementação de programas de controle. Objetivou-se avaliar a prevalência e a distribuição geográfica de cisticercose bovina no Norte de Minas Gerais. Para isso, avaliou-se 14556 bovinos durante a inspeção federal post mortem provenientes de 27 municípios de cinco microrregiões: Janaúba, Montes Claros, Januária, Pirapora e Bocaiúva. A prevalência de Cysticercus bovis foi de 1,03% e está distribuída geograficamente em todas as microrregiões avaliadas do Norte de Minas Gerais avaliadas. Todos os municípios com número amostral de bovinos abatidos acima de 543 apresentaram animais positivos para cisticercose. As microrregiões de Bocaiúva, Montes Claros, Janaúba, Januária e Pirapora apresentaram prevalência de cisticercose de 2,11%, 1,17%, 1,01%, 0,90% e 0,56%, respectivamente. As microrregiões de Montes Claros e Januária apresentaram maior chance de se encontrar bovinos positivos para cisticercose. Como há casos positivos de cisticercose em todas as microrregiões avaliadas, há risco a saúde dos seres humanos.(AU)

Frequency of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Rondônia, Brazil.

Bovine cysticercosis remains as one of the most important cause of carcasses and viscera condemnation in Brazilian slaughterhouses. However, the efficiency of post-mortem inspection for the diagnosis of this zoonotic disease is relatively low, and few available studies were performed through serological exams. This study evaluated the frequency of bovine cysticercosis in cattle herds located in different farms of the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Among the 987 animals slaughtered from 33 farms, 21 animals (Frequency: 2.13%; 95C.I. 1.23-3.03) were considered as positive through indirect ELISA and confirmed by Immunoblot tests and the cysticercosis was detected in 12 farms (36.36% - C.I. 95% 19.95-52.78). The disease was detected in the municipalities Vale do Paraíso (12.50%), Theobroma (8.11%), Guaporé (7.27%), Rolim de Moura (5.71%), Presidente Médici (5.0%), Ouro Preto do Oeste (4.69%), Nova União (1.77%), Nova Brasilândia d'Oeste (1.14%) and Ministro Andreazza (1.01%). Therefore, prophylactic measures should be taken to improve beef production, control bovine cysticercosis and reduce costs to public health in this Brazilian state.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of bovine cysticercosis in Brazil: current knowledge and way forward.

BACKGROUND: Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis has been well studied in several countries. Brazil is one of the most important beef exporting countries and has one of the highest cattle population size in the world. In this country, bovine cysticercosis (BCC) remains the most frequent reported zoonosis detected during post-mortem inspection, resulting in costs for the beef sector and public health. We performed a systematic literature review regarding data about BCC epidemiology in Brazil and meta-analyses for its prevalence in different administrative regions and the distribution over time, and based on this discussed possible control strategies. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to obtain data about BCC in Brazil using the words "bovine cysticercosis" and "Brazil" to construct the search phrase. The inclusion criteria used to select articles were: (i) published from 2000 to 2018; (ii) full text available online in Portuguese or English; and (iii) contain information at least regarding one of the following aspects of BCC in Brazil: prevalence, incidence, spatial distribution, risk-factors, economic burden and measures for control. RESULTS: A set of 42 articles was included, covering the prevalence of BCC in Brazil, ranging between 0.01-18.75%. Prevalence results of 40 articles were included in a meta-analysis per administrative region. The highest prevalence was found in the South (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.0-5.2%), followed by the Southeast (2.7%; 95% CI: 1.9-3.6%), Northeast (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.6-2.7%), Central-western (0.9%; 95% CI: 0.3-1.7%) and North (0.0%; 95% CI: 0.0-0.6%) region. In addition, a reduction in prevalence over time was observed in all the evaluated states except for Alagoas and Pará. CONCLUSIONS: Besides the large availability of data, a critical lack of information about BCC epidemiology remains in Brazil. Nevertheless, the available data on prevalence, high risk-areas and risk factors should contribute to a better understanding of transmission and the formulation of recommendations for control. A One Health approach will be required to reduce T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis prevalence and the consequent economic burden for the beef sector in Brazil, one of the most important beef exporters in the world.

