Impacto de la pandemia en varias enfermedades infecciosas con patrones epidemiológicos distintos de estacionalidad, transmisión y edad / mpact of the pandemic on various infectious diseases with different epidemiological patterns of seasonality, transmission and age

Fundamentos: la pandemia de la covid-19 ha tenido un fuerte impacto sobre otras enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los cambios epidemiológicos acaecidos durante la pandemia en ocho enfermedades infecciosas con patrones epidemiológicos distintos: la gripe; virus respiratorio sincitial; rotavirus; neumococo; campylobacter; salmonella no tifoidea; gonococia; herpes zóster.métodos: a partir de la red de vigilancia microbiológica, se trazó la serie temporal de casos desde enero de 2017 a marzo de 2023. Se distinguieron tres periodos: prepandemia (referencia), pandemia e inicio de la pospandemia. Se analizó la distribución por edad y sexo en esos periodos. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y las razones de tasas (rt). Se estimaron esas rt globales y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% por cada año de edad en menores de cinco años. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el impacto que la pandemia tuvo en cada una de esas enfermedades. Algunas, tras un periodo de silencio epidémico, revelaron un repunte intenso pospandémico. Incrementaron la rt global postpandémica la gripe (2,4), vrs (1,9) y gonococia (3,1); recuperó su nivel prepandémico el rotavirus (1,07); y disminuyeron el neumococo (0,84), campylobacter (0,83) y salmonella (0,60). En menores de cinco años, los patrones fueron específicos y hete-rogéneos para cada enfermedad.conclusiones: el impacto de la pandemia es muy diferente en estas enfermedades. Las infecciones víricas estacionales pediá-tricas y de transmisión respiratoria son las que más se ven afectadas, pero con patrones de recuperación de la normalidad distintos. Las infecciones bacterianas gastrointestinales sufren menos variaciones, salvo el rotavirus. La gonococia no interrumpe su tendencia al aumento avistada ya en la prepandemia. El herpes zóster muestra un ligero incremento pospandémico. Se han estudiado varias enfermedades con distinto patrón epidemiológico durante un periodo suficiente para observar cómo se produce la salida de la fase aguda de la pandemia.(AU)

Background: the covid-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on other infectious diseases. The aim of this paper was to analyze the epidemiological changes that occurred during the pandemic in eight infectious diseases with different epidemiological patterns: influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, pneumococcus, campylobacter, non-typhoid salmonella, gonorrhea and herpes zoster.methods: from the microbiological surveillance network, the time series of cases was traced from january 2017 to march 2023. Three periods were distinguished: reference, pandemic and beginning of the post-pandemic. The distribution by age and sex in these periods was analyzed. Incidence rates and rate ratios (rr) were calculated. These rrs and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated overall and by year of age in children under five years of age. Results: statistically significant differences were found in the impact that the pandemic had on each of these diseases. Some, after a period of epidemic silence, have revealed an intense post-pandemic rebound. The post-pandemic global rt increased for influenza (2.4), rsv (1.9) and gonorrhea (3.1); rotavirus recovered its pre-pandemic level (1.07); and pneumococcus (0.84), campylobacter (0.83) and salmonella (0.60) decreased. In children under 5 years of age, the patterns were specific and heterogeneous for each disease.conclusions: the impact of the pandemic is very different in these diseases. Pediatric and respiratory-transmitted seasonal viral infections are the ones that are most affected, but with different patterns of recovery to normality. Gastrointestinal bacterial infections suffer fewer variations, except for rotavirus. Gonorrhea do not interrupt its increasing trend seen in the pre-pandemic. Shingles show a slight post-pandemic increase. Several diseases with different epidemiological patterns have been studied for a sufficient period to observe how the acute phase of the pandemic emerges.(AU)

Effects of human depopulation and warming climate on bird populations in Japan.

Quantifying biodiversity trends in economically developed countries, where depopulation, associated secondary succession, and climate warming are ongoing, provides insights for global biodiversity conservation in the 21st century. However, few studies have assessed the impacts of secondary succession and climate warming on species' population trends at a national scale. We estimated the population trends of common breeding bird species in Japan and examined the associations between the overall population trend and species traits with the nationwide bird count data on 47 species collected from 2009 to 2020. The overall population trend varied among species. Four species populations increased moderately, 18 were stable, and 11 declined moderately. Population trends for 13 species were uncertain. The difference in overall trends among the species was associated with their habitat group and temperature niche. Species with relatively low-temperature niches experienced more pronounced declines. Multispecies indicators showed a moderate increase in forest specialists and moderate declines in forest generalists (species that use both forests and open habitats) and open-habitat specialists. Forest generalists and open-habitat specialists also declined more rapidly at sites with more abandoned farmland. All species groups showed an accelerated decline or decelerated increase after 2015. These results suggest that common breeding birds in Japan are facing deteriorating trends as a result of nationwide changes in land use and climate. Future land-use planning and policies should consider the benefits of passive rewilding for forest specialists and active restoration measures (e.g., low-intensive forestry and agriculture) for nonforest specialists to effectively conserve biodiversity in the era of human depopulation and climate warming.

Efectos de la despoblación humana y el calentamiento climático sobre las poblaciones de aves en Japón Resumen La cuantificación de las tendencias poblacionales en los países económicamente desarrollados, en donde la despoblación (asociada a la sucesión secundaria) y el cambio climático son continuos, proporciona información para la conservación mundial de la biodiversidad en el siglo XXI. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado el impacto de la sucesión secundaria y el calentamiento climático sobre las tendencias poblacionales a escala nacional. Usamos un conteo nacional de aves de 47 especies recolectado entre 2009 y 2020 para estimar las tendencias poblacionales de especies de aves en Japón y examinamos las asociaciones entre la tendencia poblacional general y las características de la especie. La tendencia poblacional general varió entre especies. Las poblaciones de cuatro especies incrementaron con moderación, 18 permanecieron estables y once declinaron con moderación. Las tendencias poblacionales para 13 especies no fueron claras. La diferencia entre las tendencias generales de las especies estuvo asociada con su grupo de hábitat y el nicho térmico. Las especies con un nicho térmico relativamente bajo experimentaron una declinación más pronunciada. Los indicadores multiespecie mostraron un incremento moderado en las especialistas de bosque y una declinación moderada en las generalistas de bosque (especies que usan los bosques y hábitats abiertos) y las especialistas de hábitat abierto. Las generalistas de bosque y las especialistas de hábitat abierto también declinaron con mayor rapidez en los sitios con más suelo agrícola abandonado. Todos los grupos de especies mostraron una declinación acelerada o un incremento desacelerado después de 2015. Estos resultados sugieren que las aves reproductoras comunes en Japón están sufriendo tendencias declinantes como resultado de los cambios en el uso de suelo y el clima a nivel nacional. Las políticas y planeaciones de uso de suelo deben considerar a futuro los beneficios de la recuperación pasiva para las especialistas de bosque y las medidas activas de restauración (como la silvicultura y agricultura de baja intensidad) para las especialistas que no son de bosque y así conservar de manera efectiva la biodiversidad en la era de despoblación humana y calentamiento climático.

