Trajetórias de adolescentes que vivem com o vírus HIV por transmissão vertical / Trajectories of adolescents living with vertical transmission-HIV virus

Resumo Este estudo analisa as histórias de vida de oito jovens vivendo com HIV por transmissão vertical, visando compreender suas percepções marcadas pelo segredo e silêncio sobre suas vivências com o vírus. Realizado em ambulatório especializado no Rio de Janeiro, o estudo adotou como ferramenta de cuidado a dança circular, considerada uma Prática Integrativa e Complementar em Saúde. Utilizando abordagem qualitativa e a História de Vida como método de coleta, o foco foi compreender as experiências dos jovens, não apenas relacionadas à doença, mas também a aspectos cruciais de suas vidas. Participaram do estudo três meninas e cinco meninos, todos cientes de seu diagnóstico. Os principais temas emergentes incluíram dinâmica familiar, conexão com o ambiente escolar, desafios na adesão ao tratamento, idade no momento da revelação do diagnóstico e tempo decorrido desde então. A análise das narrativas desses jovens, permitiu explorar aspectos individuais e sociais da experiência, revelando similaridades e diferenças entre eles. As oficinas de dança circular ofereceram um espaço lúdico para a expressão de emoções e sentimentos por meio dos movimentos corporais, ampliando as perspectivas dos jovens em relação ao futuro.

Abstract This study analyzes the life stories of eight young people living with vertically transmitted HIV in order to understand their perceptions marked by secrecy and silence regarding their experiences with the virus. Conducted at a specialized outpatient clinic in Rio de Janeiro, the study adopted circle dance, a Complementary and Integrative Health Practice, as a care tool. Using a qualitative approach and Life History as a data collection method, the focus was to understand the youth's experiences related to the disease and the crucial aspects of their lives. Three girls and five boys participated in the study, all aware of their diagnosis. The principal emerging themes included family dynamics, school environment connection, challenges in treatment adherence, age at the time of diagnosis disclosure, and time elapsed since then. Analyzing these young people's narratives allowed us to explore individual and social aspects of their experiences, revealing their similarities and differences. The circle dance workshops provided a playful space for expressing emotions and feelings through body movements, expanding young people's perspectives on the future.

Double screening for syphilis and HIV in pregnant women in a priority municipality for the elimination of vertical transmission in Brazil: incidence, risk factors and spatial analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) recommends double screening (DS) for syphilis and HIV during the first and third trimesters of antenatal care (ANC) to mitigate vertical transmission. We surveyed DS outcomes and their associated factors in a priority Brazilian municipality with >100 000 inhabitants who face challenges for both health problems. METHODS: A total of 399 women were followed up throughout pregnancy using medical records. Spatial and multinomial logistic analyses were performed. RESULTS: There was an incidence rate of 24.8%, 59.4% and 15.8% for 'full DS', 'partial DS' and 'without DS', respectively. Younger women and those with a history of both prematurity and multiparity were less likely to be in the 'full DS' category. There was an overlap of high-density clusters of 'full DS' and 'ANC in better quality basic health units', adherent to both the Family Health Strategy and the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care. CONCLUSIONS: The poor DS outcomes presented in 75% of the cases were mostly linked to delays in starting ANC appointments or their discontinuity. Thus, the MoH recommendations, accompanied by ongoing training, technical assistance and the periodic evaluation of their implementation, need to effectively reach providers and promote counseling and awareness about the importance of DS for pregnant women.

Congenital syphilis: epidemiological analysis and sentinel event of the quality of care for the mother/newborn binomium / Sífilis congênita: análise epidemiológica e evento sentinela da qualidade da assistência ao binômio mãe/recém-nascido

Introduction: congenital syphilis remains a serious public health problem in Brazil and worldwide, being fetal and antenatal infections the main causes of global morbidity and mortality. Objective: to analyze the cases of congenital syphilis and an outcome indicator of the quality of care for the mother/newborn binomial in Vitória (ES), in the 2016-2019 quadrennium. Methods: study with a quantitative approach, which evaluated the indicator "congenital syphilis follow-up". Data were collected in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), for the period from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019. The information regarding the follow-up of NB occurred by searching an electronic medical record, from August 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021. Results: in the 2016-2019 quadrennium, the municipality of Vitória had 169 cases of congenital syphilis, according to the year of diagnosis criterion. This indicator decreased over the quadrennium: 64 cases in 2016 (37.9%), 43 in 2017 (25.4%), 37 in 2018 (21.9%) and 25 in 2019 (14.8 %). The nontreponemal test was reactive in 62.7% of cases. In 10.7% there were alterations in the laboratory analysis of the CSF; 3%, alteration in the examination of long bones; 5.3%, non-treponemal CSF reagent test, and 11.8% were symptomatic at birth. The congenital syphilis incidence rate, which was 14.65/1000 live births in 2016, reached 5.58/1000 live births in 2019. The follow-up indicator for congenital syphilis cases that were born alive was 69.8 % in 2016, 79.5% in 2017, 84.4% in 2018 and 85.7% in 2019. Conclusion: there was a significant reduction in the number of cases of congenital syphilis, in the incidence rate of the disease and progressive improvement in the follow-up of congenital syphilis, having, as a guideline, the Plan to Eliminate Syphilis.