Prevalence and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis in the mesoregion of Northern Minas Gerais / Prevalência e distribuição geográfica de cisticercose bovina na mesorregião do Norte de Minas Gerais

The knowledge of the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis is important for the implementation of control programs. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Northern Minas Gerais. For that, 14,556 cattle were evaluated during the federal post-mortem inspection in 27 municipalities of five microregions: Janaúba, Montes Claros, Januária, Pirapora and Bocaiúva. The prevalence of Cysticercus bovis was 1.03% with distribution in all microregions evaluated of the northern Minas Gerais. All municipalities with a sampling number of cattle slaughtered above 543 showed positive animals for cysticercosis. The microregions of Bocaiúva, Montes Claros, Janaúba, Januária and Pirapora presented a prevalence of cysticercosis at 2.11%, 1.17%, 1.01%, 0.90% and 0.56%, respectively. The microregions of Montes Claros and Januária presented a greater chance of finding positive cattle for cysticercosis. As there are positive cases of cysticercosis in all microregions evaluated, there is a risk to human health.

O conhecimento da prevalência da cisticercose bovina é importante para a implementação de programas de controle. Objetivou-se avaliar a prevalência e a distribuição geográfica de cisticercose bovina no Norte de Minas Gerais. Para isso, avaliou-se 14556 bovinos durante a inspeção federal post mortem provenientes de 27 municípios de cinco microrregiões: Janaúba, Montes Claros, Januária, Pirapora e Bocaiúva. A prevalência de Cysticercus bovis foi de 1,03% e está distribuída geograficamente em todas as microrregiões avaliadas do Norte de Minas Gerais avaliadas. Todos os municípios com número amostral de bovinos abatidos acima de 543 apresentaram animais positivos para cisticercose. As microrregiões de Bocaiúva, Montes Claros, Janaúba, Januária e Pirapora apresentaram prevalência de cisticercose de 2,11%, 1,17%, 1,01%, 0,90% e 0,56%, respectivamente. As microrregiões de Montes Claros e Januária apresentaram maior chance de se encontrar bovinos positivos para cisticercose. Como há casos positivos de cisticercose em todas as microrregiões avaliadas, há risco a saúde dos seres humanos.

Cisticercose causada pelo Cysticercus bovis e seu impacto econômico no rebanho bovino brasileiro

A cisticercose bovina é um parasita zoonótico causado pela presença de larvas da tênia Taenia saginata, o Cysticercus bovis, apresentando nos bovinos infestações no tecido muscular esquelético e cardíaco. Os bovinos infectados normalmente não apresentam sinais clínicos, contudo, graves infecções podem causar miocardite ou insuficiência cardíaca. Considerada uma doença de distribuição global que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia alimentar da carne bovina afetando vários aspectos da saúde pública, principalmente em regiões com condições sanitárias precárias, associadas a aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais, como o consumo de carne de bovino malcozida ou crua. Além, também, de prejuízos para os produtores devido a desclassificação ou condenação total de carcaças infectadas.

Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonotic parasite caused by the presence of Taenia saginata tapeworm larvae, Cysticercus bovis, presenting infestation in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue in cattle. Infected cattle usually show no clinical signs, however severe infections can cause myocarditis or heart failure. Considered a globally distributed disease that causes economic damage to the beef food chain, affecting various aspects of public health, especially in regions with poor sanitary conditions, associated with socioeconomic and cultural aspects, such as the consumption of undercooked or raw beef. In addition, there is also damage to producers due to declassification or total condemnation of infected carcasses.