Análise da tendência da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil, 2000 a 2022 / Analysis of the trend of mortality from external causes in older adults in Brazil, 2000 to 2022

Resumo Objetivo analisar a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil no intervalo temporal entre os anos 2000 e 2022 e identificar o perfil sociodemográfico de mortalidade. Método estudo ecológico de série temporal utilizando dados secundários, envolvendo a mortalidade em pessoas idosas por causas externas no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2022. Os dados foram coletados a partir das bases de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, das estimativas da população residente e de dados populacionais censitários disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. A frequência absoluta e relativa dos dados foi analisada a partir do software Excel 2010. As análises das tendências das taxas de mortalidade e regressão linear segmentada foram realizadas por meio do Joinpoint, com significância estatística avaliada por meio do teste de Monte Carl Resultados No período investigado, foram identificados 572.608 óbitos por causas externas em pessoas idosas com 60 anos ou mais. Em relação ao comportamento da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas, observou-se tendência de aumento nas taxas de mortalidade na maior parte do período estudado (2000 a 2013) com uma variação percentual anual (VPA: 1,86; IC95%: 1,5-2,2). Conclusão os resultados indicam uma tendência de crescimento da mortalidade de pessoas idosas por causas externas, refletindo a necessidade de priorização de políticas públicas que intervenham sobre esse evento.

Abstract Objective To analyze the trend of mortality due to external causes in older adults in Brazil within the temporal interval spanning from 2000 to 2022 and to identify the sociodemographic profile of mortality. Method Ecological time-series study utilizing secondary data, encompassing mortality in older adults due to external causes in Brazil, spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. The data were collected from the databases of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System, population estimates, and census population data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The absolute and relative frequency of the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software. The analysis of trends in mortality rates and segmented linear regression was conducted using Joinpoint, with statistical significance assessed through the Monte Carlo test. Results During the investigated period, 572,608 deaths due to external causes were identified in individuals aged 60 years or older. Regarding the mortality pattern due to external causes in older adults, an increasing trend in mortality rates was observed for the majority of the studied period (2000 to 2013) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.5-2.2). Conclusion The results indicate a growing trend in mortality among older individuals due to external causes, highlighting the need for prioritizing public policies that address this issue.

Tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer de vejiga en España, 1980-2021 / Bladder cancer mortality trends in Spain: 1980-2021

Objetivo Nos proponemos actualizar las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de vejiga en España de 1980 a 2021, estandarizadas por sexo, grupo de edad y comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.). Materiales y métodos Se utilizaron las bases de datos públicas en línea del Instituto Nacional de Estadística para obtener datos sobre población y mortalidad por cáncer de vejiga. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad (TMEE) para todas las edades y las truncadas (<75 y ≥75 años) y se presentaron como tasas por cada 100.000 personas. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión Joinpoint para el cálculo y análisis de las tendencias de las TMEE por cáncer de vejiga. Resultados En la última década, las TMEE por cáncer de vejiga (todas las edades,<75 años y ≥75 años) disminuyeron significativamente en España para ambos sexos. Esta tendencia se observó en 12 CC. AA. para los hombres y en 4 CC. AA. (Andalucía, Canarias, Cataluña y Madrid) para las mujeres, aunque en proporciones diferentes. Para los hombres, la TMEE permaneció estable en Castilla-León y La Rioja (<75 años), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha y Valencia (≥75 años) y las 2 regiones castellanas (todas las edades). En el caso de las mujeres, las TMEE también disminuyeron en Valencia (<75 y ≥75), Castilla-León (≥75), Galicia (≥75 y todas las edades) y Navarra (<75 y todas las edades). Conclusión Nuestros resultados revelan variaciones significativas en las tendencias por CC. AA., sexo y grupo de edad, enfatizando la necesidad de un seguimiento continuado e intervenciones específicas para reducir aún más las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de vejiga en España (AU)

Objective We propose to update bladder cancer mortality rates in Spain from 1980 to 2021, by sex and age-group, by autonomous community (AC). Materials and methods The public online databases of the National Statistical Institute were used to obtain data on population and bladder cancer mortality. Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs), all ages and truncated (<75 and ≥75) were estimated and reported as rates per 100,000 persons. Joinpoint regression software was used for estimation and trend analysis of ASMRs bladder cancer. Results In the last decade, the ASMR for bladder cancer (all ages,<75 years and ≥75 years) decreased significantly in Spain for both sexes. This trend was observed in 12 ACs for men and in 4 ACs (Andalusia, Canary Islands, Catalonia and Madrid) for women, although to different degrees. For men, ASMR remained stable in Castilla-León and La Rioja (<75 years), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha and Valencia (≥75years) and the 2 Castilian regions (all ages). For women, ASMR also decreased in Valencia (<75 and ≥75), Castilla-León (≥75), Galicia (≥75 and all ages) and Navarre (<75 and all ages). Conclusion Our results reveal significant variations in trends by AC, sex and age group, emphasizing the need for continued follow-up and targeted interventions to further reduce bladder cancer mortality rates in Spain (AU)

Niveles de mercurio en pescado en la Comunitat Valenciana: evolución temporal (2011-2017) y factores asociados / Mercury levels in fish in the Valencian Community: temporal evolution (2011-2017) and associated factors

Fundamentos: El mercurio (Hg) es un metal tóxico cuya principal fuente de exposición en humanos es la dieta, principalmenteel consumo de pescado. Para reducir la exposición al Hg se han establecido unos niveles máximos permitidos en productos de pesca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las concentraciones de mercurio total (THg) y metilmercurio (MeHg) en las especiesde pescado dispuestas para el consumo en la Comunitat Valenciana, así como los factores asociados a dichas concentraciones y suevolución en el período 2011-2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de los niveles de Hg en muestras de pescado y de su evolucióntemporal, tanto en general como por grupos de pescado. Los datos proceden delPrograma de Vigilancia Sanitaria de Alimentos de laGeneralitat Valenciana. Se construyeron modelos de regresión lineal multivariantes para evaluar la asociación del año de muestreo,el grupo de pescado y el origen del mismo con las concentraciones de THg (n=560) y MeHg (n=206). Se evaluó la tendencia anualmedia de los niveles de THg y MeHg a lo largo del período.Resultados: La mediana para THg fue de 0,20 mg/kg, y de 0,14 mg/kg para MeHg. El pez espada/emperador fue el grupo depescado que presentó niveles más altos, seguido del atún/bonito frescos y del atún en lata. La tendencia global de los niveles deTHg fue descendente ajustando por el peso anual de las muestras de pez espada/emperador. Al analizar la tendencia en pez espada/emperador se observó una disminución del 7% en promedio por año. Conclusiones: La evolución temporal de los niveles de THg en pescado en la Comunitat Valenciana en el período 2011-2017 presenta una tendencia global descendente cuando se ajusta por el peso relativo de pez/espada emperador sobre el total de muestraspara cada año. Además, al estudiar los niveles de THg en este grupo se observa una tendencia decreciente.(AU)