Introdução: a sífilis congênita continua sendo um grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo, sendo as infecções fetais antenatais as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade global. Objetivo: analisar os casos de sífilis congênita e um indicador de resultado da qualidade da assistência ao binômio mãe/recém nascido em Vitória (ES), no quadriênio 2016-2019. Método: estudo de abordagem quantitativa, que avaliou o indicador "seguimento da sífilis congênita". Os dados foram coletados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), referentes ao período de 1.º de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de dezembro de 2019. As informações referentes ao seguimento dos RN com SC ocorreram mediante busca em prontuário eletrônico, no período de 1.º de agosto de 2020 a 31 de março de 2021. Resultados: no quadriênio 2016-2019, o município de Vitória teve 169 casos de sífilis congênita, pelo critério ano de diagnóstico. Esse indicador foi decrescente ao longo do quadriênio: 64 casos em 2016 (37,9%), 43 em 2017 (25,4%), 37 em 2018 (21,9%) e 25 em 2019 (14,8%). O teste não treponêmico foi reagente em 62,7% dos casos. Em 10,7%, houve alterações na análise laboratorial do líquor; 3%, alteração no exame de ossos longos; 5,3%, teste não treponêmico reagente no líquor; e 11,8% apresentaram-se sintomáticos ao nascimento. A taxa de incidência sífilis congênita, que em 2016 se encontrava em 14,65/1000 nascidos vivos, chegou a 5,58/1000 nascidos vivos em 2019. O indicador de seguimento dos casos de sífilis congênita que nasceram vivos foi de 69,8% em 2016, 79,5% em 2017, 84,4% em 2018 e 85,7% em 2019. Conclusão: houve significativa redução do número de casos de sífilis congênita, da taxa de incidência da doença e melhoria progressiva do seguimento da sífilis congênita, tendo, como diretriz, o Plano de Enfrentamento da Sífilis.

Conhecimento atual sobre transmissão vertical de SARS-CoV-2: uma revisão de literatura / Current knowledge about vertical transmission of SARS­CoV­2: aliterature review

Frente sua especificidade, nota-se a dimensão e a complexidade de Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus no cenário atual. Até o momento, há dúvidas pertinentes sobre o potencial de contaminação nas gestantes e recém-nascidos, assim, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, o presente estudo teve como objetivo elencar os riscos eminentes à saúde desse grupo Após a seleção dos artigos no período estabelecido (até setembro de 2020) utilizamos 37 artigos e 3 documentos oficiais para análise da literatura. Evidenciamos a eminente necessidade de compreender a relação de Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus e as possíveis complicações desencadeadas por esse vírus no binômio mãe e filho. Em suma, há fortes indícios da existência da transmissão vertical de Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, assim, torna-se extremamente necessário a elaboração de cuidados assistenciais ao binômio mãe e filho, por intermédio da inserção de protocolos nacionais e adesão de cuidados básicos pertinentes à prevenção. (AU)

The dimension and complexity of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus have become a major challenge for mankind and science and can trigger from sequels mild to lethal. So far, there are pertinent doubts about the potential for contamination in pregnant women and newborns, so, through an integrative review, the present study aimed to list the eminent health risks of this group that need extra attention, resulting from their existing immunological, physiological and physical weaknesses. After selecting the articles in the established period (articles published until September 2020), we included 37 articles and 3 official documents for literature analysis. In view of the pregnant woman's vulnerability and exposure to certain viruses that cause serious pathologies, there is a wide and distinct variety of complications that can affect the mother and child.Thus, there is an eminent need to understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the possible complications triggered by this virus in the pregnant woman's body. There is strong evidence of the existence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it becomes relevant to observe and elaborate care provided to the mother and child, through the insertion of national protocols and adherence to basic care related to prevention. (AU)

Enfermedad por COVID-19 y embarazo / COVID-19 Illness and Pregnancy / Doença por COVID-19 e gravidez

Resumen: La presencia de COVID-19 en una mujer embarazada plantea una serie de inquietantes preocupaciones, ya que otros tipos de coronavirus se han asociado con resultados adversos. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica acerca del abordaje apropiado para pacientes embarazadas con COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos: EMBASE (Elsevier), Lilacs (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud-BVS, interfaz iAHx), Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Wiley), CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid), WHO, ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ICTRP portal) y ClinicalTrials, entre mayo y junio del 2020. Además, se seleccionaron artículos originales, reportes de casos y artículos de revisión publicados en los últimos seis meses. No hubo restricción de idioma para permitir la recopilación de tantas publicaciones como fuera posible.

Abstract: The presence of COVID-19 in a pregnant woman raises a number of disturbing concerns, as other types of coronavirus have been associated with adverse outcomes. The objective of this article is to carry out a bibliographic search about the appropriate approach for pregnant patients with COVID-19. A systematic search was carried out in the following databases: EMBASE (Elsevier), Lilacs (Virtual Health Library-VHL, iAHx interface), Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Wiley), CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid), WHO, ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ICTRP portal) and ClinicalTrials, between May and June 2020. In addition, original articles, case reports and review articles published in the last six months were selected. There was no language restriction to allow the collection of as many posts as possible.

