Practical Considerations and Implementation of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors in Chronic Kidney Disease: Who, When, and How? A Position Statement by Nephrologists.

INTRODUCTION: There remains an unmet need to reduce kidney and cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This report is therefore intended to provide real-world clinical guidance to primary care providers on sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use in patients with CKD, focusing on practical considerations. Initially developed as glucose-lowering drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors preserve kidney function and reduce risks of cardiovascular events and mortality. Clinical benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD have been demonstrated in multiple clinical trials, yet utilization in practice remains relatively low, likely due to the complexity of labeled indications (past and present) and misconceptions about SGLT2 inhibitors as a class. METHODS: A panel of 8 US-based nephrologists convened in August 2022 to develop consensus guidance for the primary care community surrounding risk assessment as well as initiation and implementation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with CKD. Here, we provide an adapted version of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) heatmap and a treatment-decision algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: We advocate SGLT2 inhibitors as co-first-line therapy with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, where RAAS inhibitor dose titration need not be completed before initiation of an SGLT2 inhibitor. In fact, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy may facilitate up-titration or maintenance of optimal RAAS inhibitor dosing. We describe potential strategies to aid implementation of an SGLT2 inhibitor in clinical practice, including improving education and awareness among care providers and patients and dispelling misconceptions about the safety of SGLT2 inhibitors. In summary, we support the use of SGLT2 inhibitors with RAAS inhibitors as co-first-line therapy in most patients with CKD.

Denosumab Re-Challenge and Long-Term Efficacy for Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Spine: Enhanced Treatment Algorithm.

Background/Objective: Surgical treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) can be challenging, especially in the spine. Non-surgical treatments such as with denosumab have shown promising results in different osteolytic pathologies. This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiologic response of patients with ABCs of the mobile spine treated with denosumab and propose an updated treatment algorithm. Methods: Six patients with relapsed and symptomatic ABCs of the mobile spine were treated with denosumab (120 mg subcutaneously on days 1, 8, 15, 29, and every 4 weeks thereafter) between 2012 and 2023. Disease assessments were conducted using CT and MRI at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-treatment. Clinical data, including pain levels, symptoms, and adverse events, were documented from patients' charts. Results: Patients underwent an initial phase of treatment with denosumab, receiving a mean of 22 administrations (range 13-42) over a median follow-up period of 41 months (range 15-98 months). Clinical improvement was observed in all patients after 4 weeks of treatment, and all patients demonstrated a radiological response after 12-24 weeks on denosumab. Three patients were progression-free after discontinuing denosumab following 13, 15, and 42 administrations, respectively. At the last follow-up, after 38, 43, and 98 months, these patients remained stable without relapse of the disease. Three patients had a relapse of disease after denosumab; two of them underwent denosumab re-challenge, while one patient received one mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injection. All patients showed clinical and radiological improvement and were resulted to be disease-free at the last follow-up. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the long-term efficacy and safety of denosumab in treating ABCs of the mobile spine, as well as the potential of re-challenge in managing recurrence. A treatment algorithm is proposed, positioning denosumab as a viable therapeutic option after other local treatments. Careful patient selection, monitoring, and further research are necessary to optimize denosumab use for ABCs.

Latest knowledge on a comprehensive understanding of cervical deformity and selection of effective treatment methods using recent classification systems: a narrative review.

Surgical treatment for patients with cervical spine deformities is challenging for both patients and doctors. For successful surgical treatment, mastery of processes is important to objectively evaluate and classify the degree of deformity. Recently, efforts have been increasing to systematically understand, evaluate, and effectively treat complex cervical spine deformities. Various parameters are being developed to quantify and objectively evaluate the degree of cervical spine deformity, and classification methods are being introduced to help establish the treatment scope by categorizing it according to the degree of deformity. However, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of complex deformities using only the currently introduced classification methods and related knowledge is not easy. Through this review, we aimed to introduce various classification methods and their pros and cons to evaluate cervical deformities, analyze their meaning, and provide a basic understanding of the evaluation and classification of patients with cervical spine deformities. This review also aimed to aid in the decision-making process for the treatment of cervical spine deformities by presenting a structured treatment algorithm based on recently known classification systems and lay the foundation for efficient treatment.

Management of pterygium: our experience and a simplified treatment algorithm.

