[Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination programs in South America]. / EVALUACIÓN DE LOS PROGRAMAS DE VACUNACIÓN COVID-19 EN SUDAMÉRICA: ¿UTILITARISMO O PRIORITARISMO? ASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 VACCINATION PROGRAMS IN SOUTH AMERICA: UTILITARISM OR PRIORITARISM?

National vaccination programs against SARS-CoV2 in South America played an important role in the timely response to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, was an ethical approach capable of guaranteeing greater benefit to the population through vaccination being applied? To answer this question, my aim was to analyze the national vaccination programs of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru to identify the extent to which they aligned with the utilitarianism and prioritarianism oriented ethical approaches when assigning the vaccine against COVID-19. I start from the hypothesis that all the selected countries propose vaccination policies with possible prioritarian and/or utilitarian ethical approaches, however, those that align with prioritarianism manage to better adhere to the moral duties of social justice. To demonstrate my hypothesis, I have integrated the socio-economic information, analyzed the coverage strategies of each country and tried to frame them with the proposed ethical approaches, to finally present arguments for and against these approaches. I conclude that, unlike utilitarianism, the application of prioritarianism to the vaccine allocation schemes of the four countries analyzed allowed prioritizing the vaccine in those who are worse off in terms of social justice, and that, unequivocally, includes the severely ill.

Moral responses to the COVID-19 crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised complex moral dilemmas that have been the subject of extensive public debate. Here, we study how people judge a set of controversial actions related to the crisis: relaxing data privacy standards to allow public control of the pandemic, forbidding public gatherings, denouncing a friend who violated COVID-19 protocols, prioritizing younger over older patients when medical resources are scarce, and reducing animal rights to accelerate vaccine development. We collected acceptability judgements in an initial large-scale study with participants from 10 Latin American countries (N = 15 420). A formal analysis of the intrinsic correlations between responses to different dilemmas revealed that judgements were organized in two dimensions: one that reflects a focus on human life expectancy and one that cares about the health of all sentient lives in an equitable manner. These stereotyped patterns of responses were stronger in people who endorsed utilitarian decisions in a standardized scale. A second pre-registered study performed in the USA (N = 1300) confirmed the replicability of these findings. Finally, we show how the prioritization of public health correlated with several contextual, personality and demographic factors. Overall, this research sheds light on the relationship between utilitarian decision-making and moral responses to the COVID-19 crisis.

COVID-19. Effect of Moral Messages to Persuade the Population to Stay at Home in Spain, Chile, and Colombia.

Analyze whether the content of three moral messages (deontological, ethical utilitarianism, ethical virtue) and a control message differentially affect the probability of engaging in four behaviors: Washing their hands, participating in public gatherings, staying at home/avoiding social contact, and forwarding the message to inform more people. In our study, the sender of the message is a university professor. These variables are measured in terms of their behavioral intentions and others' behavioral intentions (beliefs about others' behavior). Randomized Controlled Trial. Our study includes the analysis of the possible moderating effect of the country of residence (Spain n = 1,122, Chile n = 1,107, and Colombia n = 1,433). The message with content referring to ethical virtue and staying at home obtains statistically significant lower scores on the probability of carrying out public health behaviors and sharing the message received. Regarding beliefs about the behavior of others, the message of ethical virtue has the same negative effect, but only on the likelihood of other people washing their hands, staying at home, and sharing the public health message. Institutional messages aimed at promoting public health behaviors are necessary in a pandemic situation. Our recommendation is to use deontological and utilitarian, or non-moral, content.

Respeto por la autonomía individual y el beneficio colectivo: argumentación a favor de la vacunación obligatoria contra el SARS-CoV-2 para el personal de la salud / Respect for individual autonomy and a collective benefit: Arguments in favor of compulsory SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among health care professionals