Resumo: A presenta de COVID-19 em urna mulher grávida levanta urna série de preocupares preocupantes, pois outros tipos de coronavírus foram associados a resultados adversos. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar urna pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a abordagem adequada para gestantes com COVID-19. Foi realizada urna busca sistemática ñas bases de dados: EMBASE (Elsevier), Lilacs (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde-BVS, interface iAHx), Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), DARE (Banco de Dados de Resumos de Resenhas de Efeitos, Wiley), CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovidio), QUIEN, ICTRP (Plataforma Internacional de Registro de Ensaios Clínicos, ICTRP portal) e Clinical Trials, entre maio e junho de 2020. Além disso, foram selecionados artigos originais, relatos de casos e artigos de revisão publicados nos últimos seis meses. Não houve restrição de idioma para permitir a coleta do maior número possível de postagens.

Congenital and Intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Neonates: Hypotheses, Evidence and Perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Both intrauterine and intrapartum mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. However, there is still disagreement as to the likelihood and frequency of such vertical transmission. OBJECTIVE: Summarize and analyze the published evidence on forms of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission (either intrauterine or intrapartum). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We carried out a review of literature published in English and Spanish from January 1, 2020 through October 30, 2020. Search engines included PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and medRxiv. There were no restrictions concerning type of study. The review included 48 original research articles, 11 review articles, a meta-analysis, 2 pre-published articles, 15 systematic reviews, and 10 editorials or comments. DEVELOPMENT: Medical thinking on congenital or intrapartum maternal-fetal/neonatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has evolved from preliminary evidence that was divided as to whether these forms of vertical transmission were even possible to current evidence support ing both forms of transmission and hypothesizing as to the mechanisms that guide them. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in maternal, placental, fetal or neonatal tissues has been demonstrated by RT-PCR, specific immunoglobulin detection tests, immunostaining and in-situ hybridization. It is estimated that infections acquired either congenitally or intrapartum occur in 1.8%-8.0% of newborns born to women who test positive for COVID-19 at the end of their pregnancies. This review found 53 neonates who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the first 48 hours of life by either RT-PCR or specific IgM tests. According to criteria outlined in this review, the timing of infection corresponded to congenital or intrapartum transmission in 39.6% (21/53) of COVID-19-positive newborns, to postpartum transmission in 15.1% (8/53) and remains unspecified in 45.3% (24/53). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital and intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 infection in the fetus/newborn is possible, but rare. International collaborative studies using common epidemiological surveillance instruments would allow for a more precise specification of the frequency of congenital and intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 infection at the population level.

Prevention measures for vertical HIV transmission: monitoring infected pregnant women and exposed children / Medidas de prevenção para transmissão vertical do HIV: acompanhamento de gestantes infectadas e crianças expostas

Abstract Objectives: to present an analysis of the follow-up of exposed children and pregnant women living with HIV who are assisted in a reference public healthcare service of a Brazilian capital. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with sociodemographic and clinical data obtainedfrom physical and electronic medical records of women living with HIV and exposed children, treated between 2000 and 2018, in a secondary healthcare service. For associations, the chi-square test at 5% significance was used. Results: the data about 183 pregnancies and 214 children from the capital or other municipalities in the state were analyzed. The women have low schooling, are brown or black, single, multiparous, diagnosed with HIV during prenatal care, with the start of follow-up from the third trimester of pregnancy and the use of prophylaxis during childbirth. As for children, the associations were significant for notification on SINAN, admission to the health service, use of prophylaxis indicating better monitoring for those who live in the state capital. Conclusions: the prevention measures recommended by the Ministry of Health, in general, were followed, but children and pregnant women who live in other cities were worse off than those ones in the capital. Unnotified cases were identified on SINAN. These issues may contribute to new cases of vertical transmission of HIV.

Resumo Objetivos: apresentar uma análise do acompanhamento de crianças expostas e gestantes vivendo com HIV atendidas em um serviço público de referência de uma capital brasileira. Métodos: trata-se de estudo transversal, com dados sociodemográficos e clínicos obtidos em prontuários físicos e eletrônicos mulheres vivendo com HIV e crianças expostas, atendidas entre 2000 a 2018 em um serviço de atenção secundária à saúde. Para as associações foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 183 gestações de 150 mulheres e 214 crianças expostas a infecção pelo HIV As mulheres possuíam baixa escolaridade, eram pardas ou pretas, solteiras, multíparas, com diagnóstico de HIV durante o pré-natal, com início do acompanhamento a partir do terceiro trimestre de gestação e uso de profilaxia durante o parto. Quanto às crianças, as associações foram significativas para notificação no SINAN, admissão no serviço de saúde, uso de profilaxia indicando melhor acompanhamento para aquelas que moravam na capital do estado. Conclusões: as medidas de prevenção recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, em geral, foram seguidas, porém apresentaram pior cenário as crianças e gestantes que residiam em outros munícipios quando comparadas as da capital. Foram identificados casos não notificados no SINAN. Essas questões podem contribuir para novos casos de transmissão vertical do HIV.