Aim: To explore various approaches in the management of pterygium and to propose a simplified treatment algorithm for its surgical management. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 9219 eyes was done. Group I included patients with primary single-head pterygium, most undergoing pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft (CAG). CTG-P (Conjunctival tissue graft from pterygium), AMG (Amniotic membrane graft), and inferior CAG were done in the remaining patients in this group in which conventional conjunctival autograft was a relative contraindication. Group II included patients with primary double-head pterygium who underwent vertical/horizontal split CAG, with/without limbal orientation, Inferior + Superior CAG, CTG-P, and CAG + CTG-P. Group III included patients with recurrent single-head pterygium who underwent ER (Extended resection) + LCAG (Limbal conjunctival autograft), LCAG + MMC (Mitomycin-C), CAG + MMC (Mitomycin-C) and CAG. Group IV included patients with recurrent double-head pterygium who underwent split LCAG and CAG + SLET. Results: All the four groups reported a low incidence of pterygium recurrence. Recurrence was observed at a rate of 0.47%, 3.63%, 2.86%, and 7.69% in Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV respectively. Discussion: We mainly aimed to get minimal recurrence and good cosmetic outcomes. In double-head pterygium, we could achieve good and comparable outcomes with horizontal or vertical split CAG, with or without maintaining limbal orientation. Similarly, Inferior + Superior CAG, CTG-P, CAG+CTG-P, and AMG also showed low recurrence rates. In recurrent pterygium, ER + LCAG/CAG, with/without adjuncts like MMC showed low recurrence rates. Thus, all of these methods were found to be viable options. The main strength of our study, compared to previous studies on pterygium was its large sample size and long duration of follow-up. Conclusion: All the methods we studied had a low recurrence rate. We have formulated a treatment algorithm for pterygium management based on our outcomes. Abbreviations: CAG = Conjunctival autograft, CTG-P = Conjunctival tissue graft from pterygium, ER = Extended resection, MMC = Mitomycin-C.

Using Sotatercept in the Care of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary microvasculature leading to elevated precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vascular remodeling, a characteristic of PAH, is driven by dysfunctions in the signaling between the pulmonary smooth muscle and endothelial cells with abnormalities that affect cell proliferation and immune dysregulation. Sotatercept, an activin signaling inhibitor, has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PAH based on two pivotal clinical trials. Evidence-based clinical trials have provided a framework to guide clinicians treating the disease; however, they are not tailored to the individual patient. Often, recommendations from these data are unclear or too general, due to remaining gaps in knowledge. In this edition of "How I Do It," we provide a case-based discussion of common clinical decisions regarding diagnostic testing, choice of first-line agents, escalation of therapy, potential timing of sotatercept, safety awareness, practical use, potential management changes, and the future use of sotatercept in other pulmonary hypertension cohorts.

First-Line Treatments and Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: An Italian Interdisciplinary Uro-Oncologic Group Algorithm.

The treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has undergone significant transformations in recent years. The introduction of novel combination therapies involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in improved oncological outcomes compared to traditional TKI monotherapy. In this evolving paradigm, the pivotal role of the multidisciplinary tumor board is underscored, particularly in shaping the therapeutic trajectory for patients eligible for locoregional interventions like cytoreductive nephrectomy and metastasectomy. In cases where systemic treatment is deemed appropriate, the absence of direct comparisons among the various combination therapies complicates the selection of a first-line approach. The clinician is faced with the challenge of making decisions based on patient-specific factors such as performance status, risk classification according to the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium, comorbidities, and disease characteristics, including the number and location of metastases and tumor histology. Considering these concerns, we propose, as a member of a Tuscany Interdisciplinary Uro-Oncologic Group, an algorithm to streamline the decision-making process for mRCC patients, offering guidance to clinicians in their day-to-day clinical practice.

[Non-unions of the upper extremities]. / Pseudarthrosen der oberen Extremität.

The diagnosis and treatment of non-unions still represents an interdisciplinary challenge. Therefore, prevention, early detection and specific treatment are of great importance. Non-unions of the upper extremities, although less common than that of the lower extremities, requires special attention for successful treatment due to the central role of the shoulder girdle and arm in day to day activities. Successful treatment of non-unions requires a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's medical history, a thorough clinical examination and in particular radiological imaging. In order to effectively treat the pseudarthrosis it is crucial to distinguish between pseudarthroses that are suspected to be due to infections and those that are not. This article presents a treatment algorithm for managing both pseudarthrosis due to infection and pseudarthrosis without infection in the upper extremities.

