Ultrasonography in infectious and neoplastic diseases of the bowel and peritoneum. / Ecografía de la patología infecciosa y tumoral del intestino y el peritoneo.

Ultrasonography is not the most cited imaging technique for the evaluation of infectious and neoplastic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the peritoneum, but it is often the initial technique used in the initial workup for nonspecific clinical syndromes. Despite its limitations, ultrasonography's strengths enable it to provide meaningful diagnostic information. To discuss the most important ultrasonographic, clinical, and epidemiological findings for infectious disease, we follow a topographical approach: stomach (Anisakis), proximal small bowel (Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, and Cryptosporidium), distal small bowel (Yersinia, Salmonella, and Campylobacter), terminal ileum and cecum (tuberculosis), right colon (Entamoeba histolytica), left colon (Shigella), sigmoid colon and rectum, pancolitis (Clostridium difficile, Cytomegalovirus, and Escherichia coli), and peritoneum. To discuss the ultrasonographic and clinical findings of the most common neoplastic diseases, we follow a nosological approach: polyploid lesions as precursors of tumors, carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, hematological tumors, mesenchymal tumors, and metastases. We briefly discuss tumors of the peritoneum and the use of ultrasonography to guide percutaneous biopsy procedures.

Extensión tumoral intraoperatoria radioguiada en cáncer gastrointestinal con alta expresión de receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico / Tumor Extent during Radioguided Surgery in Gastrointestinal Cancer with High Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

RESUMEN Con el auge contemporáneo de novedosos paradigmas en las ciencias médicas, como la Medicina personalizada, se busca una resección oncológica más eficaz, con nuevos márgenes quirúrgicos de acuerdo al estadio tumoral. Para alcanzar estos resultados, se abren paso técnicas como la cirugía radioinmunoguiada. En Cuba, los adelantos biotecnológicos han permitido el desarrollo de fármacos líderes en el mundo, como el Nimotuzumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal dirigido contra el receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico, sobrexpresado en múltiples tumores malignos de origen epitelial. Al marcarlo con un radioisótopo puede auxiliar al cirujano en la determinación precisa de la extensión tumoral (radioguiada) de estas neoplasias durante el acto quirúrgico(AU)

ABSTRACT The contemporary rise of new paradigms within medical sciences, such as personalized medicine, a more effective oncological resection is pursued, with new surgical margins based on tumor stage. To achieve these outcomes, some techniques, such as radioimmunoguided surgery, are expanding. In Cuba, biotechnological advances have allowed the development of world-leading drugs, such as nimotuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor, overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors of epithelial origin. Marking it with a radioisotope can help the surgeon in the precise determination of tumor extent (radioguided) of these malignancies during the surgical act(AU)

18F-FDG positron emission tomography in oncology: main indications. / Tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18F-FDG en oncología: principales indicaciones.

The development of molecular and functional imaging with new imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) among others, has greatly improved the detection of tumors, tumor staging, and the detection of possible recurrences. Furthermore, the combination of these different imaging modalities and the continual development of radiotracers for PET have advanced our understanding and knowledge of the different pathophysiological processes in cancer, thereby helping to make treatment more efficacious, improving patients' quality of life, and increasing survival. PET is one of the imaging techniques that has attracted the most interest in recent years for its diagnostic capabilities. Its ability to anatomically locate pathologic foci of metabolic activity has revolutionized the detection and staging of many tumors, exponentially broadening its potential indications not only in oncology but also in other fields such as cardiology, neurology, and inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Tumores carcinoides gastrointestinales, experiencia en Médica Sur: Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, experience in ''Médica Sur''

Objetivo: Evaluación de los casos de tumores carcinoides gastrointestinales en el Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur y confrontarlos con la literatura. Sede: Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (centro de atención de tercer nivel). Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo, observacional. Análisis estadístico: Porcentaje como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. Material y métodos: Se revisaron 19 casos de muestras de patología del Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur. Resultados: En este trabajo presentamos 19 casos de pacientes diagnosticados con tumores carcinoides gastrointestinales encontrados en toma de biopsias por endoscopia o piezas postquirúrgicas. Histológicamente se observaron células tumorales similares, con escaso citoplasma granular eosinófilo o núcleo redondeado moteado. Las variaciones de tamaño nuclear y celular fueron mínimas y las mitosis raras. El crecimiento celular fue predominantemente submucoso con extensión a capa muscular y serosa en algunos casos. Doce correspondieron al sexo femenino y siete, al masculino. El promedio de edad fue de 47 años. El órgano con más frecuencia de aparición fue el estómago y el apéndice cecal y los de menor frecuencia fueron el duodeno y el hígado. Conclusión: El sexo femenino predominó, constituyendo el 63% de los casos, la edad media para las mujeres fue de 49 años, coincidiendo con lo revisado en la literatura. Se encontró una incidencia aumentada en tumores de estómago y apéndice.

Objective: To evaluate the cases of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors in the Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, and to compare them with reports in the literature. Setting: Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (third level health care center). Design: Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. Statistical analysis: Percentage as summary measure for qualitative variables. Material and methods: We reviewed 19 cases of pathology samples from the Hospital y Fundación Clínica Médica Sur. Results: In this report we present 19 cases of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors found in endoscopically taken biopsy samples or in postsurgical pieces. Histologically, similar tumor cells were observed with scarce granular eosinophilic cytoplasm or rounded spotted nucleus. Variations in nuclear and cellular size were minimal and mitoses were rare. Cell growth was predominantly submucous extending to the muscular and serosa layer in some cases. Twelve corresponded to women and seven to men. Average age was of 47 years. The organs most frequently affected were the stomach and the cecal appendix, the least frequent ones were the duodenum and the liver. Conclusion: Women predominated, constituting 63% of cases, mean age of women was of 49 years, coinciding with the literature. We found an increased incidence of tumors in the stomach and appendix.