Spatial analysis of congenital syphilis in a federative unit in northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Congenital syphilis is an infectious disease that affects 1 million children a year worldwide. METHODS: The objective of this study was to describe a spatial analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of congenital syphilis in the state of Maranhão, Brazil from 2007 to 2018. This was an ecological study using data obtained in May 2020 from three Brazilian information systems. The spatial correlation was analyzed according to local and global Moran indexes. RESULTS: During the 12-y period, 1 426 177 children were born. Of these children, 3684 acquired congenital syphilis (0.26%; mean annual rate of 2.62/1000 live births) and 70 died (1.90%; mean annual rate 0.05). The clusters were statistically significant according to the global Moran index of 0.40 (p=0.01). Spearman's correlation coefficient between the rate of detection of syphilis in pregnant women and family health strategy teams was strong, positive and significant (ρ=0.73; p<0.00). Most of the variables studied showed a trend of annual increase (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of spatial analysis tools have made it possible to detect areas with both a greater and a lesser need for intervention, and to more effectively improve and monitor those areas to change the epidemiological profile of the disease.

Prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH en mujeres migrantes internacionales: escenario actual y desafíos / Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in international migrant women: current scenario and challenges

La prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH es un desafío para todos los países del mundo. Esto se ve complejizado por la construcción permanente de sociedades globales, con grado variable de población migrante internacional. Las políticas, programas y acciones sanitarias para la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en gestantes migrantes demandan una perspectiva intercultural, en donde se aborden todas las dimensiones sociales, culturales y de género asociadas a la infección. El entender la realidad local en cuanto a la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en población migrante internacional en Chile es esencial para llevar acciones concretas que favorezcan la prevención de transmisión madre-hijo de VIH. En este artículo se presentan algunos conceptos esenciales relacionados a esta temática. También se expone información internacional y nacional sobre riesgos de transmisión vertical de VIH en migrantes gestantes, la importancia del plan nacional de preven ción de transmisión vertical de VIH en nuestro país, y algunos esfuerzos que se están realizando para adaptar dicho plan a la realidad de diversidad social y cultural que migrantes gestantes presentan hoy en Chile, como un valioso insumo de salud pública con perspectiva intercultural.

Preventing vertical transmission of HIV is a challenge for all countries worldwide. The permanent construction of global societies with a variable degree of international migrant population has made it more complex. Health policies, programs, and actions for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in pregnant migrants demand an intercultural perspective, where social, cultural, and gender dimen sions associated with the infection are addressed. Understanding the local reality regarding the pre vention of vertical transmission in the international migrant population in Chile is essential to carry out concrete actions that favor the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This article presents some essential concepts related to this topic. It also presents international and national in formation on risks of vertical transmission in pregnant migrants, the importance of the national plan for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in our country, and some ongoing efforts to adapt such plan to the reality of social and cultural diversity that pregnant migrants currently present in Chile, as a useful public health instrument with an intercultural perspective.

Syphilis Notifications and the Triggering Processes for Vertical Transmission: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Syphilis is a disease that is found all over the world that causes damaging effects to the fetus through vertical transmission. This study aimed to analyze the processes that trigger the vertical transmission of syphilis through gestational and congenital syphilis notifications. It is a cross-sectional study. The sample totaled 129 notifications of syphilis in pregnant women and 132 notifications of congenital syphilis in the city of Natal, from 2011 to 2015. Data were obtained from the Information System for Disease Notification. The Chi-square, Student's and Fisher's tests were used to verify associations of interest. Diagnosis of maternal syphilis was predominant in the third trimester of pregnancy. Only 1.6% of the pregnant women were registered with an adequate treatment regimen, of these 16.3% had the concomitant treatment with their partners. Of the affected children, 78.8% were registered as asymptomatic. The factors that trigger vertical transmission are related to the late diagnosis of the pregnant woman and sexual partner(s) and the deficiencies in clinical/therapeutic management in relation to the phase of the disease. Strategies of professional training should be adopted to notify and expand the provision of information for epidemiological surveillance, aiming to strengthen care, reduce vertical transmission and enable the continuous analysis of this problem.

Hierarchical analysis of determinants of HIV vertical transmission: a case-control study / Análise hierarquizada dos determinantes da transmissão vertical do HIV: um estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the association of socioeconomic, obstetric, pediatric and prophylactic factors to the vertical transmission of HIV in children followed at a reference service in Recife between 2010 and 2015. Methods: case-control nested the cohort of children exposed to vertical transmission of HIV. A univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the association of socioeconomic, obstetric, pediatric and prophylactic measures with the outcome. We considered two multivariate approaches, conventional and hierarchical, the latter made it possible to consider different levels of determination. Results: 46.5% of the mothers had low schooling, 69.6% without work-related wages and 35.7% received a family grant. Women with postpartum diagnosis and less than 6 prenatal appointments had a greater chance of vertical transmission. Prophylactic measures were statistically associated with prevention of transmission (p<0.1%). Conclusions: vertical risk factors for HIV transmission were identified: no sewage system, at least six prenatal consultations, first care of the child with more than two months and no prophylaxis in pregnancy and childbirth. Determining factors for which specific policies and programs exist and their non-access social determination evidence of HIV vertical transmission.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a associação dos fatores socioeconómicos, obstétricos, pediátricos e medidas profiláticas à transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças acompanhadas em um serviço de referência no Recife, entre 2010 e 2015. Métodos: caso-controle aninhado a coorte de crianças expostas à transmissão vertical do HIV. Realizou-se análise estatística uni e multivariada da associação das características socioeconômicas, obstétricas, pediátricas e das medidas profiláticas com o desfecho. Considerou-se duas abordagens multivariadas, convencional e hierarquizada, esta última possibilita considerar diferentes níveis de determinação. Resultados: observou-se 46,5% de mães com baixa escolaridade, 69,6% sem remuneração advinda do trabalho e 35,7% recebendo bolsa família. Mulheres com diagnóstico pós-parto e menos de 6 consultas de pré-natal apresentaram maior chance de transmissão vertical. As medidas profiláticas estiveram estatisticamente associadas à prevenção da transmissão (p<0,1%). Conclusões: identificaram-se como fatores de risco para a transmissão vertical do HIV: não possuir rede coletora de esgoto, não ter realizado no mínimo seis consultas de pré-natal, primeiro atendimento da criança com mais de dois meses e não ter realizado as profilaxias na gestação e no parto. Fatores determinantes para os quais existem políticas e programas específicos e o seu não acesso evidencia a determinação social da transmissão vertical do HIV.