Aortic Stenosis Management in Patients With Acute Hip Fracture.

The treatment of severe aortic stenosis (SAS) has evolved rapidly with the advent of minimally invasive structural heart interventions. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has allowed patients to undergo definitive SAS treatment achieving faster recovery rates compared to valve surgery. Not infrequently, patients are admitted/diagnosed with SAS after a fall associated with a hip fracture (HFx). While urgent orthopedic surgery is key to reduce disability and mortality, untreated SAS increases the perioperative risk and precludes physical recovery. There is no consensus on what the best strategy is either hip correction under hemodynamic monitoring followed by valve replacement or preoperative balloon aortic valvuloplasty to allow HFx surgery followed by valve replacement. However, preoperative minimalist transcatheter aortic valve replacement may represent an attractive strategy for selected patients. We provide a management pathway that emphasizes an early multidisciplinary approach to optimize time for hip surgery to improve orthopedic and cardiovascular outcomes in patients presenting with HFx-SAS.

Adaption of neurosurgical resection patterns for pediatric low-grade glioma spanning two decades-Report from the German LGG-studies 1996-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Neurosurgery is considered the mainstay of treatment for pediatric low-grade glioma (LGG); the extent of resection determines subsequent stratification in current treatment protocols. Yet, surgical radicality must be balanced against the risks of complications that may affect long-term quality of life. We investigated whether this consideration impacted surgical resection patterns over time for patients of the German LGG studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four thousand two hundred and seventy pediatric patients from three successive LGG studies (median age at diagnosis 7.6 years, neurofibromatosis (NF1) 14.7%) were grouped into 5 consecutive time intervals (TI1-5) for date of diagnosis and analyzed for timing and extent of first surgery with respect to tumor site, histology, NF1-status, sex, and age. RESULTS: The fraction of radiological LGG diagnoses increased over time (TI1 12.6%; TI5 21.7%), while the extent of the first neurosurgical intervention (3440/4270) showed a reduced fraction of complete/subtotal and an increase of partial resections from TI1 to TI5. Binary logistic regression analysis for the first intervention within the first year following diagnosis confirmed the temporal trends (p < 0.001) and the link with tumor site for each extent of resection (p < 0.001). Higher age is related to more complete resections in the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS: The declining extent of surgical resections over time was unrelated to patient characteristics. It paralleled the evolution of comprehensive treatment algorithms; thus, it may reflect alignment of surgical practice to recommendations in respect to age, tumor site, and NF1-status integrated as such into current treatment guidelines. Further investigations are needed to understand how planning, performance, or tumor characteristics impact achieving surgical goals.

Late-Onset Reactions after Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers: A Consensus Recommendation on Etiology, Prevention and Management.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers, generally considered low-risk, can lead to rare late-onset reactions (LORs) manifesting between 3 and 4 months postinjection, occasionally even as early as 24 h postinjection. The Complication Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) board was established to review these reactions. In this publication, the authors aims to explore the etiological hypotheses underlying LORs, associated risk factors, prevention, and management approaches suggested by the CARE board. The CARE board identified three etiological hypotheses contributing to LORs. Firstly, the physicochemical structure of the filler, particularly low molecular weight HA, which may trigger an immune response. Secondly, infection, potentially introduced during injection or by dormant biofilm activation. Lastly, an imbalance in the host immune system, caused by factors like autoimmune diseases or viral infections, may lead to extended foreign body reactions, delayed type IV hypersensitivity, or adjuvant-based reactions. Based on these hypotheses, the board categorized various risk factors as patient-related (e.g., recent dental treatment, current medical status, active autoimmune disease), product-related (e.g., molecular weight), and procedure-related (e.g., aseptic technique and trauma). To reduce the risk of LORs, the CARE board recommends diligent patient selection, including comprehensive medical history assessment and informed consent. Practitioners should maintain an effective aseptic technique, and choose an appropriate product and injection depth for the anatomical location. Post-procedure, patients should receive education on proper filler care. Management of LORs depends on the suspected etiology, and the CARE board has proposed an algorithm to determine the most appropriate treatment. Hyaluronidase is recommended for noninflammatory reactions in the absence of active infection, while watchful waiting and/or steroid treatment may be preferred for inflammatory reactions. Hyaluronidase is not recommended as a first-line treatment for infections, which require drainage, bacterial culture, and antibiotic treatment. However, the board emphasizes the need for individualized evaluation and treatment in all cases.