Background: Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal, and dietary exposure is the main one in humans, especially fish consumption. Inorder to reduce Hg exposure, maximum levels in fish products have been established. We aimed to describe total mercury (THg) andmethylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in fish species consumed in Comunitat Valenciana, as well as factors associated and theirtendency during the period 2011-2017. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of Hg levels in fish meat samples in Comunitat Valenciana between 2011 and 2017 andtheir temporal trend was carried out, both in general and by fish groups. Data comes from Generalitat Valenciana’sHealth Surveillance ofFood Program. We created multivariate linear regression models to evaluate the association between sampling year, fish group and originand THg (n=560) / MeHg (n=206) concentrations. The average annual trend of THg and MeHg levels throughout the period was evaluated. Results: The median was 0.20 mg/kg for THg and 0.14 mg/kg for MeHg. Swordfish, fresh tuna/albacore and canned tuna, in thatorder, showed the highest concentrations. Global tendency of THg levels was descending when adjusting by swordfish annual percentage. When we analized the tendency in swordfish, we observed a 7% decrease on average per year. Conclusions: Global temporal trend of THg levels in fish in Comunitat Valenciana during the period 2011-2017 is descending afteradjusting by the relative weight of swordfish over the total number of samples by year. We observe a descending tendency whenstudied by species (swordfish).(AU)

Factores sociodemográficos en la dinámica del comportamiento delictivo: análisis descriptivo de criminalidad en Colombia, año 2022 / Socio-demographic factors in the dynamics of criminal behaviour: descriptive analysis of criminality in Colombia, year 2022 / Fatores sociodemográficos na dinâmica do comportamento criminal: análise descritiva da criminalidade na Colômbia, ano de 2022

El presente estudio de carácter descriptivo y analítico tiene como objetivo principal presentar el comportamiento criminal en Colombia para el 2022, desde un enfoque cuantitativo empleado para la extracción, análisis e interpretación de los registros administrativos del Sistema de Información Estadístico, Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo (SIEDCO), constituyéndose como un insumo para aquellos interesados en el estudio de la dinámica criminal, así como para quienes se encargan de diseñar estrategias para la contención del delito y la generación de política pública en materia de seguridad. En este sentido y en el marco de las dinámicas sociodemográficas, en una primera parte se aborda de manera general el proceso de homogenización de los registros administrativos llevado a cabo por la Policía Nacional y la Fiscalía General de la Nación. Y en una segunda parte, con especial énfasis en el homicidio intencional, se presenta el análisis de la información que permitió identificar las principales variables que influyen en la comisión del delito, de acuerdo con las cifras contenidas en el SIEDCO, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2022, comparado con la misma temporalidad del 2021, en el que se detallan los delitos que afectan la integridad personal y el patrimonio económico de quienes habitan el territorio colombiano; se hallaron incrementos considerables en estos y se resaltan los factores de oportunidad para su comisión, situación contraria a la que se evidenció sobre las afectaciones a la vida y la integridad, conjunto de conductas que, según lo registrado, decrecieron en el periodo analizado. Finalmente, se ofrece un aporte a la contención desde la actividad de policía y una serie de conclusiones que permitan ampliar la visión sobre los diversos fenómenos y enriquecer la generación de conocimiento en el campo de la criminología.

The main objective of this descriptive and analytical study is to present criminal behaviour in Colombia for 2022, from a quantitative approach used for the extraction, analysis and interpretation of the administrative records of the Statistical, Criminal, Contraventional and Operational Information System (SIEDCO), constituting an input for those interested in the study of criminal dynamics, as well as for those responsible for designing strategies for the containment of crime and the generation of public policy on security. In this sense, and within the framework of socio-demographic dynamics, the first part of the paper deals in a general way with the process of homogenisation of administrative records carried out by the National Police and the Attorney General's Office. The second part, with special emphasis on intentional homicide, presents the analysis of the information that made it possible to identify the main variables that influence the commission of the crime, according to the figures contained in SIEDCO, in the period between 1 January and 31 December 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, in which the crimes that affect the personal integrity and economic patrimony of those who live in Colombian territory are detailed; considerable increases were found in these and the factors of opportunity for their commission are highlighted, contrary to the situation that was evidenced in the affectations to life and integrity, a group of conducts that, according to what was recorded, decreased in the period analysed. Finally, we offer a contribution to containment from the police activity and a series of conclusions that allow us to broaden the vision of the diverse phenomena and enrich the generation of knowledge in the field of criminology.

O principal objetivo deste estudo descritivo e analítico é apresentar o comportamento criminal na Colômbia para 2022, a partir de uma abordagem quantitativa utilizada para a extração, análise e interpretação dos registros administrativos do Sistema de Informação Estatística, Criminal, Contravencional e Operacional (SIEDCO), constituindo um insumo para os interessados no estudo da dinâmica criminal, bem como para os responsáveis pela elaboração de estratégias para a contenção do crime e a geração de políticas públicas de segurança. Nesse sentido, e dentro da estrutura da dinâmica sociodemográfica, a primeira parte do artigo trata de forma geral do processo de homogeneização dos registros administrativos realizado pela Polícia Nacional e pela Procuradoria Geral da República. A segunda parte, com ênfase especial no homicídio doloso, apresenta a análise das informações que permitiram identificar as principais variáveis que influenciam o cometimento do crime, de acordo com os números contidos no SIEDCO, no período entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2022, em comparação com o mesmo período de 2021, no qual são detalhados os crimes que afetam a integridade pessoal e o patrimônio econômico daqueles que vivem em território colombiano; Neles foram encontrados aumentos consideráveis e são destacados os fatores de oportunidade para seu cometimento, ao contrário da situação que se evidenciou nas afetações à vida e à integridade, grupo de condutas que, segundo o que foi registrado, diminuiu no período analisado. Finalmente, oferecemos uma contribuição para a contenção da atividade policial e uma série de conclusões que nos permitem ampliar a visão dos diversos fenômenos e enriquecer a geração de conhecimento no campo da criminologia.