La cisticercosis bovina es un parásito zoonótico causado por la presencia de larvas de tenia Taenia saginata, Cysticercus bovis, presentando infestaciones en tejido muscular esquelético y cardíaco en bovinos. El ganado infectado generalmente no muestra signos clínicos, sin embargo, las infecciones graves pueden causar miocarditis o insuficiencia cardíaca. Considerada una enfermedad distribuida a nivel mundial que causa daños económicos a la cadena alimentaria de la carne que afecta varios aspectos de la salud pública, especialmente en regiones con malas condiciones sanitarias, asociado con aspectos socioeconómicos y culturales, como el consumo de carne cruda o poco cocida. Además, también hay daños a los productores debido a la desclasificación o la condena total de los cadáveres infectados.

Cisticercose causada pelo Cysticercus bovis e seu impacto econômico no rebanho bovino brasileiro

A cisticercose bovina é um parasita zoonótico causado pela presença de larvas da tênia Taenia saginata, o Cysticercus bovis, apresentando nos bovinos infestações no tecido muscular esquelético e cardíaco. Os bovinos infectados normalmente não apresentam sinais clínicos, contudo, graves infecções podem causar miocardite ou insuficiência cardíaca. Considerada uma doença de distribuição global que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia alimentar da carne bovina afetando vários aspectos da saúde pública, principalmente em regiões com condições sanitárias precárias, associadas a aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais, como o consumo de carne de bovino malcozida ou crua. Além, também, de prejuízos para os produtores devido a desclassificação ou condenação total de carcaças infectadas.(AU)

Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonotic parasite caused by the presence of Taenia saginata tapeworm larvae, Cysticercus bovis, presenting infestation in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue in cattle. Infected cattle usually show no clinical signs, however severe infections can cause myocarditis or heart failure. Considered a globally distributed disease that causes economic damage to the beef food chain, affecting various aspects of public health, especially in regions with poor sanitary conditions, associated with socioeconomic and cultural aspects, such as the consumption of undercooked or raw beef. In addition, there is also damage to producers due to declassification or total condemnation of infected carcasses.(AU)

La cisticercosis bovina es un parásito zoonótico causado por la presencia de larvas de tenia Taenia saginata, Cysticercus bovis, presentando infestaciones en tejido muscular esquelético y cardíaco en bovinos. El ganado infectado generalmente no muestra signos clínicos, sin embargo, las infecciones graves pueden causar miocarditis o insuficiencia cardíaca. Considerada una enfermedad distribuida a nivel mundial que causa daños económicos a la cadena alimentaria de la carne que afecta varios aspectos de la salud pública, especialmente en regiones con malas condiciones sanitarias, asociado con aspectos socioeconómicos y culturales, como el consumo de carne cruda o poco cocida. Además, también hay daños a los productores debido a la desclasificación o la condena total de los cadáveres infectados.(AU)

Occurrence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Two Regions of the State of Tocantins-Brazil and the Importance of Pathogen Identification.

Bovine cysticercosis, caused by Taenia saginata metacestodes, is the cause of significant economic losses to the meat production chain by condemnation and downgrading of infected carcasses. It is also a public health issue causing human taeniasis. This study evaluated the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis at the meat inspection procedures in slaughterhouses of south and north regions of the Tocantins State in Brazil. Specimens identified as cysts of T. saginata were collected and analyzed by molecular (PCR) and histopathological techniques. The cysts were collected from March to December of 2010 in slaughterhouses located in the cities of Alvorada (South) and Araguaína (North). The frequency of cystic lesions during the study was 0.033% (53/164,091) with 69.81% of calcified lesions and 30.9% of live cysts at meat inspection. From 14 samples submitted to molecular analysis, 28.57% (4/14) were positive for T. saginata. The histopathological analysis of the non-T. saginata samples showed lesions suggestive of granuloma and hydatid disease. The results indicated that the identification of the etiological agent is difficult by macroscopic inspection, emphasizing the need to associate specific diagnostic methods at meat inspection in abattoirs. In addition, species-specific PCR would be an effective tool for diagnosis, monitoring, and identifying cysticercosis, assisting the conventional tests.