Development and Validation of a Treatment Algorithm for Osteoarthritis Pain Management in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis.

Background: Although osteoarthritis is common in the hemodialysis population and leads to poor health outcomes, pain management is challenged by the absence of clinical guidance. A treatment algorithm was developed and validated to aid hemodialysis clinicians in managing osteoarthritis pain. Objective: The objective was to develop and validate a treatment algorithm for managing osteoarthritis pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Design: A validation study was conducted based on Lynn's method for content validation. Setting: To develop and validate a treatment algorithm, interviews were conducted virtually by the primary researcher with clinicians from various institutions across the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area in Ontario. Patients: The treatment algorithm was developed and validated for the management of osteoarthritis pain in patients on hemodialysis. Patients were not involved in the development or validation of the tool. Measurements: The algorithm was measured for content and face validity. Content validity was measured by calculating the content validity index of each component (I-CVI) of the algorithm and the overall scale validity index (S-CVI). Face validity was assessed by calculating the percentage of positive responses to the face validity statements. Methods: A draft algorithm was developed based on literature searches and expert opinion and validated by interviewing nephrology and pain management clinicians. Through consecutive rounds of 1:1 interviews, content and face validity were assessed by asking participants to rate the relevance of each component of the algorithm and indicate their level of agreeability with a series of statements. Following each round, the I-CVI of the algorithm as well as the S-CVI was calculated and the percentage of positive responses to the statements was determined. The research team revised the algorithm in response to the findings. The final algorithm provides a stepwise approach to the non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic management of pain, including topical, oral, and opioid use. Results: A total of 18 clinicians from 7 institutions across the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area were interviewed (10 pharmacists, 5 nurse practitioners, and 3 physicians). The average S-CVI of the algorithm across all 3 rounds was 0.93. At least 78% of participants provided positive responses to the face validity statements. Limitations: An algorithm was developed based on input from clinicians working in the province of Ontario, limiting the generalizability of the algorithm across provinces. In addition, the algorithm did not include the perspectives of primary care providers or patients/caregivers. Conclusions: An algorithm for the management of osteoarthritis pain in the hemodialysis population was developed and validated through expert review to standardize practices and encourage clinicians to use evidence-based treatments and address the psychosocial symptoms of pain. As the algorithm possesses a high degree of content and face validity, it may improve osteoarthritis pain management among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Future research will assess the implementation of the algorithm across hemodialysis settings.

Contexte: Bien que l'arthrose soit fréquente et qu'elle entraîne de mauvais résultats de santé chez les patients en hémodialyse, la gestion de la douleur liée à l'arthrose est limitée par l'absence de directives cliniques. Un algorithme de traitement a été développé et validé afin d'aider les cliniciens en hémodialyse à gérer la douleur liée à l'arthrose chez leurs patients. Objectifs: Développer et valider un algorithme de traitement pour la prise en charge de la douleur liée à l'arthrose chez les patients en hémodialyse. Conception: Étude de validation menée en utilisant la méthode de Lynn pour la validation du contenu. Cadre: Pour élaborer et valider l'algorithme, le chercheur principal a mené des entrevues en mode virtuel avec des cliniciens de divers établissements de Hamilton et de la région du Grand Toronto (Ontario). Sujets: L'algorithme de traitement a été développé et validé pour la prise en charge de la douleur liée à l'arthrose chez les patients en hémodialyse. Ces derniers n'ont pas participé au développement ou à la validation de l'outil. Mesures: La validité du contenu et la validité apparente de l'algorithme ont été évaluées. La validité du contenu a été mesurée en calculant l'indice de validité de chaque composante (I-CVI) de l'algorithme, ainsi que l'indice de validité à l'échelle globale (S-CVI). La validité apparente a été évaluée en calculant le pourcentage de réponses positives aux énoncés de validité apparente. Méthodologie: Une ébauche de l'algorithme a été développée à partir de recherches de littérature scientifique et d'avis d'experts, puis validée lors d'entretiens avec des cliniciens en néphrologie et en gestion de la douleur. Afin d'évaluer la validité du contenu et la validité apparente de l'algorithme, les cliniciens ont participé à des séries consécutives d'entretiens individuels où ils devaient évaluer la pertinence de chaque composante de l'algorithme et indiquer leur niveau d'accord avec une série d'énoncés. L'indice de validité du contenu de chaque composante (I-CVI) de l'algorithme, l'indice de validité de l'échelle globale (S-CVI) et le pourcentage de réponses positives aux énoncés ont été calculés après chaque tour. L'algorithme a ensuite été révisé par l'équipe de recherche en réponse aux résultats. L'algorithme final fournit une approche par étapes pour la gestion non pharmacologique et pharmacologique (traitement local, oral, opioïdes) de la douleur. Résultats: En tout, 18 cliniciens provenant de 7 établissements de Hamilton et de la région du Grand Toronto ont été interviewés (10 pharmaciens, 5 infirmières praticiennes et 3 médecins). L'indice S-CVI moyen de l'algorithme pour les trois séries d'entrevues était de 0,93. Au moins 78 % des participants ont fourni des réponses positives aux énoncés de validité apparente. Limites: L'algorithme a été élaboré à partir des données fournies par des cliniciens travaillant dans la province de l'Ontario, ce qui limite sa généralisabilité dans les autres provinces. Aussi, l'algorithme n'inclut pas le point de vue des prestataires de soins primaires ou des patients/soignants. Conclusion: Un algorithme de prise en charge de la douleur liée à l'arthrose chez les patients en hémodialyse a été développé et validé par des experts afin de normaliser les pratiques et d'encourager les cliniciens à utiliser des traitements fondés sur les preuves et à traiter les symptômes psychosociaux de la douleur. L'algorithme ayant montré un degré élevé de validité du contenu et de validité apparente, il a ainsi le potentiel d'améliorer la gestion de la douleur liée à l'arthrose chez les patients en hémodialyse. Les recherches à venir évalueront l'application de l'algorithme dans divers contextes d'hémodialyse.