Situación epidemiológica de las infecciones de transmisión sexual pospandemia en Cataluña, España / Epidemiological situation of post-pandemic sexually transmitted infections in Catalonia, Spain

Antecedentes La creciente tendencia de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) de los últimos años se vio alterada tras la irrupción de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivos Describir el impacto de la pandemia por el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) en las declaraciones de ITS recibidas durante el período prepandémico al pandémico y estimar el número de casos de ITS esperados para el período pandémico. Material y métodos Análisis descriptivo de las declaraciones de ITS recibidas durante el período prepandémico (2018-2019) y pandémico (2020-2021). Se estudió mediante un modelo de correlación la influencia del número de casos positivos de SARS-CoV-2 con el número de casos positivos de ITS durante los meses de pandemia. Mediante el modelo de series temporales Holt-Wilson se realizó una estimación del número de casos de ITS esperados para el período pandémico. Resultado La tasa de incidencia global para todas las ITS en 2020 descendió un 18,3% respecto a 2019. La Clamidia y la sífilis presentaron una reducción superior en su incidencia de 2019 a 2020 del 22,7% y 20,9%, respectivamente y del 9,5% y del 2,5% para gonococia y linfogranuloma venéreo. Las estimaciones mostraron que en 2020 se hubieran producido un 44,6% más de ITS que las declaradas. Las proporciones según el sexo, el país de nacimiento y la orientación sexual cambiaron significativamente en clamidia y gonococia. Conclusiones Las medidas adoptadas para la prevención de contagios por SARS-CoV-2 pudieron conseguir un descenso inicial de los casos de ITS en 2020; sin embargo, este cambio no se mantuvo durante 2021, que acabó con las incidencias más elevadas recogidas hasta la fecha (AU)

Background The growing trend of STIs in recent years was altered after the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Objectives Describe the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on STI declarations received during the pre-pandemic to pandemic period and estimate the number of STI cases expected for the pandemic period. Material and methods Descriptive analysis of STI declarations received during the pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods. The influence of the number of positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 with the number of positive cases of STIs during the months of the pandemic was studied using a correlation model. Using the Holt-Wilson time series model, an estimate was made of the number of STI cases expected for the pandemic period. Results The global incidence rate for all STIs in 2020 decreased by 18.3% compared to 2019. Chlamydia and syphilis presented a greater reduction in their incidence from 2019 to 2020 of 22.7% and 20.9%, respectively and 9.5% and 2.5% for gonorrhea and LGV. Estimates showed that in 2020 there would have been 44.6% more STIs than those declared. The proportions according to sex, country of birth and sexual orientation changed significantly in chlamydia and gonorrhea. Conclusions The measures adopted for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections were able to achieve an initial decrease in STI cases in 2020, however, this change was not maintained during 2021, which ended with higher incidences recorded to date (AU)

Temperature niche composition change inside and outside protected areas under climate warming.

Conservation of biodiversity relies heavily on protected areas but their role and effectiveness under a warming climate is still debated. We estimated the climate-driven changes in the temperature niche compositions of bird communities inside and outside protected areas in southern Canada. We hypothesized that communities inside protected areas include a higher proportion of cold-dwelling species than communities outside protected areas. We also hypothesized that communities shift to warm-dwelling species more slowly inside protected areas than outside. To study community changes, we used large-scale and long-term (1997-2019) data from the Breeding Bird Survey of Canada. To describe the temperature niche compositions of bird communities, we calculated the community temperature index (CTI) annually for each community inside and outside protected areas. Generally, warm-dwelling species dominated communities with high CTI values. We modeled temporal changes in CTI as a function of protection status with linear mixed-effect models. We also determined which species contributed most to the temporal changes in CTI with a jackknife approach. As anticipated, CTI was lower inside protected areas than outside. However, contrary to our expectation, CTI increased faster over time inside than outside protected areas and warm-dwelling species contributed most to CTI change inside protected areas. These results highlight the ubiquitous impacts of climate warming. Currently, protected areas can aid cold-dwelling species by providing habitat, but as the climate warms, the communities' temperature compositions inside protected areas quickly begin to resemble those outside protected areas, suggesting that protected areas delay the impacts of climate warming on cold-dwelling species.

Cambios en la composición del nicho térmico dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas bajo el calentamiento climático Resumen La conservación de la biodiversidad depende mucho de las áreas protegidas, aunque todavía se debate su papel y efectividad bajo el calentamiento climático. Estimamos los cambios causados por el clima en la composición de los nichos térmicos de las comunidades de aves dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas al sur de Canadá. Supusimos que las comunidades dentro de las áreas protegidas incluyen una proporción mayor de especies de zonas frías que las comunidades fuera de las áreas protegidas. También supusimos que las comunidades cambian a especies de zonas cálidas de forma más lenta dentro de las áreas protegidas que fuera de ellas. Usamos datos de gran escala y largo plazo (1997-2019) del Censo de Aves Reproductoras de Canadá para estudiar los cambios comunitarios. Calculamos el índice anual de temperatura comunitaria (ITC) para cada comunidad dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas para describir las composiciones del nicho térmico de las comunidades de aves. En general, las especies de zonas cálidas dominaron las comunidades con valores altos del ITC. Simulamos los cambios temporales en el ITC como función del estado de protección mediante modelos lineales de efecto mixto. También determinamos cuáles especies contribuyen más a los cambios temporales en el ITC con un enfoque jackknife. Como lo anticipamos, el ITC fue menor dentro de las áreas protegidas que afuera. Sin embargo, contrario a nuestra hipótesis, el ITC incrementó más rápido con el tiempo dentro de las áreas protegidas y las especies de zonas cálidas contribuyeron más al cambio en el ITC también dentro de las áreas protegidas. Estos resultados resaltan el impacto universal del calentamiento climático. Actualmente, las áreas protegidas pueden auxiliar a las especies de zonas frías al proporcionarles hábitats, pero conforme la temperatura aumenta, las composiciones térmicas de las comunidades dentro de las áreas protegidas se asemejan rápidamente a aquellas fuera de las áreas protegidas, lo que sugiere que las áreas protegidas retrasan el impacto del calentamiento climático sobre las especies de zonas frías.

Bladder cancer mortality trends in Spain: 1980-2021.

OBJECTIVE: We propose to update bladder cancer mortality rates in Spain from 1980 to 2021, by sex and age-group, by autonomous community (AC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The public online databases of the National Statistical Institute were used to obtain data on population and bladder cancer mortality. Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs), all ages and truncated (<75 and ≥75) were estimated and reported as rates per 100,000 persons. Joinpoint regression software was used for estimation and trend analysis of ASMRs bladder cancer. RESULTS: In the last decade, the ASMR for bladder cancer (all ages, <75 years and ≥75 years) decreased significantly in Spain for both sexes. This trend was observed in 12 ACs for men and in 4 ACs (Andalusia, Canary Islands, Catalonia and Madrid) for women, although to different degrees. For men, ASMR remained stable in Castilla-León and La Rioja (<75 years), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha and Valencia (≥75 years) and the 2 Castilian regions (all ages). For women, ASMR also decreased in Valencia (<75 and ≥75), Castilla-León (≥75), Galicia (≥75 and all ages) and Navarre (<75 and all ages). CONCLUSION: Our results reveal significant variations in trends by AC, sex and age group, emphasizing the need for continued follow-up and targeted interventions to further reduce bladder cancer mortality rates in Spain.

