Adolescents' Retributive and Restorative Orientations in Response to Intergroup Harms in Schools.

This mixed-methods study examined how adolescents understand and evaluate different ways to address intergroup harms in schools. In individual interviews, 77 adolescents (M age = 16.49 years; 39 girls, 38 boys) in Bogotá, Colombia, responded to hypothetical vignettes wherein a rival group at school engaged in a transgression against their group. Adolescents reported that students who were harmed should and would talk to school authorities, but also noted they would likely retaliate. In terms of teacher-sanctioned responses to harm, youth endorsed compensation most strongly, followed by apologies, and rated suspension least positively. Youths' explanations for their endorsement of different disciplinary practices reflected varied concerns, including their perceptions of how justice is best achieved and how restoration could be attained.

Influence of Teacher-Student Relationships and Special Educational Needs on Student Engagement and Disengagement: A Correlational study.

Contemporary educational research has found that student engagement and disengagement have a relevant influence on learning outcomes. However, research on the influence of teacher-student relationships in the engagement of students with special educational needs (SEN) is scarce. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of teacher-student relationships, peer support at school, family support for learning, opportunities to participate at school, and SEN on engagement and disengagement of students using a sample of secondary students with SEN and typical development (TD). Through a non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional design, we evaluated 1,020 high school students (340 with SEN and 680 with TD) in the 9th grade (13-19 years old, M = 14.8; SD = 0.89). Teacher-student relationships, peer support at school, and family support for learning were assessed via subscales from the Student Engagement Inventory (SEI), opportunities to participate at school were measured with a subscale of the School Participation Questionnaire (SP), whereas engagement and disengagement were measured using the Multidimensional Scale of School Engagement (MSSE). Results show significant statistical differences between SEN and TD students in both student engagement and disengagement indicators. Engagement of SEN students is higher in the cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions than that of TD students. However, they also have higher disengagement in the cognitive and behavioral dimensions. Furthermore, SEN students rate their relationships with teachers more highly and perceive more opportunities for school participation than their peers. Further analyses show that teacher-student relationships are positively associated with all dimensions of student engagement and inversely with behavioral and cognitive disengagement. Although correlational, the findings suggest teacher-student relationships and school participation opportunities could be important variables for diminishing disengagement and its negative consequences for both SEN and TD students, while improving student engagement. We discuss these results considering possible implications for educational policies, practices, and research.

Good Relationships, Good Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital - A Three-Wave Study Among Students.

Academic Psychological Capital, or PsyCap, - a set of positive psychological resources encompassing hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism - has begun to gain attention in academia, showing positive relationships with desirable academic outcomes. However, studies in the field have paid limited attention to the social factors that may increase PsyCap and therefore may lead to positive outcomes. In the present study, we examine whether academic PsyCap mediates between teacher-student relationships and academic performance as assessed by student's GPA, using a three-wave longitudinal design. Through structural equation modeling, as expected, a statistically significant indirect effect was found between teacher-student relationships and academic performance via academic PsyCap. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed; strengths and weaknesses are mentioned; and future research directions are proposed.

La relación docente-estudiantes de preescolar según el CLASS de Pianta / The relationship between preschool teachers and students according to Pianta's CLASS

Resumen El presente artículo de resultados es producto de una investigación que buscó conocer la coheren cia entre el discurso y el actuar de una docente con respecto a las relaciones docente-estudiantes en preescolar. Se realizó a partir del enfoque cualitativo con un estudio de caso único. Se trabajó con una docente y sus 35 estudiantes de preescolar. Los niños tenían entre 4 y 5 años de edad, pertenecientes a una institución educativa de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto (Colombia). Se ob servaron tres clases a lo largo del periodo escolar: inicio, mitad y final de año, para mirar los cam bios de la docente en sus relaciones con los niños. Se filmaron 20 minutos por cada clase. Adicio nalmente, se realizó una entrevista semi-estructurada con la docente a medio año, para comparar con las clases observadas. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de los dominios, dimensiones y características del instrumento CLASS de Pianta. La investigación evidenció incoherencias entre el discurso y el actuar de la docente con referencia a lo afectivo y cognitivo; igualmente, con los lazos relacionales en la formación en el ambiente del aula de clases. Es decir, la docente tiene claro que el afecto es un factor importante en la formación del estudiante, sin embargo, no logra actuar en sus clases acorde a esta concepción.