Advancing spine care through AI and machine learning: overview and applications.

Machine learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence, is crucial for spine care and research due to its ability to improve treatment selection and outcomes, leveraging the vast amounts of data generated in health care for more accurate diagnoses and decision support. ML's potential in spine care is particularly notable in radiological image analysis, including the localization and labeling of anatomical structures, detection and classification of radiological findings, and prediction of clinical outcomes, thereby paving the way for personalized medicine. The manuscript discusses ML's application in spine care, detailing supervised and unsupervised learning, regression, classification, and clustering, and highlights the importance of both internal and external validation in assessing ML model performance. Several ML algorithms such as linear models, support vector machines, decision trees, neural networks, and deep convolutional neural networks, can be used in the spine domain to analyze diverse data types (visual, tabular, omics, and multimodal).

Understanding Kerion Celsi in Children: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Guidelines Through an Algorithm.

Kerion celsi (KC), known as scalp ringworm, is the most common dermatophytosis in children. In Mexico, it ranks fourth among dermatophytoses, with a frequency of 4%-10%. KC is the inflammatory variety of tinea capitis (TC), with the most common causative agents being Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. We present the clinical case of a six-year-old male diagnosed with KC. Direct examination stained with chlorazol black and cultures were performed, yielding negative results. Histopathological study revealed spores and short hyphae within and surrounding the hair shaft. Treatment with itraconazole was initiated based on suspicion of Microsporum spp. from the trichoscopy findings. We propose a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for kerion celsi.

Externally validated treatment algorithm acceptably predicts nonoperative treatment success in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

PURPOSE: This study aims to develop and externally validate a treatment algorithm to predict nonoperative treatment success or failure in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. METHODS: Data were used from two completed studies of adult patients with ACL ruptures: the Conservative versus Operative Methods for Patients with ACL Rupture Evaluation study (development cohort) and the KNee osteoArthritis anterior cruciate Ligament Lesion study (validation cohort). The primary outcome variable is nonoperative treatment success or failure. Potential predictor variables were collected, entered into the univariable logistic regression model and then incorporated into the multivariable logistic regression model for constructing the treatment algorithm. Finally, predictive performance and goodness-of-fit were assessed and externally validated by discrimination and calibration measures. RESULTS: In the univariable logistic regression model, a stable knee measured with the pivot shift test and a posttrauma International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score <50 were predictive of needing an ACL reconstruction. Age >30 years and a body mass index > 30 kg/m2 were predictive for not needing an ACL reconstruction. Age, pretrauma Tegner score, the outcome of the pivot shift test and the posttrauma IKDC score are entered into the treatment algorithm. The predictability of needing an ACL reconstruction after nonoperative treatment (discrimination) is acceptable in both the development and the validation cohort: area under the curve = resp. 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-0.81) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58-0.78). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the treatment algorithm can acceptably predict whether an ACL injury patient will have a(n) (un)successful nonoperative treatment (discrimination). Calibration of the treatment algorithm suggests a systematical underestimation of the need for ACL reconstruction. Given the limitations regarding the sample size of this study, larger data sets must be constructed to improve the treatment algorithm further. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Multiple asynchronous recurrence as a predictive factor for refractoriness against locoregional and surgical therapy in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma.