Con la llegada de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2, un nuevo aspecto a tener en cuenta en la pandemia es el rechazo a la vacunación. Como la recepción de la vacuna, es voluntaria, se plantea cómo abordar la situación de los miembros del equipo de salud que la rechazan. Se exponen argumentos bioéticos de diversas corrientes: el deontologismo kantiano y lo conceptos de universalidad, humanidad y autonomía; el utilitarismo de Mill, con la autoprotección como único fin por el cual la humanidad está habilitada para interferir con la libertad de acción de sus miembros; el principismo de Beauchamp y Childress y los conceptos de beneficencia y autonomía; el principio de oportunidad de Varo Baena; y el principio de solidaridad, derivado de la ética de los derechos humanos. Se incluyen aportes de filósofos contemporáneos como Roberto Espósito, Jean-Luc Nancy y Alberto Giubilini. Se exponen dos contrargumentos: el de no maleficencia y el de contraproducencia. Por último, se plantea que, dado que el bien común (la salud pública, en este caso) es el determinante íntimo y último de la libertad individual e igual para todos, está por encima del beneficio individual

With the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, a new aspect to be taken into consideration in the midst of the pandemic is vaccine refusal. Since vaccination is voluntary, it is necessary to deal with the fact that some health care team members refuse to receive it. Here I put forward different bioethical arguments: Kantian deontology and the principles of universalizability, humanity, and autonomy; Mill's utilitarianism, with self-protection as the sole end for which humankind is authorized to interfere with its members' freedom of action; Beauchamp and Childress' principlism and the concepts of beneficence and autonomy; Varo Baena's principle of opportunity; and the principle of solidarity resulting from the ethics of human rights. The contributions of contemporary philosophers like Roberto Espósito, Jean-Luc Nancy, and Alberto Giubilini are also included. Two counter-arguments are presented: nonmaleficence and counter-production. Lastly, I suggest that, since common good (in this case, public health) is the intimate and final determining factor of individual freedom and is the same for all, it is above any individual benefit.

Respect for individual autonomy and a collective benefit: Arguments in favor of compulsory SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among health care professionals. / Respeto por la autonomía individual y el beneficio colectivo: argumentación a favor de la vacunación obligatoria contra el SARS-CoV-2 para el personal de la salud.

With the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, a new aspect to be taken into consideration in the midst of the pandemic is vaccine refusal. Since vaccination is voluntary, it is necessary to deal with the fact that some health care team members refuse to receive it. Here I put forward different bioethical arguments: Kantian deontology and the principles of universalizability, humanity, and autonomy; Mill's utilitarianism, with selfprotection as the sole end for which humankind is authorized to interfere with its members' freedom of action; Beauchamp and Childress' principlism and the concepts of beneficence and autonomy; Varo Baena's principle of opportunity; and the principle of solidarity resulting from the ethics of human rights. The contributions of contemporary philosophers like Roberto Espósito, Jean-Luc Nancy, and Alberto Giubilini are also included. Two counterarguments are presented: nonmaleficence and counter-production. Lastly, I suggest that, since common good (in this case, public health) is the intimate and final determining factor of individual freedom and is the same for all, it is above any individual benefit.

Con la llegada de las vacunas contra el SARSCoV- 2, un nuevo aspecto a tener en cuenta en la pandemia es el rechazo a la vacunación. Como la recepción de la vacuna, es voluntaria, se plantea cómo abordar la situación de los miembros del equipo de salud que la rechazan. Se exponen argumentos bioéticos de diversas corrientes: el deontologismo kantiano y lo conceptos de universalidad, humanidad y autonomía; el utilitarismo de Mill, con la autoprotección como único fin por el cual la humanidad está habilitada para interferir con la libertad de acción de sus miembros; el principismo de Beauchamp y Childress y los conceptos de beneficencia y autonomía; el principio de oportunidad de Varo Baena; y el principio de solidaridad, derivado de la ética de los derechos humanos. Se incluyen aportes de filósofos contemporáneos como Roberto Espósito, Jean-Luc Nancy y Alberto Giubilini. Se exponen dos contrargumentos: el de no maleficencia y el de contraproducencia. Por último, se plantea que, dado que el bien común (la salud pública, en este caso) es el determinante íntimo y último de la libertad individual e igual para todos, está por encima del beneficio individual.