Mothers living with HIV: replacing breastfeeding by infant formula / Madres viviendo con VIH: la sustitución de la lactancia por una fórmula láctea infantil / Mães vivendo com HIV: a substituição do aleitamento por fórmula láctea infantil

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore factors that interact and shape the meaning and experience of mothers of HIV-exposed children in relation to replacing breastfeeding by infant formula. Method: A qualitative study was carried out with 23 mothers living with HIV, whose children were up to 18 months of age and under follow-up in a specialized care service. Symbolic Interactionism, semi-structured interviews and content analysis were adopted as theoretical framework. Results: The social symbols of breastfeeding, the (un)availability of the milk formula and the (lack of)support of health professionals influenced the mothers' experience with formula feeding. Social, cultural and economic constraints have proved capable of undermining the conditions necessary for the replacement of breastfeeding. Final considerations: The availability of infant formula, access to lactation inhibitor and quality of health services still represent challenges to eradicate new HIV infections in children.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar los factores que interactúan y moldean el significado y la experiencia de madres de niños expuestos al VIH en relación a la sustitución de la lactancia por una fórmula láctea infantil. Método: Estudio cualitativo, con 23 madres viviendo con VIH, cuyos hijos tenían hasta 18 meses de edad y estaban bajo seguimiento en servicio de asistencia especializada. Se adoptaron el Interaccionismo Simbólico como referencial teórico, entrevistas semiestructuradas y el análisis de contenido. Resultados: Los símbolos sociales de la lactancia, la (in) disponibilidad de la fórmula láctea y el (des) apoyo de los profesionales de la salud influenciaron a la experiencia de las madres con la alimentación por una fórmula láctea. Los cercos sociales, culturales y económicos se mostraron capaces de perjudicar las condiciones necesarias para la sustitución de la lactancia materna. Consideraciones finales: La disponibilidad de la fórmula láctea infantil, el acceso al inhibidor de la lactancia y la calidad de los servicios de salud todavía representan desafíos para eliminar nuevas infecciones por el VIH en niños.

RESUMO Objetivo: Explorar os fatores que interagem e moldam o significado e a experiência de mães de crianças expostas ao HIV em relação à substituição do aleitamento por fórmula láctea infantil. Método: Estudo qualitativo, com 23 mães vivendo com HIV, cujos filhos tinham até 18 meses de idade e estavam sob acompanhamento em serviço de assistência especializado. Foram adotados o Interacionismo Simbólico como referencial teórico, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os símbolos sociais da amamentação, a (in)disponibilidade da fórmula láctea e o (des)apoio dos profissionais de saúde influenciaram a experiência das mães com a alimentação por fórmula láctea. Cerceamentos sociais, culturais e econômicos mostraram-se capazes de prejudicar as condições necessárias para a substituição do aleitamento materno. Considerações finais: A disponibilidade da fórmula láctea infantil, o acesso ao inibidor de lactação e a qualidade dos serviços de saúde ainda representam desafios para eliminar novas infecções pelo HIV em crianças.

Screening on prenatal infections in the South and Southwest macro-regions in the State of Bahia, Brazil: detected on paper filter / Triagem pré-natal de infecções nas macrorregiões sul e sudoeste do estado da Bahia, Brasil: detectadas em papel de filtro

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the detection rate on prenatal screening pathologies on paper filter in the South and Southwest in the State of Bahia, as well as to delineate the epidemiological profile of these pregnant women, calculate and estimate the rate of adherence and the coverage of the Program. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out from August 2013 to August 2015, and the data were obtained from the Labimuno/ICS/UFBA. Results: 64,743 pregnant women were included; the mean ages were 25 years for the Southwest macro-region and 23 for the South. The results on the screening tests showed positivity of 0.13% and 0.29% for HBsAg, 0.17% and 0.22% for cytomegalovirus, 0.07% and 0.09% for HCV, 0.13% and 0.38% for HTLV, 0.04% and 0.19% for HIV, 1.2% and 2.84% for syphilis, and 0.54% and 0.73% for toxoplasmosis in the Southwest and South macro-regions, respectively. The estimates on coverage were considered satisfactory. Sickle cell anemia showed positivity of 0.02% and of 0.04% and 5% and 6.3% presented sickle cell trait in the Southwest and South macro-regions, respectively. Conclusions: the frequencies of infections in maternal-fetal health were considered low, highlighting on syphilis and the presence for sickle cell trait.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a taxa de detecção de patologias da TPN em papel de filtro nas regiões Sul e Sudoeste do Estado da Bahia, bem como delinear o perfil epidemiológico dessas gestantes, calcular e estimar a taxa de adesão e abrangência de cobertura do Programa. Métodos: estudo descritivo, de agosto 2013 a agosto de 2015, de dados obtidos do Labimuno/ICS/UFBA. Resultados: foram incluídas 64.743 gestantes; as médias das idades foram de 25 anos para a macrorregião Sudoeste e 23 para Sul. Os resultados de exames de triagem mostraram positividade de 0,13% e 0,29% para AgHBs, 0,17% e 0,22% para citomegalovírus, 0,07% e 0,09% para VHC, 0,13% e 0,38% para HTLV, 0,04% e 0,19% para HIV, 1,2% e 2,84% para sífilis, e 0,54% e 0,73% para toxoplasmose, para a macrorregião Sudoeste e Sul, respectivamente. As estimativas de cobertura foram consideradas satisfatórias. A anemia falciforme mostrou positividade de 0,02% e de 0,04% e 5% e 6,3% apresentaram o traço falcêmico, macrorregião Sudoeste e Sul, respectivamente. Conclusões: as frequências das infecções na saúde materno-fetal foram consideradas baixas, com destaque para sífilis e para a presença do traço falcêmico.