Distribución espacial y tendencia secular (1991-2014) de nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional en Jujuy / Spatial distribution and secular trend (1991­2014) of small for gestational age infants born in Jujuy

Introducción. El feto que no alcanza el potencial de crecimiento esperado en el útero se considera pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG). Esta restricción depende de factores genéticos y/o ambientales; la altura geográfica es uno muy relevante. Este trabajo analiza la distribución espacial de las prevalencias de PEG y su tendencia secular en Jujuy (1991-2014). Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los registros de 308 469 nacidos vivos de Jujuy (Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud). Se estimaron prevalencias de PEG (peso/edad gestacional

Introduction. A fetus that does not reach the expected growth potential in utero is considered small for gestational age (SGA). Such restriction depends on genetic and/or environmental factors, being altitude a very relevant factor. This study analyzes the spatial distribution of the prevalence of SGA and its secular trend in Jujuy (1991­2014). Materials and methods. The records of 308 469 live births in Jujuy (Health Statistics and Information Department) were analyzed. The prevalence of SGA (weight/gestational age < P10 and < P3) was estimated for sex according to the INTERGROWTH-21 st standard in the ecoregions of Jujuy (Valle and Ramal ­less than 2000 MASL­, Puna, and Quebrada) across 3 periods (1991­2000, 2001­2009, 2010­2014) and proportions were compared. The secular trend was assessed using the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results. The overall prevalence of SGA was 2.3% (< P3) and 7% (< P10). Significantly higher values were observed in Puna and Quebrada in both SGA categories and across all periods. Only in Valle, significant differences were observed between sexes across all periods. The prevalence of SGA showed a significant downward secular trend at a provincial and regional level, and this was greater in Quebrada (5.2% < P3 and 3.5% < P10). Conclusions. A consistent and significant decrease in the prevalence of SGA has been observed since the 1990s in Jujuy, where altitude is itself a determining factor of size at birth, since the Puna and Quebrada regions showed the highest prevalence of SGA during the entire period.

[Epidemiological situation of post-pandemic sexually transmitted infections in Catalonia, Spain]. / Situación epidemiológica de las infecciones de transmisión sexual pospandemia en Cataluña, España.

BACKGROUND: The growing trend of STIs in recent years was altered after the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: Describe the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on STI declarations received during the pre-pandemic to pandemic period and estimate the number of STI cases expected for the pandemic period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis of STI declarations received during the pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods. The influence of the number of positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 with the number of positive cases of STIs during the months of the pandemic was studied using a correlation model. Using the Holt-Wilson time series model, an estimate was made of the number of STI cases expected for the pandemic period. RESULTS: The global incidence rate for all STIs in 2020 decreased by 18.3% compared to 2019. Chlamydia and syphilis presented a greater reduction in their incidence from 2019 to 2020 of 22.7% and 20.9%, respectively and 9.5% and 2.5% for gonorrhea and LGV. Estimates showed that in 2020 there would have been 44.6% more STIs than those declared. The proportions according to sex, country of birth and sexual orientation changed significantly in chlamydia and gonorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: The measures adopted for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections were able to achieve an initial decrease in STI cases in 2020, however, this change was not maintained during 2021, which ended with higher incidences recorded to date.

COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a perspective on epidemiological events / COVID-19 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma perspectiva sobre eventos epidemiológicos

Introduction: the progression of SARS-CoV-2 highlighted the Americas region for the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. In Brazil, the Southeast region was one of the most affected, especially the state of Rio de Janeiro, due to its cosmopolitan characteristics.Objective: to analyze temporal variations in the incidence, mortality and lethality of COVID-19 in the state of Rio de Janeiro from January 2020 to December 2022.Methods: ecological time-series study with publicly available data on COVID-19 cases and deaths. Crude incidence, mortality, and fatality rates, and estimates of percent daily change (DPC) were analyzed using Prais-Winsten linear regression. With calculation of crude rates were performed using Microsoft Excel 2019, and DPC estimates were performed using STATA MP 17.0 software.Results: 2.5 million cases and 76 thousand COVID-19 deaths were confirmed in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 2020 to 2022, with lethality declining from 4.89% to 0.60%. The highest lethality occurred in May 2020 (11.59%), October 2021 (9.13%) and March 2022 (6.78%), showing a stationary trend. In 2020, incidence and mortality rates peaked in December (797.76 per 100,000 inhabitants) and May (43.96 per 100,000 inhabitants), respectively, followed by subsequent declines. Incidence trend was increasing in 2020 and stationary in 2022, while mortality decreased in 2021 and 2022 after stability in 2020.Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 peaked in 2020 and subsequently declined, suggesting partial transmission control. Mortality stabilized after 2020, indicating evolution in health care. Lethality showed a stationary trend, indicating an improvement in hospital capacity. The divergent behavior of the epidemiological indicators reflected the complex dynamics of the pandemic in the analyzed state. There were 790 thousand deaths from COVID-19 in the State of Rio de Janeiro in the period from 2020 to 2022.

Introdução: a progressão do SARS-CoV-2 destacou a região das Américas pelo número de casos e óbitos de COVID-19. No Brasil, a região Sudeste foi uma das mais afetadas, em especial o estado do Rio de Janeiro, devido suas características cosmopolitas.Objetivo: analisar as variações temporais da incidência, mortalidade e letalidade da COVID-19 no estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2022.Método: estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de acesso público de casos e óbitos de COVID-19. Analisou-se as taxas brutas de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade, e estimativas das taxas de variação percentual diária (DPC) utilizando a regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. Para o cálculo das taxas brutas usou-se o aplicativo Microsoft Excel 2019, e na estimativa da DPC o software STATA MP 17.0.Resultados: foram confirmados 2,5 milhões de casos e 76 mil óbitos por COVID-19 no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2020 a 2022, com letalidade declinando de 4,89% para 0,60%. A maior letalidade ocorreu em maio de 2020 (11,59%), outubro de 2021 (9,13%) e março de 2022 (6,78%), com tendência estacionária no período. Em 2020, as taxas de incidência e mortalidade, atingiu pico em dezembro (797,76/100 mil hab.), com posterior declínio e em maio (43,96/100 mil hab.), também com posterior queda, respectivamente. A tendência de incidência foi crescente em 2020 e estacionária em 2022, a mortalidade decresceu em 2021 e 2022, após estabilidade em 2020.Conclusão: a incidência de COVID-19 atingiu pico em 2020 e decresceu posteriormente, sugerindo controle parcial da transmissão. A mortalidade se estabilizou após 2020, indicando evolução da assistência à saúde. A letalidade apresentou tendência estacionária no período, sinalizando melhoria da capacidade hospitalar. O comportamento divergente dos indicadores epidemiológicos refletiu a complexa dinâmica da pandemia no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Houve 790 mil óbitos por COVID-19 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2020 a 2022.