Diferencias en las decisiones utilitarias y morales entre hombres y mujeres / Differences on Utilitarian and Moral Decision Between Male and Female / Diferencias nas decisões utilitárias e morais entre homens e mulheres

Resumen Objetivo. Los juicios morales se basan en decisiones que toman en cuenta la representación de las normas y la ley, los valores, la funcionalidad y la situación en sí. La moral se ha estudiado con "dilemas morales hipotéticos" para identificar el tipo de resultado y el proceso detrás del razonamiento moral. No obstante, los juicios en sí mismos no son suficientes para establecer diferencias en el tipo de resolución o la relación con otros procesos cognitivos. Por lo anterior, el presente estudio buscó comparar el desempeño en tareas de maximización de la utilidad, control cognitivo y juicios morales, teniendo en cuenta el sexo y otras variables sociodemográficas. Método. Participaron 73 estudiantes universitarios (50 mujeres, 20 hombres y 3 con sexo no reportado, la edad promedio fue 19.53 años (DE = 1.68 años). El Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) se utilizó para identificar comportamientos de maximización de la utilidad. Además, el estudio empleó la prueba de cambios de tarea y la aplicación web Máquina Moral. Resultados. Se encontró una diferencia entre las variables de IGT, sin observar diferencias en la prueba de cambios de tarea. Conclusión. En cuanto al juicio moral, los hombres dieron más valor al cumplimiento de normas que las mujeres. Algunas variables de la tarea IGT apoyan las diferencias entre los sexos. Los resultados son congruentes con las diferencias mostradas por la literatura.

Abstract Objective. Moral judgments are based on decisions that take into account the representation of norms and law, values, functionality and situations themselves. Morality has been studied with "hypothetic moral dilemmas", in order to identify the type of outcome and the process behind moral reasoning. But judgments by themselves are not enough to establish differences in the type of resolution or the relationship with other cognitive processes. The present paper aimed to compare performance in tasks of utility maximization, cognitive control, and moral judgments, taking into account sex and other sociodemographic variables. Method. Seventy-three university students participated (50 women, 20 men and 3 with unreported gender, the average age was 19.53 years (SD = 1.68 years). The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to identify behaviors of utility maximization. In addition, we used the switch costs and the web application of moral machine tasks. Results. A difference between variables of the IGT, but no differences in the switch costs task were found. Conclusion. Regarding moral judgment, males gave more value to respect norms than females. Some variables of the IGT task support outcomes related to differences between sexes. Results are congruent with differences shown in existing literature.

Resumo Escopo. Os juízos morais estão baseados em decisões que levam em conta a representação das normas e a lei, os valores, a funcionalidade e a situação concreta. A moral tem se estudado com "dilemas morais hipotéticos" para identificar o tipo de resultado e o processo detrás do razoamento moral. Mas os juízos em si não são suficientes para estabelecer diferencias no tipo de resolução ou a relação com outros processos cognitivos. Por tanto, o escopo de este estudo foi comparar o desempenho em tarefas de maximização da utilidade, controle cognitivo e juízos morais, levando em conta o sexo e outras variáveis sócio demográficas. Metodologia. Participaram 73 estudantes universitários (50 mulheres, 20 homens e 3 com sexo não reportado, a idade de média foi de19.3 anos, (DE = 1.68 anos). O Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) foi utilizado para identificar comportamentos de maximização da utilidade. Além, o estudo empregou a prova de mudança de tarefa e a aplicação web Máquina Moral. Resultados. Foi achada uma diferencia entre as variáveis de IGT, mas não há diferencias na prova de mudança de tarefa. Em quanto ao juízo moral, os homens deram mais valor ao cumprimento de normas que as mulheres. Algumas variáveis da tarefa IGT apoiam as diferencias entre os sexos. Conclusão. Os resultados são congruentes com as diferencias mostradas na literatura.

Hot utilitarianism and cold deontology: Insights from a response patterns approach to sacrificial and real world dilemmas.

Research on moral judgment with moral dilemmas suggests that "utilitarian" responses (UR) to sacrificial high-conflict dilemmas are due to decreased harm aversion, not only in individuals with clinical conditions, but also in healthy participants with high scores in antisocial personality traits. We investigated the patterns of responses to different dilemma types in healthy participants and present evidence that some URs to sacrificial dilemmas are morally motivated, as indicated by their empathic concern (EC) or primary psychopathy (PP) scores. In study 1 (N = 230) we tested students with four categories of sacrificial dilemmas featuring innocent victims. In study 2 (N = 590) we tested students with two categories of sacrificial dilemmas and two "real-world" moral dilemmas, where the agent can improve the lot of strangers by making a personal sacrifice. Results in both studies showed no decreased harm aversion in a pattern where the only UR is to the sacrificial dilemma where the number of saved people is very high, and significantly lower harm aversion only in the pattern of all-deontological respondents in Study 2. The analysis by response patterns allowed a better discrimination of the moral motivations of participants and showed that at least some of them express moral concerns in their URs.