Short communication: Four cases of Taenia saginata taeniasis in urban Venezuelan communities.

We report four cases of Taenia saginata taeniasis in different urban communities of Aragua state, Venezuela. After subsequent treatment with praziquantel and a saline purge, adult tapeworms were collected from all four patients and demonstrated to be T. saginata by morphological and molecular characterization. The finding of T. saginata in four distinct and separate urban municipalities of the Aragua state indicates the pertinence of rigorous meat inspection, and the importance of establishing parasite prevalence in human and bovine Venezuelan populations.

Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Americas.

BACKGROUND: The distribution of Taenia saginata in the Americas is unclear. Establishing the distribution, economic burden, and potentials for control of bovine cysticercosis is increasingly important due to the growing demand for beef. This paper aims to take the first step and reviews the recent distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis on a national level within the Americas. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of published and grey literature for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in the 54 countries and territories of the Americas between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Data on bovine cysticercosis from OIE reports from 1994 to 2005 were also included. RESULTS: We identified 66 papers from the Americas with data on the occurrence of taeniosis or bovine cysticercosis and an additional 19 OIE country reports on bovine cysticercosis. Taeniosis was reported from 13 countries, with nine of these countries reporting specifically T. saginata taeniosis, and four countries reporting non-species specific taeniosis. The reported prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.04-8.8%. Bovine cysticercosis was reported from 19 countries, nine identified through the literature search, and an additional 10 identified through the OIE country reports for notifiable diseases. The reported prevalence of bovine cysticercosis ranged between 0.1-19%. Disease occurrence was restricted to 21 countries within the Americas, the majority from the mainland, with the only island nations reporting either bovine cysticercosis or taeniosis being Cuba, Haiti, and the US Virgin Islands. CONCLUSIONS: Taenia saginata is widely distributed across 21 of the 54 countries in the Americas, but insufficient epidemiological data are available to estimate the subnational spatial distribution, prevalence, incidence and intensity of infections. This needs to be addressed through active surveillance and disease detection programmes. Such programmes would improve the data quantity and quality, and may enable estimation of the economic burden due to bovine cysticercosis in the region in turn determining the requirement for and cost-effectiveness of control measures.

Bovine cysticercosis: a retrospective survey in the mountainous Region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Cisticercose bovina: levantamento retrospectivo na Região Serrana de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Bovine cysticercosis disease is prevalent worldwide, and is diagnosed frequently in slaughterhouses. This disease has an impact on animal production and public health due to Taenia saginata. In order to investigate the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis in the mountainous region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, we performed a retrospective survey of beef carcasses that were positive for the parasite. We tabulated and analyzed the records of cattle that were slaughtered from 2003 to 2013, under the state inspection in Lages, Santa Catarina. These records were provided by Companhia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrícola de Santa Catarina (CIDASC). The data were analyzed using Chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05) to correlate the cysticerci occurrence with the independent variables. The animals were from the 18 municipalities that represent Associação dos Municípios da Região Serrana (AMURES). Among the animals that were slaughtered during the study period, 7.06% (1698/24055) were confirmed positive for cysticercosis during the visual inspection. Among the total cysts that were inspected, 25.79% and 74.20% were classified as viable and calcified, respectively. The most frequently parasitized organs were the head, with 876 cases (51.59%) positive for cysticerci (321 [36.64%] viable and 555 [63.36%]nonviable) and the heart with 641 cases (37.75%) positive for cysticerci (54 [8.42%] viable and 587 [91.58%] non-viable). In addition to the generalized infection (4.48%), the tongue and the diaphragm were the next most commonly parasitized organs, with 3.71% and 2.47% cases positive for cysticerci, respectively. There was no correlation (P > 0.05) between sex or age, and positive infection or cyst location. We identified statistical variations among the results for each of the evaluated years (P <0.01). These reports indicated a significant increase in the infection rate over time, from 4.58% (2005)to 9.94% (2013).[...](AU)