Abstract The present article is the result of a research that sought to know the coherence between the speech and the performance of a teacher in regards to the teacher-student relationships in pre school. It was conducted through the qualitative approach with a study of a single case. The par ticipants were 1 teacher and her 35 pre-school students. The children were between 4 and 5 years of age and attended an Educational Institution of the city of San Juan of Pasto (Colombia). Three classes were observed during the school period: the beginning, the half and the end of the year in order to study the changes in the interactions of the teacher with the children. Also, 20 minutes of each class were films and a semi-structured interview was done to the teacher to compare her opinions regarding the observed classes. The information was analyzed throughf the domains, dimensions and characteristics of the Pianta's CLASS instrument. The research revealed inco herencies between the speech and the teacher's performance in reference to the affective and the cognitive; the same happened with the relational ties in the ambientation of the environment of the classroom. That is to say, the teacher is clear on the importance of affection as a factor in the formation of the student. Nevertheless, she does not act in accordance to this concept.

Atribuições interpessoais pelo professor e sua relação com emoções e motivação do aluno / Teachers’ interpersonal attributions and their relationship with students’ emotions and motivation

O artigo descreve o estado da arte de pesquisas inspiradas na Teoria das Atribuições Interpessoais de Weiner. Professores desenvolvem percepções causais de fatores de sucesso ou fracasso de seus alunos e têm emoções correspondentes. Tais percepções e emoções, baseadas na controlabilidade da causa atribuída, são comunicadas, e os alunos podem ter percepções diferentes e até tentar manipular as de seus professores. A comunicação resulta em consequências emocionais, expectativas e motivação. Quando desadaptadoras, as inferências causais dos professores podem ser modificadas mediante procedimentos de intervenção. As descobertas das pesquisas foram discutidas e foram dadas sugestões para novos estudos e refinamento metodológico.

This paper describes the state of the art of studies inspired in Weiner’s Interpersonal Attribution Theory. Teachers develop causal perceptions about students’ success or failure, and exhibit related emotions. These perceptions and emotions are based on controllability of the cause and are communicated and students may disclose different perceptions and they even try to manipulate their teachers’ perceptions. Communication engenders emotional consequences, expectations and motivation. Teachers’ maladaptive causal beliefs can be modified through intervention. Findings were discussed and suggestions for new studies and methodological advances were proposed.

Atribuições interpessoais pelo professor e sua relação com emoções e motivação do aluno / Teachers’ interpersonal attributions and their relationship with students’ emotions and motivation

O artigo descreve o estado da arte de pesquisas inspiradas na Teoria das Atribuições Interpessoais de Weiner. Professores desenvolvem percepções causais de fatores de sucesso ou fracasso de seus alunos e têm emoções correspondentes. Tais percepções e emoções, baseadas na controlabilidade da causa atribuída, são comunicadas, e os alunos podem ter percepções diferentes e até tentar manipular as de seus professores. A comunicação resulta em consequências emocionais, expectativas e motivação. Quando desadaptadoras, as inferências causais dos professores podem ser modificadas mediante procedimentos de intervenção. As descobertas das pesquisas foram discutidas e foram dadas sugestões para novos estudos e refinamento metodológico.(AU)

This paper describes the state of the art of studies inspired in Weiner’s Interpersonal Attribution Theory. Teachers develop causal perceptions about students’ success or failure, and exhibit related emotions. These perceptions and emotions are based on controllability of the cause and are communicated and students may disclose different perceptions and they even try to manipulate their teachers’ perceptions. Communication engenders emotional consequences, expectations and motivation. Teachers’ maladaptive causal beliefs can be modified through intervention. Findings were discussed and suggestions for new studies and methodological advances were proposed.(AU)