Abortion: a look from the perspectives of public health, rights and social justice / El aborto: una mirada desde la salud pública, los derechos y la justicia social

ABSTRACT Unsafe abortion is a problem of public health, rights and social justice, particularly so for women living in developing countries. Consequently, public health is called upon to protect dignity, promote the exercise of rights and create the right conditions to ensure that women can have control over their own reproductive autonomy. The article analyses three schools of distributive justice, examines their strengths and contradictions, and concludes that capability building, with its resulting social justice, that derives from these, would be the ideal approach to the issue of abortion in medium and low income countries; and that, for a public health system intent of achieving the highest degree of health and wellbeing, it secures the basic material conditions required for capabilities to flourish becoming the best alternative for greater participation in the construction of individual life projects; it would consider the reality of the people in their sociocultural environments and would allow to pull the female world out of the private realm to allow a public debate on these matters and prevent them from being considered as "natural" unchangeable aspects of human relations. This would ensure greater relevance in terms of meeting the needs of each population. The article also highlights that the social justice that characterises this approach will not come from the top, from the State, but requires collective participation, where movements that oppose hegemony play a very important role and are active in building their own capabilities.

RESUMEN El aborto inseguro se considera un problema de salud pública, de derechos y de justicia social. Esto es particularmente certero para las mujeres que viven en países en vías de desarrollo, por lo que se requiere de una salud pública que defienda la dignidad, fomente el ejercicio de los derechos y genere las condiciones necesarias para que las mujeres sean dueñas de su autonomía reproductiva. El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar tres corrientes de justicia distributiva, examina sus fortalezas y contradicciones, y concluye que el desarrollo de capacidades y la justicia social que de este se derivan sería ideal para afrontar de mejor manera el tema del aborto en los países de medianos y bajos ingresos, y, para una salud pública que pretende el mayor grado de salud y bienestar posibles, asegura la satisfacción de todas las condiciones materiales básicas para el florecimiento de las capacidades y, por ende, sería la mejor alternativa para una mayor participación en la construcción de vidas propias; tendría presente la realidad que viven las personas en sus entornos socioculturales, y posibilitaría sacar del espacio privado el mundo femenino, permitir el debate público sobre dichas cuestiones e impedir que sigan siendo consideradas como cuestiones "naturales" e inmutables de las relaciones humanas, lo que garantizaría una mayor pertinencia en la satisfacción de las necesidades de cada población. También recalca que la justicia social que caracteriza a este enfoque no llegará de arriba, del Estado, sino que requiere de una construcción colectiva, donde los movimientos contrahegemónicos juegan un papel muy importante y hacen parte de la propia construcción de capacidades.

Sobre ética y moral / About ethics and moral

Este artículo pretende responder por qué actualmente los filósofos se cuestionan el significado y relación entre ética y moral con una breve revisión del sentido originario de ambos términos y señalando la diferencia de dichos significados en nuestra época. También se hace un planteamiento general de la problemática de estos temas en la reflexión filosófica desde Kant, cuya perspectiva repercute hasta hoy. Asimismo, se mencionan las posibles implicaciones (teóricas y prácticas) de minimizar la relevancia de estos temas en la filosofía contemporánea

This article try to answer why contemporary philosopher´s ask about meaning and relation between ethics and moral with a brief re-examination of their original significance an differences on comparison with present perspective. The author gives a general view about the problems to originate Kant´s philosophy and the possible practical and theoretical implications to be unaware about the importance of these topics in present philosophy

AN ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE FIELD OF GYNECOLOGY / UN DILEMA ÉTICO EN EL CAMPO DE LA GINECOLOGÍA / UM DILEMA ÉTICO NO CAMPO DA GINECOLOGIA

The aim of this paper is to assess a case report in the field of gynecology, starting from an ethical paradigm that relates primarily to the so-called "sources of morality" (objective structure, circumstances, aim). In order to do so, we first will present four ethical paradigms for the evaluation of clinical cases (preference utilitarianism, principlism, ontologically-grounded personalism and Aristotelian/Thomist objective ethics). After introducing the main aspects of these paradigms and pointing out that what matters in an ethical evaluation is not so much the final judgement, but rather the argument that leads to it, we will assess the case report in light of the chosen paradigm. Lastly, we will outline a possible solution to the problem, starting from the previous ethical evaluation.