A cisticercose bovina é uma doença de ampla distribuição geográfica, diagnosticada diariamente nos frigoríficos, e que causa impacto tanto na produção animal quanto na saúde pública, consequência do parasitismo por Taenia saginata. Com o objetivo de investigar a ocorrência da cisticercose bovina na região serrana do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, foi realizado um levantamento retrospectivo de ocorrência da cisticercose bovina, no período de 2003 a 2013, por meio da tabulação e análise dos registros da Companhia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrícola de Santa Catarina (CIDASC), de bovinos abatidos sob regime de inspeção estadual em Lages, SC. Os dados foram analisados através do Teste do Qui-Quadrado (P ≤ 0,05), para correlacionar os resultados observados com as variáveis analisadas. Os animais foram provenientes dos 18 municípios que integram a Associação dos Municípios da Região Serrana (AMURES). Dos animais abatidos no período, 7,06% (1.698/24.055) apresentaram cisticercos, na inspeção visual. Do total de cistos 25,79% e 74,20% foram classificados como viáveis ou calcificados, respectivamente. Os órgãos mais frequentemente parasitados foram cabeça, com 876 positivos (51,59%) [dos quais 321 estavam viáveis (36,64%) e 555 inviáveis (63,36%)], e coração com 641 notificações (37,75%) [sendo 54 cisticercos viáveis (8,42%) e 587 inviáveis (91,58%)], seguidos de localização generalizada, língua e diafragma com 4,48%, 3,71% e 2,47%, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação (P > 0,05) entre sexo ou idade com a positividade e a localização dos cistos. Diferença estatística foi observada entre anos avaliados (P < 0,01), tendo a ocorrência variado de 4,58% (2005) a 9,94% (2013), indicando um aumento dos registros ao longo do tempo.[...](AU)

Perfil da implantação de cisticercos de Taenia saginata em sítios musculares não usuais e sua importância para a Saúde Pública / Profile of Taenia saginata cysticerci implantation in unusual sites and its importance for public health

A cisticercose bovina é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial. No Brasil, o controle é realizado através do diagnóstico anatomopatológico durante a inspeção post-mortem nos matadouros. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a localização de cisticercos nos tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados e sobretudo nos tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados, verificando a viabilidade dos cisticercos em bovinos infectados de forma experimental (grupo 1) e natural (grupo 2) com ovos de Taenia saginata. Em ambos os grupos foram analisados os tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados nas linhas de inspeção, de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos na legislação do Brasil. Adicionalmente, no grupo 1 foram selecionadas outras regiões anatômicas, representadas por quatro cortes comerciais (acém, alcatra, contrafilé, paleta), além do fígado, esôfago, diafragma e pilares. Com relação à frequência dos cisticercos no grupo 1, nos cortes comerciais, foram encontrados 8,2% de cisticercos no acém, 6,6% na paleta, 6,2% no contrafilé e 5,8% na alcatra. Outros tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados para a exclusiva pesquisa por cisticercos que apresentaram lesões foram o diafragma, fígado e o esôfago, com 2,7%, 12,0% e 1,2% respectivamente. No grupo 1, os sítios rotineiramente inspecionados predominantes foram o coração (37,7%), músculos mastigatórios (17,1%) e língua (2,3%). No grupo 2 foram encontrados 61,8% dos cisticercos totais no coração, seguido dos músculos mastigatórios (38,2%) e fígado (10,2%). Com relação à viabilidade dos cisticercos no grupo 1, os viáveis predominaram na alcatra (80,0%), diafragma (71,4%) e esôfago (66,7%), já os cisticercos inviáveis predominaram nos músculos mastigatórios (77,3%), coração (76,3%), fígado (71,0%) e língua (50%). No grupo 2, o fígado apresentou 87,5% de cisticercos inviáveis, seguidos da língua (66,7%) e coração (63,2%), e nos tecidos mastigatórios foram encontrados 68,3% de cisticercos...(AU)