Simultaneous circulation of arboviruses and other congenital infections in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Arboviruses (Zika, dengue and chikungunya) represent a major risk for pregnant women, especially because their vertical transmission can lead to neurological damage in newborns. Early diagnosis can be difficult due to similar clinical presentation with other congenital infections that are associated with congenital abnormalities. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the circulation of arboviruses and other pathogens responsible for congenital infections, reporting clinical aspects and geographic distribution of maternal rash in a metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). METHODS: Cross-sectional study with pregnant women presenting rash attended at the Exanthematic Diseases Unit (Niterói, Rio de Janeiro) from 2015 to 2018. Diagnosis of arboviruses was performed by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and laboratorial screening for syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and HIV was assessed. Demographic data was used for georeferencing analysis. FINDINGS: We included 121 pregnant women, of whom Zika virus was detected in 45 cases (37.2%), chikungunya in 33 (27.3%) and dengue in one (0.8%). Five patients presented syphilis, and we observed one case each of listeria, cytomegalovirus, and a syphilis-toxoplasmosis case. Similarity of clinical symptoms was observed in all groups; however, 84.8% of patients with chikungunya presented arthralgia. Following the decline of Zika cases, chikungunya infection was mostly observed during 2017-2018. Considering pregnant women infected with arboviruses and other infections, 41% resided in urban slums, mostly in Niterói. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous circulation of arboviruses and other agents responsible for congenital infections were observed; however, we did not identify co-infections between arboviruses. In this scenario, we emphasize the importance of adequate prenatal care to provide an accurate diagnosis of maternal rash.

Profile of infected pregnant women and children exposed to HIV at a specialized service in the South of Brazil / Perfil de gestantes infectadas e crianças expostas ao HIV atendidas em serviço especializado do sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to characterize the social and clinical profile of pregnant women infected with HIV, the factors associated to the prevention of vertical transmission, and to analyze the quality of the information available in the SINAN notification forms and clinical records of infected pregnant women and children exposed to HIV in a specialized service in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: retrospective documentary study conducted from medical records of 110 HIV mothers and their children born between June/2014 and March/2017. For the analysis, the absolute frequency and the data percentage were taken under consideration. Results: the characterization of infected women represents a Brazilian scenario among young adults, low schooling level and the occurrence of unpaid employment situation. Most mothers underwent treatment during pregnancy and had prenatal care with the intention of applying the prophylactic measures recommended by the national protocols. A greater occurrence of incompleteness of data in the factors of prevention of vertical transmission was identified. Conclusions: the compromise is identified regarding the quality of assistance addressed to the population, which is largely exposed to unfavorable social conditions. The occurrence of data incompleteness shows that there is still not a culture among health professionals that ensures that the information is adequately filled out and favors the exchange of the information among the services.

Resumo Objetivos: caracterizar o perfil social e clínico de gestantes infectadas pelo HIV, os fatores associados à prevenção da transmissão vertical, e analisar a qualidade das informações disponíveis nas fichas de notificação do SINAN e prontuários clínicos de gestantes infectadas e crianças expostas ao HIV em um serviço especializado, em uma cidade no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: estudo documental retrospectivo realizado em prontuários de 110 mães com HIV e seus filhos nascidos no período entre junho/2014 a março/2017. Para análise foram considerados a frequência absoluta dos dados e o percentual. Resultados: a caracterização das mulheres infectadas representa o cenário brasileiro, com adultas jovens, escolaridade baixa e ocorrência de situação de emprego não remunerado. A maioria das mães realizou o tratamento durante a gestação e o acompanhamento pré-natal com intenção de aplicar as medidas profiláticas recomendadas pelos protocolos nacionais. Identificou-se maior ocorrência de incompletude dos dados nos fatores de prevenção da transmissão vertical. Conclusões: identifica-se o comprometimento da qualidade da assistência direcionada a população, exposta em grande parte a condições sociais desfavoráveis. A ocorrência de incompletude dos dados mostra que ainda não há uma cultura, entre os profissionais de saúde, que assegure o preenchimento adequado das informações e favoreça a transferência destes entre os serviços.