El objetivo de este texto es evaluar el informe de un caso clínico en el campo de la ginecología, a partir de un paradigma ético que se refiere principalmente a las denominadas "fuentes de la moral" (la estructura objetiva, las circunstancias, el objetivo). Primero se presentan cuatro paradigmas éticos para la evaluación de casos clínicos (utilitarismo de preferencia, principialismo, personalismo fundado ontológicamente y ética objetiva aristotélica/tomista). Después de la introducción de los aspectos principales de estos paradigmas y al señalar que lo que importa en una evaluación ética no es tanto el juicio final, sino más bien el argumento que conduce a ella, se evalúa el informe del caso a la luz del paradigma elegido. Por último, se esboza una posible solución al problema, a partir de la evaluación ética anterior.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o relatório de um caso clínico no campo da ginecologia a partir de um paradigma ético que se refere principalmente às denominadas "fontes da moral" (a estrutura objetiva, as circunstâncias, o objetivo). Nesse sentido, primeiramente apresentamos quatro paradigmas éticos para a avaliação de casos clínicos (utilitarismo de preferência, principialismo, personalismo fundado ontologicamente e ética objetiva aristotélica/tomista). Após introduzir os aspectos principais desses paradigmas e indicar que o importante numa avaliação ética não é tanto o julgamento final, mas sim o argumento de que conduz a ela, avaliamos o relatório do caso à luz do paradigma escolhido. Por último, esboçamos uma possível solução ao problema a partir da avaliação ética anterior.

Critérios sociais e éticos de priorização de pacientes: uma pesquisa a estudantes e profissionais de saúde em Portugal / Social and ethical criteria for prioritizing patients: a survey of students and health professionals in Portugal

Resumo O estudo quali-quantitativo explora o dilema ético da microalocação dos recursos da saúde. Objetiva identificar e comparar a opinião de dois grupos da sociedade portuguesa - estudantes e profissionais de saúde sobre a importância das características pessoais dos pacientes no momento de os priorizar e se as escolhas se explicam por referenciais bioéticos de caráter utilitaristas ou deontológicos. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário aplicado a uma amostra de 180 estudantes universitários e 60 profissionais de saúde. Os respondentes perante hipotéticos cenários de emergência clínica tiveram de escolher de entre dois pacientes (distinguidos por idade, sexo, responsabilidade social, situação económica e laboral, comportamentos lesivos da saúde e registo criminal) quem tratar e justificar a escolha. Foram usados testes estatísticos de associação para comparar as respostas dos dois grupos e análise de conteúdo para categorizar as justificações. Os resultados sugerem a existência de diferenças nas escolhas dos dois grupos, com os profissionais de saúde a revelarem aceitar menos a utilização de critérios sociais em contexto de escassez e coexistência de critérios utilitaristas e deontológicos, com predomínio da eficiência por parte dos profissionais de saúde e da equidade por parte dos estudantes.

Abstract This qualitative/quantitative study examines the ethical dilemma of microallocation of health resources. It seeks to identify and compare the opinion of two groups in Portuguese society – students and health professionals – on the importance of personal characteristics of patients at the moment of prioritizing them and if the choices can be explained by bioethical references of a utilitarian or deontological nature. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to a sample of 180 students and 60 health professionals. Faced with hypothetical emergency scenarios, the respondents had to choose between two patients (distinguished by: age, gender, social responsibility, economic and employment situation, harmful health behaviors and criminal record), duly selecting who to treat and then justifying their choice. The results suggest the existence of differences in choices between the two groups, with health professionals revealing they are less prepared to accept the use of social criteria in a context of scarce resources and co-existence of utilitarian and deontological criteria, with a predominance of efficiency on the part of health professionals and equity on the part of students.