Three years of COVID-19 pandemic: comparative analysis of incidence, lethality and mortality among the States of the south region of Brazil / Três anos de pandemia da COVID-19: análise comparativa da incidência, letalidade e mortalidade entre os Estados da região sul do Brasi

Introduction: the first COVID-19 case in Brazil was confirmed on February 26, 2020. As of March 17, 2023, the Ministry of Health reported 699,634 deaths from COVID-19, with a case fatality rate of 1.9%. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil extends to socioeconomic and healthcare systems, reflecting significant regional disparities. Objective: To analyze mortality, incidence, and case fatality rates for COVID-19 in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, in the southern region of Brazil. Methods: This is an ecological time-series study using official Brazilian secondary data for COVID-19 cases and deaths. Data were extracted from the dashboard of the State Health Department of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Temporal series were developed for trend analysis using the Prais-Winsten regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 14.0 software (College Station, TX, USA, 2013). Results: In the analysis of rates over the entire period, trends for mortality, case fatality, and incidence in the state of Santa Catarina are decreasing, decreasing, and stationary, respectively. In Paraná, rates over the entire period showed a stationary trend for mortality, decreasing for case fatality, and increasing for incidence. Conclusion: COVID-19 had a devastating effect on the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Both states experienced the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, with higher case fatality and mortality rates observed in Paraná, while Santa Catarina had a higher incidence rate over the three years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tendencias temporales pasadas y proyectadas en la cirugía artroscópica de cadera en España entre 1998 y 2018 / Past and projected temporal trends in arthroscopic hip surgery in Spain between 1998 and 2018

Objetivo: Describir la incidencia poblacional de la artroscopia de cadera desde 1998 hasta 2018 y proyectar las tendencias para el año 2030, así como describir las variaciones en la incidencia poblacional entre las comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.). Material y método: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva del conjunto mínimo básico de datos de 1998-2018. Se analizó su evolución temporal y se identificaron las variables asociadas con la indicación (edad, sexo, CC. AA.). Por cada comunidad autónoma se calculó la tasa cruda por 100.000 habitantes. Se realizó la proyección 2019-2030 para España mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: En España entre 1998 y 2018 se realizaron un total de 10.663 CAC. La incidencia poblacional en 1998 era de 0,14 CAC por cada 100.000 habitantes, mientras que para el 2018 era de 4,09. Con respecto a 2018, para el año 2030 se espera un incremento de 156,9% en el número de CAC (p<0,001). En promedio las CAC en hombres representaron el 57,7% (IC 95%: 55,2-60,2) de todos los procedimientos y la mayor incidencia se encontró en edades≤44 años. La variación geográfica es del 81%, siendo la diferencia de incidencia por 100.000 habitantes de hasta 15,4 veces entre algunas CC. AA. Conclusiones: El número de artroscopias de cadera en España ha ido en aumento en el periodo 1998-2018, y se prevé que esta tendencia creciente continúe hasta el año 2030. En España los procedimientos artroscópicos de cadera se realizan con más frecuencia en pacientes hombres y en menores de 45 años. La variabilidad de la incidencia poblacional entre las CC. AA. es alta.(AU)

Objective: Describe the population incidence of hip arthroscopy from 1998 to 2018 and to project the trends for the year 2030, as well as to describe the variations in the population incidence between the autonomous communities. Material and method: A retrospective review of the minimum basic data set from 1998 to 2018 was carried out. Temporal evolution was analyzed and the variables associated with the indication (age, sex, regions) were identified. For each region, the crude rate per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated. The 2019–2030 projection was made using linear regression. Results: In Spain between 1998 and 2018 a total of 10,663 arthroscopic hip surgeries were carried out. The population incidence in 1998 was 0.14 CAC per 100,000 inhabitants, while in 2018 it was 4.09. For the year 2030 an increase of 156.9% in the number of arthroscopic hip surgeries is expected (P<.001). On average, 57.7% of all procedures (95% CI 55.2–60.2) were done in men and the highest incidence was found in ages ≤44 years. The geographical variation was 81%, being up to 15.4 times the difference in incidence per 100,000 inhabitants between some regions. Conclusions:The number of hip arthroscopies in Spain has been increasing in the 1998–2018 period and this growing trend is expected to continue until 2030. In Spain, hip arthroscopic procedures are performed more frequently in male patients and in under 45 years old. The variability of the population incidence between the autonomous communities is high.(AU)

[Translated article] Past and projected temporal trends in arthroscopic hip surgery in Spain between 1998 and 2018 / Tendencias temporales pasadas y previstas en la cirugía artroscópica de cadera en España entre 1998 y 2018

Objective: Describe the population incidence of hip arthroscopy from 1998 to 2018 and to project the trends for the year 2030, as well as to describe the variations in the population incidence between the autonomous communities. Material and method: A retrospective review of the minimum basic data set from 1998 to 2018 was carried out. Temporal evolution was analyzed and the variables associated with the indication (age, sex, regions) were identified. For each region, the crude rate per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated. The 2019–2030 projection was made using linear regression. Results: In Spain between 1998 and 2018 a total of 10,663 arthroscopic hip surgeries were carried out. The population incidence in 1998 was 0.14 CAC per 100,000 inhabitants, while in 2018 it was 4.09. For the year 2030 an increase of 156.9% in the number of arthroscopic hip surgeries is expected (P<.001). On average, 57.7% of all procedures (95% CI 55.2–60.2) were done in men and the highest incidence was found in ages ≤44 years. The geographical variation was 81%, being up to 15.4 times the difference in incidence per 100,000 inhabitants between some regions. Conclusions:The number of hip arthroscopies in Spain has been increasing in the 1998–2018 period and this growing trend is expected to continue until 2030. In Spain, hip arthroscopic procedures are performed more frequently in male patients and in under 45 years old. The variability of the population incidence between the autonomous communities is high.(AU)

Objetivo: Describir la incidencia poblacional de la artroscopia de cadera desde 1998 hasta 2018 y proyectar las tendencias para el año 2030, así como describir las variaciones en la incidencia poblacional entre las comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.). Material y método: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva del conjunto mínimo básico de datos de 1998-2018. Se analizó su evolución temporal y se identificaron las variables asociadas con la indicación (edad, sexo, CC. AA.). Por cada comunidad autónoma se calculó la tasa cruda por 100.000 habitantes. Se realizó la proyección 2019-2030 para España mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: En España entre 1998 y 2018 se realizaron un total de 10.663 CAC. La incidencia poblacional en 1998 era de 0,14 CAC por cada 100.000 habitantes, mientras que para el 2018 era de 4,09. Con respecto a 2018, para el año 2030 se espera un incremento de 156,9% en el número de CAC (p<0,001). En promedio las CAC en hombres representaron el 57,7% (IC 95%: 55,2-60,2) de todos los procedimientos y la mayor incidencia se encontró en edades≤44 años. La variación geográfica es del 81%, siendo la diferencia de incidencia por 100.000 habitantes de hasta 15,4 veces entre algunas CC. AA. Conclusiones: El número de artroscopias de cadera en España ha ido en aumento en el periodo 1998-2018, y se prevé que esta tendencia creciente continúe hasta el año 2030. En España los procedimientos artroscópicos de cadera se realizan con más frecuencia en pacientes hombres y en menores de 45 años. La variabilidad de la incidencia poblacional entre las CC. AA. es alta.(AU)