Cysticercosis is a worldwide zoonosis, which demands proper control and monitoring during all beef production chain. In Brazil, the key point for controlling this zoonosis is the anatomopathological exam conducted in slaughterhouses during the post-morten inspection. This study aimed to describe the cysticerci location in tissues not usually examined during the inspection, and to check their viability in bovines infected with Taenia saginata eggs (group 1: experimental; group 2: natural). After slaughtering, animal from both groups were routinely examined for cysticercosis, according official Brazilian standards; group 1 animals were also examined in additional anatomic regions: end cuts (chuck, rump, strip loin, and shoulder), liver, esophagus, diaphragm and pillars. In group 1, cysticerci were identified in chuck (8.2%), shoulder (6.6%), strip loin (6.2%), and rump (5.8%), and also in tissues that are not usually considered during routine inspection, such as diaphragm (2.7%), liver (12.0%) and esophagus (1.2%). Still in group 1, the routine inspection identified cysticerci in hearth (37.7%), head muscles (17.1%), and tongue (2.3%). In group 2, cysticerci were identified in hearth (61.8%), head muscles (38.2%), and liver (10.2%). The viability of cysticerci were predominant in rump (80.0%), diaphragm (71.4%) and esophagus (66.7%) in animals from group 1, while non-viable cysticerci were more frequent in head muscles (77.3%), hearth (76.3%), liver (71.0%), and tongue (50.0%). In group 2, head muscles presented 68.3% of the viable cysticerci, while non-viable cysticerci were identified in liver (87.5%), tongue (66.7%), and hearth (63.2%). The high frequencies of viable cysticerci in end cuts available for consumers, including natural infected bovines, is a Public Health concern, once in Brazil these products were usually consumed without proper heat treatment, increasing the risks of T. saginata infection. The...(AU)

Perfil da implantação de cisticercos de Taenia saginata em sítios musculares não usuais e sua importância para a Saúde Pública / Profile of Taenia saginata cysticerci implantation in unusual sites and its importance for public health

A cisticercose bovina é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial. No Brasil, o controle é realizado através do diagnóstico anatomopatológico durante a inspeção post-mortem nos matadouros. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a localização de cisticercos nos tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados e sobretudo nos tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados, verificando a viabilidade dos cisticercos em bovinos infectados de forma experimental (grupo 1) e natural (grupo 2) com ovos de Taenia saginata. Em ambos os grupos foram analisados os tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados nas linhas de inspeção, de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos na legislação do Brasil. Adicionalmente, no grupo 1 foram selecionadas outras regiões anatômicas, representadas por quatro cortes comerciais (acém, alcatra, contrafilé, paleta), além do fígado, esôfago, diafragma e pilares. Com relação à frequência dos cisticercos no grupo 1, nos cortes comerciais, foram encontrados 8,2% de cisticercos no acém, 6,6% na paleta, 6,2% no contrafilé e 5,8% na alcatra. Outros tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados para a exclusiva pesquisa por cisticercos que apresentaram lesões foram o diafragma, fígado e o esôfago, com 2,7%, 12,0% e 1,2% respectivamente. No grupo 1, os sítios rotineiramente inspecionados predominantes foram o coração (37,7%), músculos mastigatórios (17,1%) e língua (2,3%). No grupo 2 foram encontrados 61,8% dos cisticercos totais no coração, seguido dos músculos mastigatórios (38,2%) e fígado (10,2%). Com relação à viabilidade dos cisticercos no grupo 1, os viáveis predominaram na alcatra (80,0%), diafragma (71,4%) e esôfago (66,7%), já os cisticercos inviáveis predominaram nos músculos mastigatórios (77,3%), coração (76,3%), fígado (71,0%) e língua (50%). No grupo 2, o fígado apresentou 87,5% de cisticercos inviáveis, seguidos da língua (66,7%) e coração (63,2%), e nos tecidos mastigatórios foram encontrados 68,3% de cisticercos viáveis (68,3%). O alto percentual de cisticercos viáveis encontrado nos cortes comerciais, inclusive nos bovinos naturalmente infectados, representa um alerta para a Saúde Pública, pois, no Brasil, são frequentemente consumidos sem sofrer o devido tratamento térmico para inativação do cisticerco, aumentando consideravelmente a chance de infecção por teniose. Os resultados revelaram amplo perfil da manifestação anatomopatológica da cisticercose em diferentes tecidos de bovinos experimentalmente e naturalmente infectados, considerando-se tecidos musculares rotineiramente inspecionados ou não. Assim, o aprimoramento da inspeção sanitária das carcaças bovinas pode incrementar o controle do complexo teniose-cisticercose, diminuindo os riscos para a saúde pública.(AU)