A perversão narcísica, um conceito em evolução / The narcissistic perversion, a concept in evolution / La perversión narcisista, un concepto en evolución

Este artigo traça a evolução do conceito clínico de perversão narcísica, desde sua formulação por P.-C. Racamier, passando pelas contribuições de vários autores, sua aplicação na perícia judiciária, na empresa, no campo social, até as modalidades clínicas reagrupadas no quadro de predação moral. Sua psicopatologia é estudada; o lugar do narcisismo patológico permite compreender sua incidência nas psicoses e nos casos limite. Para a abordagem terapêutica e, sobretudo, da dificuldade da transferência, a ideia de vínculo intersubjetivo permite avançar na análise dos mecanismos que procuram implicar uma outra psique e na sua identificação.

This article recalls the evolution of the clinical concept of narcissistic perversion, from its formulation by P.-C. Racamier, the contributions of various authors, its application to legal expertise, in companies, in the social field, to the clinical methods gathered in the case of moral predation. Its psychopathology is studied; the place of pathological narcissism makes it possible to understand its incidence in psychoses and in borderline situations. For the therapeutic approach and in particular in the difficulty of transference, the idea of the intersubjective link makes it possible to advance in the analysis of the mechanisms which try to imply another mind and its recognition.

Este artículo describe la evolución del concepto clínico de la perversión narcisista, desde su formulación por P.-C. Racamier, pasando por las contribuciones de distintos autores, su aplicación en el peritaje judicial, en la empresa, en el campo social, hasta las modalidades clínicas agrupadas en el cuadro de depredación moral. Se estudia su psicopatología; el lugar del narcisismo patológico permite entender su incidencia asociada con las psicosis y en los casos fronterizos. Para el enfoque terapéutico y, en particular, de la dificultad de la transferencia, la idea de vínculo intersubjetivo permite avanzar en el análisis de los mecanismos que intentan implicar otro psiquismo y su reconocimiento.

Selective impairment of cognitive empathy for moral judgment in adults with high functioning autism.

Faced with a moral dilemma, conflict arises between a cognitive controlled response aimed at maximizing welfare, i.e. the utilitarian judgment, and an emotional aversion to harm, i.e. the deontological judgment. In the present study, we investigated moral judgment in adult individuals with high functioning autism/Asperger syndrome (HFA/AS), a clinical population characterized by impairments in prosocial emotions and social cognition. In Experiment 1, we compared the response patterns of HFA/AS participants and neurotypical controls to moral dilemmas with low and high emotional saliency. We found that HFA/AS participants more frequently delivered the utilitarian judgment. Their perception of appropriateness of moral transgression was similar to that of controls, but HFA/AS participants reported decreased levels of emotional reaction to the dilemma. In Experiment 2, we explored the way in which demographic, clinical and social cognition variables including emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy and theory of mind influenced moral judgment. We found that utilitarian HFA/AS participants showed a decreased ability to infer other people's thoughts and to understand their intentions, as measured both by performance on neuropsychological tests and through dispositional measures. We conclude that greater prevalence of utilitarianism in HFA/AS is associated with difficulties in specific aspects of social cognition.

A desigualdade social em peter singer: construindo uma interface com o sistema único de saúde / Social inequality in peter singer: building an interface with the unified health system / La desigualdad social en peter singer: construyendo una interfaz con el sistema único de salud

Trata-se de um estudo reflexivo que teve por objetivos analisar a questão da desigualdade social em Peter Singer e confrontá-la com os princípios norteadores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro. Para a discussão desse tema foram resgatados os conceitos da Teoria Utilitarista, conforme Peter Singer, articulando-os com os princípios orientadores do SUS. O utilitarismo busca priorizar ações, as quais promovam um bem para a maioria das pessoas. O SUS é regido por alguns princípios com um só objetivo: garantir serviços de saúde de qualidade e gratuitos para todos os cidadãos. No entanto, observou-se que esses princípios não são respeitados em sua totalidade e que ainda ocorre um processo excludente, principalmente dos mais pobres. Tornam-se, portanto, necessárias mudanças significativas com maior resolubilidade na assistência à saúde brasileira para todos os cidadãos.

This study thinks over social gaps as discussed by Peter Singer and compares it with the guiding principles of the Unified Health System (SUS). Conceptual and theoretical frameworks of Singer’s Utilitarian Theory were articulated with the guiding principles of the SUS. Utilitarianism sets up priority actions which can favor most people. The SUS is guided by a number of principles with a single objective: to ensure quality and free of charge health services to all citizens. However, it hasbeen noticed that those principles are not universally abided by, generating an exclusionary process affecting the poorest, in particular. Significant changes in health care with stronger effectiveness are therefore required for all Brazilian citizens.