[Translated article] Past and projected temporal trends in arthroscopic hip surgery in Spain between 1998 and 2018.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the population incidence of hip arthroscopy from 1998 to 2018 and to project the trends for the year 2030, as well as to describe the variations in the population incidence between the autonomous communities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective review of the minimum basic data set from 1998 to 2018 was carried out. Temporal evolution was analysed and the variables associated with the indication (age, sex, regions) were identified. For each region, the crude rate per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated. The 2019-2030 projection was made using linear regression. RESULTS: In Spain between 1998 and 2018 a total of 10,663 arthroscopic hip surgeries were carried out. The population incidence in 1998 was 0.14 CAC per 100,000 inhabitants, while in 2018 it was 4.09. For the year 2030 an increase of 156.9% in the number of arthroscopic hip surgeries is expected (p<.001). On average, 57.7% of all procedures (95% CI 55.2-60.2) were done in men and the highest incidence was found in ages≤44 years. The geographical variation was 81%, being up to 15.4 times the difference in incidence per 100,000 inhabitants between some regions. CONCLUSIONS: The number of hip arthroscopies in Spain has been increasing in the 1998-2018 period and this growing trend is expected to continue until 2030. In Spain, hip arthroscopic procedures are performed more frequently in male patients and in under 45 years old. The variability of the population incidence between the autonomous communities is high.

Past and projected temporal trends in arthroscopic hip surgery in Spain between 1998 and 2018. / Tendencias temporales pasadas y proyectadas en la cirugía artroscópica de cadera en España entre 1998 y 2018.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the population incidence of hip arthroscopy from 1998 to 2018 and to project the trends for the year 2030, as well as to describe the variations in the population incidence between the autonomous communities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective review of the minimum basic data set from 1998 to 2018 was carried out. Temporal evolution was analyzed and the variables associated with the indication (age, sex, regions) were identified. For each region, the crude rate per 100,000 inhabitants was calculated. The 2019-2030 projection was made using linear regression. RESULTS: In Spain between 1998 and 2018 a total of 10,663 arthroscopic hip surgeries were carried out. The population incidence in 1998 was 0.14 CAC per 100,000 inhabitants, while in 2018 it was 4.09. For the year 2030 an increase of 156.9% in the number of arthroscopic hip surgeries is expected (P<.001). On average, 57.7% of all procedures (95% CI 55.2-60.2) were done in men and the highest incidence was found in ages ≤44 years. The geographical variation was 81%, being up to 15.4 times the difference in incidence per 100,000 inhabitants between some regions. CONCLUSIONS: The number of hip arthroscopies in Spain has been increasing in the 1998-2018 period and this growing trend is expected to continue until 2030. In Spain, hip arthroscopic procedures are performed more frequently in male patients and in under 45 years old. The variability of the population incidence between the autonomous communities is high.

Vigilancia epidemiológica de defectos congénitos en Granma

Introducción: el Registro Cubano De malformaciones Congénitas (RECUMAC), es un programa de atención y vigilancia clínico-epidemiológico de las anomalías congénitas, el cual fue implementado en nuestro país en el año 1985, tiene un diseño de tipo caso-control, de base hospitalaria y alcance nacional, recogiendo información sobre la madre y el recién nacido, los productos de las terminaciones voluntarias de embarazo (TVE), así como factores ambientales y genéticos de interés. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia al nacer y la frecuencia ajustada de defectos congénitos mayores. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, que implicó a los recién nacidos con defectos congénitos mayores de la provincia Granma en el período 2011-2018. Se calculó la prevalencia al nacer, la frecuencia ajustada y la tendencia de ambos, del total de los defectos estudiados para cada año, en cada municipio. Resultados: las frecuencias ajustadas de malformaciones congénitas se mantienen entre 14,4 y 15x1000 NV, excepto en los años 2012 y 2014 en que se elevó a 20 x1000 NV, los municipios Jiguaní, Yara, Bayamo, Cauto Cristo, Niquero y Buey Arriba fueron los de mayor frecuencia de anomalías congénitas, superando la media provincial, con frecuencias entre 16,13 y 23,2x1000 NV, el sistema de órganos con mayor FA de malformaciones congénitas fue el cardiovascular con 3,74x1000 NV, y según sistema de vigilancia internacional fue la hidrocefalia la malformación más frecuente con 0,92x1000 NV y 92% de TVE. Conclusiones: Las mayores tasas de malformaciones congénitas pertenecen en primer lugar al sistema cardiovascular seguidas del sistema genitourinario y el soma. El síndrome Down, la hidrocefalia, la Gastrosquisis, la Hipospadia y el labio leporino son las cinco malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes en nuestra provincia.

Introduction: the Cuban Registry of Congenital Malformations (RECUMAC), is a program of care and clinical-epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies, which was implemented in our country in 1985, has a case-control design, hospital-based and national scope, collecting information on the mother and newborn, the products of voluntary terminations of pregnancy (TVE), as well as environmental and genetic factors of interest. Objective: to determine the prevalence at birth and adjusted frequency of major birth defects. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted involving newborns with major congenital defects in Granma province in the period 2011-2018. The prevalence at birth, the adjusted frequency and the trend of both, of the total of the defects studied for each year, in each municipality were calculated. Results: the adjusted frequencies of congenital malformations remain between 14.4 and 15x1000 NV, except in the years 2012 and 2014 when it rose to 20 x1000 NV, the municipalities Jiguaní, Yara, Bayamo, Cauto Cristo, Niquero and Buey Arriba were the ones with the highest frequency of congenital anomalies, exceeding the provincial average, with frequencies between 16.13 and 23.2x1000 NV, the organ system with the highest AF of congenital malformations was the cardiovascular one with 3.74x1000 NV, and according to the international surveillance system, hydrocephalus was the most frequent malformation with 0.92x1000 NV and 92% of TVE. Conclusions: The highest rates of congenital malformations belong first to the cardiovascular system followed by the genitourinary system and the soma. Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, gastroschisis, hypospadia and cleft lip are the five most frequent congenital malformations in our province.