Tuberculosis congénita pre-extensivamente resistente a drogas: reporte de caso / Pre-extensively drug-resistant congenital tuberculosis: case report

RESUMEN La tuberculosis en el lactante es un cuadro de difícil diagnóstico por las pruebas diagnósticas que muchas veces resultan negativas y por la dificultad de identificar la fuente de transmisión. Se presenta el caso de un lactante varón de un mes de vida que presenta irritabilidad, taquipnea, fiebre, pobre ganancia de peso desde el nacimiento y hepatomegalia, además, tiene el antecedente materno de tuberculosis pre-extensivamente resistente a drogas y reacción granulomatosa tuberculoide con tinción auramina positiva para bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes en la histopatología de placenta. Ante la sospecha de tuberculosis congénita, es referido al Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño para estudio diagnóstico y tratamiento; el paciente presenta una evolución clínica favorable y sin reacciones adversas al tratamiento. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis congénita debe considerarse en lactantes con signos clínicos sugestivos de la enfermedad y mantener la sospecha ante la presencia del antecedente materno de infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis in infants is a clinical case difficult to diagnose by regular testing which often yield negative results; additionally, the source of transmission is difficult to identify. This work presents the case of a one-month old nursing boy presenting irritability, tachypnea, fever, poor gain weight from birth, and hepatomegaly. Additionally, he had the maternal history of pre-extensively drug- resistant tuberculosis and tuberculoid granulomatosis reaction with positive auramine tincture for acid-alcohol resistant bacilli at histopathology of the placenta. With a suspected congenital tuberculosis, he was referred to the National Children's Health Institute for diagnosis and treatment. The patient showed a favorable clinical evolution and no adverse reactions to treatment. The diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis must be considered in infants with suggestive clinical signs of the disease and such suspicion must be maintained with the presence of a maternal history of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Asociación de factores obstétricos y neonatales con casos de sepsis neonatal temprana. Cartagena, Colombia / Association of obstetric and neonatal factors with cases of early neonatal sepsis. Cartagena, Colombia

Introducción: La sepsis neonatal temprana es un problema de salud pública y es la principal causa de complicaciones y fallecimientos en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatales. Objetivo: Asociar factores de riesgo obstétrico y neonatal con la presencia de sepsis temprana en Cartagena (2014-2015). Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos y control. La muestra son 183 casos y 366 controles, incluye pacientes que cumplan simultáneamente criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizó análisis bivariado y se construyó modelo multivariado de regresión logística. Resultados: Entre las variables asociadas con sepsis temprana en las que se pudo definir el riesgo se encuentran la ruptura prematura de membrana >18 horas (OR 12,78 IC 95 por ciento 4,01-36,6), el riesgo de sepsis por parto vaginal (OR 2,69 IC 95 por ciento 1,58-4,57), el sexo masculino del recién nacido (OR 2,38 IC 95 por ciento1,38-4,08), y la prematuridad (OR 3,13 IC 95 por ciento 1,24-7,86) Conclusiones: En las madres con ruptura prematura de membranas y recién nacidos prematuros nacidos por vía vaginal es evidente una asociación causal con los casos de sepsis neonatal temprana(AU)

Introduction: Early neonatal sepsis is a public health problem and the leading cause of complications and deaths in neonatal intensive care units. Objective: To associate obstetric and neonatal risk factors with the presence of early sepsis in Cartagena (2014-2015). Material and Methods: Case Study and Retrospective Controls. The sample is composed of 183 cases and 366 controls, including patients who simultaneously meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. A bivariate analysis was performed and a logistic regression multivariate model was constructed. Results: Among the variables associated with early sepsis in which the risk could be defined, the following may be listed: premature rupture of membrane > 18 hours (OR 12.78 CI 95 percent 4.01-36.6), risk of sepsis due to vaginal childbirth (OR 2.69 95 percent CI 1.58-4.57), male newborn (OR 2.38 95 percent CI 1.38-4.08), and prematurity (OR 3.13 IC 95 percent 1.24-7.86). Conclusions: In mothers with premature rupture of membranes and vaginally born premature infants, a causal association with cases of early neonatal sepsis is evident(AU)

Management of syphilis in pregnancy: Knowledge and practices of health care providers and barriers to the control of disease in Teresina, Brazil.

AIMS: The aim of the study is to verify the knowledge and practices of health professionals working in prenatal care (PNC) related with syphilis during pregnancy and to identify the main barriers to the implementation of protocols for the control of this disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in Teresina, Brazil, from January to May 2015, was conducted with 366 physicians and nurses working in PNC, corresponding to 70% of eligible professionals. We evaluated 20 knowledge and practice criteria related to the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy with a 95% compliance standard. We performed descriptive analysis of the data and used χ2 statistical test to verify differences according to professional category. RESULTS: Only 2 criteria, "knowledge about mother to child transmission according to gestational age" and "counselling on infection," reached 95% compliance. Knowledge of the epidemiological profile of congenital syphilis and the goal of elimination of congenital syphilis and knowledge about serological tests had scores below 50%, while practices related with posttest counselling, cure control, and treatment of partners reached 60%. We identified organisational barriers related to the late initiation of PNC, to the delayed return of syphilis test results, to the application of benzathine penicillin in primary care units and to the treatment of partners. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for early initiation of PNC, implementation of rapid tests for syphilis, ensuring treatment of pregnant women with penicillin, adequate partner treatment, and continued education of health professionals on clinical management and counselling in sexually transmitted diseases are necessary to eliminate congenital syphilis.