Se trata de un estudio reflexivo que buscó analizar la cuestión de desigualdad social en Peter Singery compararla con los principios rectores del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño. Para la discusión de ese tema fueron rescatados los conceptos de la Teoría Utilitarista de Peter Singer, y su vinculación con los principios orientadores del SUS. El utilitarismo pretende dar prioridad a acciones que promuevan un bien para la mayoría de las personas. El SUS se rige por ciertos principios con un único objetivo: garantizar la calidad de los servicios de salud y gratuitos para todos los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, se observó que esos principios no son respectados en su totalidad y que todavía es un proceso de exclusión, especialmente de los más pobres. Por lo tanto, requiere cambios significativos más resolutivos enel cuidado a la salud para todos los ciudadanos brasileños.

O princípio de igual consideração de interesses semelhantes na ética prática de Peter Singer / The principle of equal consideration of similar interests in Peter Singer's pratical ethics

Peter Singer estabelece um princípio ético para fundar a igualdade entre os seres sencientes humanos e não humanos. Suas reflexões sobre o Princípio de Igual Consideração de Interesses Semelhantes e suas implicações práticas, no entanto, desafiam a compreensão da ética tradicional ao defender os animais como membros da comunidade moral, a moralidade do aborto, do infanticídio e da eutanásia. O presente artigo procura, através de uma revisão da bibliografia, reconstruir a argumentação de Singer, especificamente no livro Ética Prática, para apreciar o alcance desse princípio na ética.

Peter Singer establishes an ethical principle to found the equality between sentient human and non-human beings. His reflections on the principle of equal consideration of similar interests and their practical implications, however, challenge the understanding of traditional ethics to defend the animals as members of the moral community, the morality of abortion, infanticide and euthanasia. This article seeks, through a revision of the bibliography, rebuild the argumentation of Singer, specifically in the book Pratical Ethics, to assess the scope of this principle in ethics.

Fundamentaciones de la bioética / Foundations of bioethics / Fundamentações da bioética

Tras señalar que la bioética no es sino ética aplicada, el artículo describe tres fundamentaciones bioéticas -utilitarismo, de los principios y de los bienes básicos-, examinando sus postulados principales y revelando sus aparentes limitaciones. Concluye que no es posible hacer bioética en forma reflexiva sin un conocimiento crítico de las opciones en filosofía moral y en ontología, y de las cuales derivan los principales desacuerdos actuales en la aplicación de la ética al dominio de la vida humana.

After pointing out that Bioethics is just applied ethics, the article describes three bioethics fundamentals: utilitarianism, of principles and the basic good, examining their main postulates and revealing their apparent limitations. The article concludes that it is not possible to do bioethics in a reflexive form without a critical knowledge of options in moral philosophy and in ontology, and from which the main current disagreement with the application of ethics to the domain of human life are derived.

O presente artigo, além de defender que a bioética é uma ética aplicada, descreve três fundamentações bioéticas possíveis: utilitarismo, principialismo e dos bens básicos, examinando seus postulados principias e revelando suas limitações. Conclui que não é possível fazer bioética de forma reflexiva sem um conhecimento crítico das opções na filosofia moral e na ontologia, das quais derivam os principias desacordos atuais na aplicação da ética no âmbito da vida humana.

Etica en investigación con animales: Una actitud responsable y respetuosa del investigador con rigor y calidad científica / Ethicsin researcch with animals: an atitude responsible and respectfuul of the researcher with rigor and scientific quality

Este artículo intenta promover una reflexión conciente sobre el uso y cuidado de los animales en investigación articulando tanto los conceptos técnicos como los éticos, involucrando lenguajes cotidianos para el científico actual como la calidad, validez y competitividad científica y abordando algunas preguntas que seguramente muchos ya se habrán hecho al respecto.

This article tries to promote a reflection conscientious on the use and taken care of the animal in investigation articulating so much the technical concepts as the ethical ones, involving daily languages for the present scientist like the quality, validity and scientific competitiveness and approaching some questions that surely many already will have been made on the matter.