Development of subclassification of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by treatment suitability is in demand. We aimed to identify predictors that define treatment refractoriness against locoregional(transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) or thermal ablation) and surgical therapy. This multicenter retrospective study enrolled 1167 HCC patients between 2015 and 2021. Of those, 209 patients were initially diagnosed with intermediate-stage HCC. Treatment refractoriness was defined as clinical settings that meets the following untreatable progressive conditions by TACE (1) 25% increase of intrahepatic tumor, (2) transient deterioration to Child-Pugh class C, (3) macrovascular invasion or extrahepatic spread, within one year. We then analyzed factors contributing to treatment refractoriness. The Child-Pugh score/class, number of tumors, infiltrative radiological type, and recurrence were significant factors. Focusing on recurrence as a predictor, median time to untreatable progression (TTUP) was 17.2 months in the recurrence subgroup whereas 35.5 months in the initial occurrence subgroup (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.44-2.96; P = 0.001). Median TTUP decreased in cases with more later times of recurrence (3-5 recurrences, 17.3 months; ≥ 6 recurrences, 7.7 months). Recurrence, even more at later times, leads to increased treatment refractoriness. Early introduction of multidisciplinary treatment should be considered against HCC patients after multiple recurrent episodes.

Patient-reported, clinical and radiological factors associated with the result after non-surgical management of acute AC joint dislocation Rockwood type III and V.

PURPOSE: The treatment of Rockwood type III and V acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations is controversial, and an individualized treatment algorithm is yet to be developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of demographical, clinical, patient-reported and radiological variables with the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) score and risk of surgery. METHODS: Inclusion criteria for this prospective cohort study were patients aged 18-60 with an acute AC joint dislocation with >25% increase in the coracoclavicular distance on bilateral Zanca radiographs. Patients were treated non-surgically with 3 months of home-based training and the option of delayed surgical intervention. The outcomes were the WOSI score and surgery yes/no. Demographical, clinical, patient-reported (WOSI and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index [SPADI]) and radiological variables were collected at baseline and 6 weeks after the injury and investigated for association with the outcomes at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients with Rockwood type III/V AC joint dislocation were included. Pre-injury participation in overhead/collision sports was a risk factor for surgery with an odds ratio of 5 (p = 0.03). Reduced range of motion (ROM) at baseline was associated with reduced WOSI scores and increased risk of surgery. At 6 weeks, reduced ROM, increased SPADI and increased pain during cross-over were associated with the outcomes. Radiological measurements were not correlated with the result. At the 6 weeks follow-up, patients eventually requiring surgery could be detected with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94% based on a SPADI score of >30 and a ROM ≤ 140° in shoulder flexion or abduction. CONCLUSION: ROM was the only variable consistently associated with both WOSI and risk of surgery. Six weeks after the injury, it was possible to detect patients in need of surgery based on ROM and SPADI with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94%. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Static and Dynamic Filler-Associated Tear Trough Deformities: Manifestations and Treatment Algorithm.