Educational technologies and practices for prevention of vertical HIV transmission / Tecnologías y prácticas educativas para la prevención de la transmisión vertical del SIDA / Tecnologias e práticas educativas para prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess available evidence on educational technologies and practices for prevention of vertical HIV transmission. Method: LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, BDENF, between April and May 2016, with the descriptors: "Vertical Transmission of Infectious Disease", "HIV", "Health Education" and "Technology". Results: there are 16 articles published between 2000 and 2014, mostly Brazilian and African, Cross-sectional and with low level of evidence. The studies covered the use of hard technologies, through video, radio and telephone, and soft, emphasizing, in particular, counseling. Conclusion: the studies recognize the importance of educational activities as a tool for health promotion in the context of vertical HIV transmission, despite reporting the need for constant training of professionals and urgency in the renewal of educational concepts and practices. Therefore, it is recommended to expand and consolidate health counseling and emphasize the role of nurses as an important actor in this setting.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar las evidencias disponibles sobre las tecnologías y prácticas educativas para prevenir la transmisión vertical del SIDA. Método: la revisión integrativa, en las bases LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, BDENF, entre abril y mayo de 2016, con los descriptores: "Vertical Transmission of Infectious Disease", "HIV", "Health Education" e "Technology". Resultados: se encuentran 16 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2014, la mayoría brasileña y africana, transversal y con bajo nivel de evidencia. Los estudios abordaron la utilización de tecnologías duras, por medio de vídeo, radio y uso de teléfono, y ligeras, enfatizando, sobre todo el asesoramiento. Conclusión: los estudios reconocen la importancia de las actividades educativas como herramienta para promover la salud en el contexto de la transmisión vertical del SIDA, a pesar de relatar la necesidad de capacitación constante de los profesionales y urgencia en la renovación de los conceptos y prácticas educativas. De este modo, se recomienda la ampliación y consolidación del asesoramiento en salud y se destaca el papel del enfermero como importante actor de ese escenario.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as evidências disponíveis sobre as tecnologias e práticas educativas para prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV. Método: revisão integrativa, nas bases LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, BDENF, entre abril e maio de 2016, com os descritores: "Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical", "HIV", "Health Education" e "Technology". Resultados: encontram-se 16 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2014, a maioria brasileiro e africano, transversal e com baixo nível de evidência. Os estudos abordaram a utilização de tecnologias duras, por meio de vídeo, rádio e uso de telefone, e leves, enfatizando, sobretudo o aconselhamento. Conclusão: Os estudos reconhecem a importância das atividades educativas como ferramenta para promoção da saúde no contexto da transmissão vertical do HIV, apesar de relatar a necessidade de capacitação constante dos profissionais e urgência na renovação dos conceitos e práticas educativas. Destarte, recomenda-se a ampliação e consolidação do aconselhamento em saúde e destaca-se o papel do enfermeiro como importante ator desse cenário.

Ocorrência de alterações auditivas em lactentes expostos à transmissão vertical do HIV / Occurrence of hearing disorders in infants exposed to HIV vertical transmission

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a ocorrência de alterações auditivas periféricas e centrais em lactentes expostos à transmissão vertical do HIV. Métodos Análise retrospectiva de 144 prontuários de lactentes que passaram por avaliação auditiva ao nascimento, entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2015, com pesquisa das emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente e do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico. Os lactentes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo estudo (GE), composto por 72 lactentes com mães soropositivas para o HIV e grupo controle (GC), com 72 lactentes sem risco para perda auditiva. O GE teve, ainda, os resultados do monitoramento auditivo aos 6 meses de idade analisados. Resultados Os grupos não se diferenciaram em relação à idade e ao gênero. Os resultados das emissões otoacústicas foram normais em ambos os grupos, revelando função coclear normal. Houve tendência do grupo estudo de apresentar maior ocorrência de alterações centrais no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico. A maioria dos lactentes não compareceu ao monitoramento auditivo e, entre os presentes, houve identificação de alteração audiológica. Conclusão Não houve alteração de função coclear na população estudada. Houve tendência de mais alterações centrais no grupo estudo, com predomínio das alterações de tronco baixo. Houve pouca adesão ao monitoramento auditivo e baixa concordância entre a primeira e a última avaliação.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the occurrence of peripheral and central auditory impairments in infants exposed to HIV vertical transmission. Methods Retrospective analysis of 144 medical charts of infants who underwent audiological evaluation at birth, between 2010 and 2015, through transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response. The infants were divided into two groups: Study Group: composed of 72 infants with HIV positive mothers; and Control Group: with 72 infants without risk factors for hearing loss. For the study group, the results of the audiological monitoring at six months of age were also analyzed. Results The groups did not differ in age and sex. Results of otoacoustic emissions were normal in both groups, thus having normal cochlear function. In the study group, there was a tendency to present a higher occurrence of abnormalities in the auditory brainstem response results. The majority of infants did not show up for audiological monitoring, and among those who showed up, it was possible to identify audiological impairments. Conclusion There was no cochlear function impairment in the study sample. There was a tendency towards central hearing impairments in the study group, with a predominance of lower brainstem impairment. There was a poor adherence to audiological monitoring and poor agreement between the first and last evaluation.