Introdução: o Registro Cubano de Malformações Congênitas (RECUMAC), é um programa de assistência e vigilância clínico-epidemiológica das anomalias congênitas, que foi implantado em nosso país em 1985, possui delineamento caso-controle, de âmbito hospitalar e nacional, coletando informações sobre a mãe e o recém-nascido, produtos de interrupções voluntárias da gravidez (TVE), bem como fatores ambientais e genéticos de interesse. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência ao nascer e a frequência ajustada dos principais defeitos congênitos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal envolvendo recém-nascidos com defeitos congênitos maiores na província de Granma no período de 2011 a 2018. Foram calculadas a prevalência ao nascer, a frequência ajustada e a tendência de ambas, do total de defeitos estudados para cada ano, em cada município. Resultados: as frequências ajustadas de malformações congênitas permanecem entre 14,4 e 15x1000 NV, exceto nos anos de 2012 e 2014 quando subiu para 20 x1000 NV, os municípios de Jiguaní, Yara, Bayamo, Cauto Cristo, Niquero e Buey Arriba foram os que apresentaram maior frequência de anomalias congênitas, superando a média provincial, com frequências entre 16,13 e 23,2x1000 NV, o sistema orgânico com maior FA de malformações congênitas foi o cardiovascular com 3,74x1000 NV e, de acordo com o sistema de vigilância internacional, a hidrocefalia foi a malformação mais frequente com 0,92x1000 NV e 92% de TVE. Conclusões: As maior estaxas de malformações congênitas pertencem primeiro ao sistema cardiovascular, seguido pelo aparelho geniturinário e pelo soma. Síndrome de Down, hidrocefalia, gastrosquise, hipospádia e fenda labial são as cinco malformações congênitas mais frequentes em nossa província.

Hábitos alimentares das tribos da família Dipsadidae

Feeding habits are important for understanding the behavior of organisms in their respective habitats, and their interactions. Food habit is also an important factor for comparing diet and predation among individuals of the same taxonomic category, such as family, subfamily, tribe, genus, etc.Therefore, the aim of this work is to review and compile data from the literature on the feeding habits of snakes of five Dipsadidae tribes: Dipsadini, Elapomorphini, Philodryadini, Pseudoboini, and Xenodontini. Data on diet, predation, and feeding habits were searched, for understanding the traits of each tribe. The representatives of the tribe Dipsadini for example, have a diet of gastropods, slugs and snails, the tribe Elapomorphini has a specialized diet in ophiophagy, i.e., a diet based on other snakes, while the tribes Philodryadini and Pseudoboini both have a more generalist diet, it can be observed that small lizards and mammals are the most consumed in these two tribes, and the tribe Xenodontini specializes in preying on anurans. These results were obtained based on the food items described in the literature, such as amphibians, birds, gastropods, lizards, mammals, fish, eggs and snakes, so in the present study will also be analyzed, what are the characteristics of specialization and generalization regarding the diets of each tribe.

O hábito alimentar, é importante para compreender comportamentos dos organismos em seus respectivos habitats e as suas interações. O hábito alimentar também é um fator importante para comparar dieta e predação entre indivíduos da mesma categoria taxonômica, como por exemplo, família, subfamília, tribo, gênero e etc. Por isso o intuito deste trabalho foi revisar e compilar dados da literatura em relação a hábitos alimentares de serpentes de cinco tribos da família Dipsadidae, sendo elas Dipsadini, Elapomorphini, Philodryadini, Pseudoboini e Xenodontini. Dados de dieta, predação e hábitos alimentares foram levantados para compreender as tendências e padrões de cada tribo. Os representantes da tribo Dipsadini por exemplo, tem a sua dieta em gastrópodes lesmas e caramujo, na tribo Elapomorphini tem sua dieta especializada em ofiofagia ou seja, dieta a base de outras serpentes, já as tribos Philodryadini e Pseudoboini ambos possuem uma alimentação mais generalista, posso pode se observar que pequenos lagartos e mamíferos são os mais consumidos nestas duas tribos, e a tribo Xenodontini é especialista em predar anuros. Esses resultados foram obtidos com base em itens alimentares descrito na literatura como por exemplo, anfíbios, aves, gastrópodes, lagartos, mamíferos, peixes, ovos e serpentes, portanto no presente estudo será analisado também, quais características de especialização e generalização em relação a dietas de cada tribo.

Algunas desigualdades sociodemográficas de la tuberculosis entre las regiones geográficas de Cuba / Some sociodemographic inequalities of tuberculosis among the geographic regions in Cuba

Introducción: El estudio de la ocurrencia de la tuberculosis en los territorios geográficos es importante para guiar a los decisores en las intervenciones diferenciadas. Objetivo: Evaluar las desigualdades en la ocurrencia de tuberculosis y de algunas variables sociodemográficas individuales entre las regiones geográficas cubanas. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de series temporales combinado con un estudio descriptivo sobre el número de casos y las tasas de incidencia de tuberculosis en Occidente, Centro y Oriente. Obtuvimos la información de la base de datos nacional de vigilancia de tuberculosis. Calculamos las tasas de incidencia y sus medias geométricas, la menor fue referencia para calcular las diferencias absolutas y relativas. Estimamos las tendencias de las incidencias regionales y las proporciones de algunas variables individuales. Resultados: La región oriental mostró la menor media geométrica de las tasas (5,2) y fue la referencia: su tendencia resultó descendente con reducción total de 22,6 %. En la incidencia predominaron los hombres de 15-64 años en las tres regiones (63,8 %). Los menores de 15 años estuvieron entre 0,4-1,3 %. La región oriental presentó menos defunciones (25,9 %). La occidental aportó 44,2 % de la tuberculosis pulmonar y 46,3 % del diagnóstico bacteriológico. Conclusiones: La región occidental presentó las desigualdades más importantes y mayor riesgo en la ocurrencia de tuberculosis. Se debe profundizar en el análisis de los determinantes individuales posiblemente relacionados y realizar intervenciones diferenciadas.

Introduction: The study of the occurrence of tuberculosis in the geographic territories is important to guide decision-makers in the differentiated interventions. Objective: To identify inequalities in the occurrence of tuberculosis and evaluate some individual sociodemographic variables among the geographic regions in Cuba. Methods: Ecological time series study combined with a descriptive study on the number of cases and the incidence rate of tuberculosis in the western, central and eastern regions. We gathered data from the national tuberculosis surveillance database. The incidence rate and the geometric means were calculated, the lowest was the reference to calculate absolute and relative differences. We estimated the regional incidence trends and the proportions of some individual variables. Results: The eastern region showed the lowest geometric mean of the rates (5.2) and was the reference. It had a downward trend, with a total reduction of 22.6%. Men aged 15-64 years prevailed in the three regions (63.8%). Those under 15 years of age were between 0.4% and 1.3%. The eastern region had the fewest deaths (25.9%). The western region accounted for 44.2% of pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 46.3% of bacteriological diagnoses. Conclusions: The Western region had the most significant inequalities and a higher risk of tuberculosis. It should be further analyzed the probable relationship among individual determinants and carry out differentiated interventions.