BACKGROUND: Fillers are popular substances for the correction of tear trough deformity. Despite well-documented complications increasing gradually, standardized treatment algorithm for deformity secondary to improper injection is still limited. METHODS: Between April 2020 and April 2023, a total of 22 patients with filler-associated tear trough deformity with static bulges or dynamic swells after injection of tear trough were enrolled. For patients who received hyaluronic acid (HA) and unknown fillers, hyaluronidase dissolution was performed. For patients who received non-HA fillers and unknown fillers that failed to dissolve, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination was conducted. Surgical approaches were selected based on the filler distribution and the condition of the lower eyelid. Ligament releasement and fat transposition were accomplished when fillers were excised. Aesthetic outcomes were evaluated by double-blind examiners using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale after patients were followed up. RESULTS: In total, the study included 3 patients with simple static deformities, 1 patient with simple dynamic, and 18 patients with both. Fourteen patients underwent transconjunctival surgery and 8 patients underwent transcutaneous surgery, among which 18 patients underwent hyaluronidase dissolution and 8 patients underwent MRI prior to surgery. A total of 4 patients with self-limited complications recovered after conservative treatment. 90.9% of patients expressed satisfaction or high satisfaction with the treatment results. CONCLUSION: Filler-associated tear trough deformities could be classified into static and dynamic deformities, which could appear separately or simultaneously. Treatment of deformities should be based on characteristics of fillers, in which MRI could serve as a promising tool. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Body Mass Index, Sex, and Age Are Predictors of Discharge to a Post-acute Care Facility Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) continues to increase. Discharge to a post-acute care (PAC) facility can increase patient morbidity and postoperative costs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of age and body mass index (BMI) on discharge to a PAC facility and hospital length of stay (LOS) following TAA. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent TAA from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was performed. Using overweight patients as the reference BMI group, sex- and age-adjusted log-binomial regression models were utilized to estimate risk ratios of BMI categories for being discharged to a PAC facility. A linear regression was utilized to estimate the effect of BMI category on hospital LOS. RESULTS: Obese patients had 1.36 times the risk of overweight patients (P = .040), and morbidly obese patients had 2 times risk of overweight patients (P = .001) of being discharged to a PAC facility after TAA. Men had 0.48 times the risk of women (P < .001). Compared with patients aged 18 to 44 years, patients aged ≥65 years had 4.13 times the risk (P = .012) of being discharged to a PAC facility after TAA. Relative to overweight patients, on average there was no difference in hospital LOS for underweight patients, but healthy weight patients stayed an additional 0.30 days (P=.003), obese patients stayed an additional 0.18 days (P = .011), and morbidly obese patients stayed an additional 0.33 days (P = .009). Men stayed 0.29 fewer hospital days than women (P < .001) on average. CONCLUSION: Women and patients who are obese or morbidly obese have a longer hospital LOS and an increased chance of being discharged to a PAC facility. Increasing age is also associated with an increased risk of being discharged to a PAC. These may be important factors when developing and discussing the postoperative plan with patients prior to TAA. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Overcoming Methodological Challenges for Advancing Stem Cell Therapies in Parkinson's Disease.

The quest for new and improved therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) remains of paramount importance, despite previous trial failures. There is a current debate regarding the potential of stem cell research as a therapeutic approach for PD. The studies of dopaminergic fetal stem cells for PD treatment, their design, and the results of the initial surgical placebo-controlled trials were reviewed in this study. Some of the fundamental methodological challenges and possible strategies to resolve them were proposed. In this article, we argue that the most important impact lies in the proof-of-principle demonstrated by clinical trials for cell replacement strategies in reconstructing the human brain. While some researchers argue that the considerable technical challenges associated with cell therapies for PD warrant the discontinuation of further development using stem cells, we believe that the opposing viewpoints are instrumental in identifying a series of methodological misunderstandings. Here, we propose to expose key challenges to ensure the advancement of the field and unlock the potential of stem cell therapies in PD treatment. Overall, this review underscores the need for further research and innovation to overcome the hurdles in realizing the potential of stem cell-based therapies for PD.

A Novel Surgical Treatment Management Algorithm for Elbow Posterolateral Rotatory Instability (PLRI) Based on the Common Extensor Origin Integrity.

Background: Here, we introduce a comprehensive treatment algorithm for posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow, a condition affecting elbow mobility. We outline a diagnostic approach and a novel surgical management plan through the arthroscopic surgeon's point of view. Methods: The central focus of this management approach is the integrity of common extensor origin (CEO). High clinical suspicion must be evident to diagnose PLRI. Special clinical and imaging tests can confirm PLRI but sometimes the final confirmation is established during the arthroscopic treatment. The most appropriate treatment is determined by the degree of CEO integrity. Results: The treatment strategy varies with the CEO's condition: intact or minor tears require arthroscopic lateral collateral ligament imbrication, while extensive tears may need plication reinforced with imbrication or, in cases of retraction, a triceps tendon autograft reconstruction of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament alongside CEO repair. These approaches aim to manage residual instability and are complemented using a tailored rehabilitation protocol to optimize functional outcomes. Conclusion: PLRI is a unique clinical condition and should be treated likewise. This algorithm offers valuable insights for diagnosing and treating PLRI, enhancing therapeutic decision-making.