Cysticercosis is a worldwide zoonosis, which demands proper control and monitoring during all beef production chain. In Brazil, the key point for controlling this zoonosis is the anatomopathological exam conducted in slaughterhouses during the post-morten inspection. This study aimed to describe the cysticerci location in tissues not usually examined during the inspection, and to check their viability in bovines infected with Taenia saginata eggs (group 1: experimental; group 2: natural). After slaughtering, animal from both groups were routinely examined for cysticercosis, according official Brazilian standards; group 1 animals were also examined in additional anatomic regions: end cuts (chuck, rump, strip loin, and shoulder), liver, esophagus, diaphragm and pillars. In group 1, cysticerci were identified in chuck (8.2%), shoulder (6.6%), strip loin (6.2%), and rump (5.8%), and also in tissues that are not usually considered during routine inspection, such as diaphragm (2.7%), liver (12.0%) and esophagus (1.2%). Still in group 1, the routine inspection identified cysticerci in hearth (37.7%), head muscles (17.1%), and tongue (2.3%). In group 2, cysticerci were identified in hearth (61.8%), head muscles (38.2%), and liver (10.2%). The viability of cysticerci were predominant in rump (80.0%), diaphragm (71.4%) and esophagus (66.7%) in animals from group 1, while non-viable cysticerci were more frequent in head muscles (77.3%), hearth (76.3%), liver (71.0%), and tongue (50.0%). In group 2, head muscles presented 68.3% of the viable cysticerci, while non-viable cysticerci were identified in liver (87.5%), tongue (66.7%), and hearth (63.2%). The high frequencies of viable cysticerci in end cuts available for consumers, including natural infected bovines, is a Public Health concern, once in Brazil these products were usually consumed without proper heat treatment, increasing the risks of T. saginata infection. The obtained results demonstrated the anatomopathological distribution of cysticercosis in different tissues in experimental and natural infected bovines, considering tissues that are routinely and not routinely examined during inspection. Then, the inspection procedures could be improved by adding such analysis in its routine procedures, in order to increase the proper control of the taeniasis-cysiticercosis complex and to decrease the Public Health risks.

The HP10 Taenia monoclonal antibody-based ELISA detects a similar protein in the vesicular fluid of Taenia hydatigena.

Diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in endemic rural communities depends on serological tests, as typically there is no access to imaging facilities. The HP10 antigen ELISA (HP10 Ag ELISA), which detects a high molecular weight secreted protein of viable metacestodes, has been employed for the diagnosis of both human and porcine cysticercosis in such communities. In this communication, we formally demonstrate that the HP10 Ag ELISA, already known to function for the detection of T. saginata and T. solium cysticercosis, also detects a similar high molecular weight antigen of T. hydatigena. Thus, the HP10 Ag assay, while specific for human cysticercosis, may not be recommended for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis where there is co-infection of pigs with T. solium and T. hydatigena.