The effects of exposure to dating violence and cyber victimization of female university students on resilience and happiness levels.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of exposure to dating violence and cyber victimization of female university students on resilience and happiness levels. METHODS: The data of this descriptive and correlational study were obtained from 400 female students studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing between December 2021 and April 2022 via a personal information form, the Cyber Victim Scale (CVS), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the Oxford Happiness Inventory - Brief Form (OHI). In data analysis, Independent Samples t-Test, Pearson Correlation, and Linear Regression analysis were used together with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the students, 6.5 % were exposed to physical, 8.3 % to economic, 9.8 % to sexual, 28.8 % to verbal, and 53.8 % to emotional dating violence. A significant difference was found between students' exposure to verbal (p = 0.013) dating violence and their resilience. A significant difference was also found between students' exposure to verbal and sexual (p = 0.04) dating violence and their happiness. There was a significant, negative, poor correlation between the mean of the female students' CVS scores and the BRS (r = -0.178, p < 0.001) and OHI scores (r = -0.247, p < 0.001). It was concluded that cyber victimization is a risk factor for resilience and happiness of the female university students. CONCLUSION: Early detection of dating violence and cyber victimization among university students is important in combating violence. In addition, considering that cyber victimization affects the level of psychological resilience and happiness, students' awareness of cyber victimization should be increased in the fight against cyber victimization to increase the mental health of young people.

The Developmental Collision Hypothesis: An Empirical Test With Three Generations of Sexual Minority Youth.

Sexual minority youth experience disproportionate rates of mental health symptomatology relative to their heterosexual peers. Less is known about why these disparities have persisted despite growing public awareness of sexual diversity. The developmental collision hypothesis states that increased cultural visibility of sexual diversity has accelerated the developmental timing of sexual minority identity formation processes such that they collide with early adolescence, a uniquely sensitive period for experiencing identity-based stigma and associated mental health vulnerability. To test this hypothesis, levels and relations between ages of sexual minority identity development milestones, frequency of LGBT-related victimization, and depressive symptoms were examined across three age-matched but cohort-distinct samples of sexual minority adolescents. Data come from three secondary datasets of sexual minority youth who were adolescents in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, respectively: the Challenges and Coping Study, the Victimization and Mental Health among High Risk Youths Study, and the Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide among Sexual Minority Youth Study (n = 1312; Mage = 17.34, SD = 1.30; 52% female). Adolescents from more recent cohorts reported earlier mean ages of several milestones but similar frequencies of LGBT-related victimization relative to those from less recent cohorts. Path analysis models showed that earlier milestones were associated indirectly with more depressive symptoms through LGBT-related victimization. Notably, earlier ages of self-identification and disclosure of a sexual minority identity were also directly related to less depressive symptoms. Few generational differences in relations between constructs emerged. Findings garner initial support for the developmental collision hypothesis and suggest that LGBT-related victimization, rather than earlier milestones themselves, increases mental health vulnerability.

Co-occurrence of Traditional and Cyberbullying Victimization Among Adolescents: Characteristics, Psychological Difficulties, and Resilience.

This study examines whether students' experience of combined victimization, the experience of both traditional bullying and cyberbullying, is correlated with psychological difficulties. Additionally, the study examines whether Israeli students who cope with combined victimization differ in their resilience resources from students who experience solely traditional bullying, cyberbullying, or neither. Participants included 430 students aged 13-15 years from four Israeli schools who completed self-report questionnaires. The study results indicate that students who experience combined victimization experience significantly greater psychological difficulties than students who experience traditional bullying and students who experience no victimization. Moreover, the extent of emotional self-efficacy and social support among students who experienced combined victimization was significantly lower than those who experienced no victimization. Implications of the results are discussed.

Examination of Cyberbullying Experiences of Social Media Users.

This study was carried out in a descriptive and cross-sectional design in order to examine the cyberbullying experiences of individuals using social media. This descriptive study was conducted online between June 16, 2022, and August 16, 2022, in Turkey. The data collection process was completed with 471 participants. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the Cyberbullying Triangulation Questionnaire. The mean questionnaire score was found to be 7.36 ± 6.99. Cyberbully, cybervictim, and cyberbystander scores of men were found to be higher than those of women. Also, cybervictim, cyberbully, and cyberbystander scores of those who experienced cybervictim or engaged in cyberbully were significantly higher (p < .05). A positive relationship was found between cyberbully and cybervictim (p = .000), between cyberbystander and cybervictim and cyberbully (p < .05), and between the Cyberbullying Triangulation Questionnaire total scores and cybervictim, cyberbully, and cyberbystander (p < .05). Individuals should be given training on risky internet use and the correct use of technology to prevent cyberbullying. Families should also be supported in setting an example, setting rules, applying filtering software, determining online behavior rules, and communicating with the bully or victim child. Individuals should be informed about the steps to follow when exposed to cyberbullying. Although legal sanctions are effective on cyberbullying, it is recommended that a holistic study be planned and carried out according to the people's age group and development level to increase awareness about the phenomenon.

Navigating the Criminal Justice System: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence on the Experiences of Homicide Co-victims.

Homicide is considered a crime against the state rather than the covictims, which impacts on criminal justice system (CJS) processes and can lead to secondary victimization. This review explores the experience of co-victims (i.e., family members) engaging with the CJS. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria and were identified through searching six bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, HMIC, CINAHL, ASSIA, IBSS, and SSCI) and supplementary searches. Two reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Thematic synthesis resulted in three themes: (a) information and meaningful inclusion, (b) who is the justice system for?, and (c) relating to victims as people. These themes highlight concerns regarding the marginalization of co-victims within the CJS and suggest ways to enhance processes to avoid further marginalizing and traumatizing co-victims.

Linking Daily Victimization to Daily Affect Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and Disturbance.

Bullying victimization is prevalent among adolescents and often linked to emotional problems. Prior studies have been focused on the concurrent or longitudinal associations between bullying victimization and emotional problems, but the daily associations and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Implementing daily diary method, the study aimed to examine the links between daily victimization and positive and negative affect as well as the mediating role of sleep quality and disturbance. A total of 265 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 11.65, SD = 0.74; 32.80% females) participated in this study and completed 7-day daily diaries on bullying victimization (traditional and cyber victimization), sleep quality and disturbance, and affect. As hypothesized, at the between-person level, sleep disturbance mediated the relationships between both traditional and cyber victimization and subsequent negative affect. At the within-person level, sleep quality mediated the pathway between traditional victimization and next-day negative affect; furthermore, sleep disturbance mediated the pathway between traditional victimization and positive affect the following day. These findings highlight the mediating roles of sleep quality and sleep disturbance in the relationships between stressful victimizing experiences and emotional problems and also provide novel insights into these associations.

Childhood Maltreatment, Revictimization, and Partner Violence Victimization Through Midlife: A Prospective Longitudinal Investigation.

Existing research suggests that prior victimizations during a person's lifetime, particularly childhood traumas and maltreatment, are risk factors for abuse and revictimization in adulthood, although longitudinal evidence is sparse. Using data from a 30-year ongoing longitudinal study of the long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment, this paper describes the extent to which childhood maltreatment predicts subsequent victimization and partner violence victimization at two time points in adulthood. Data were obtained from a prospective cohort design study in which children with court-substantiated cases of maltreatment (ages 0-11 years) and demographically matched controls were followed into adulthood and interviewed over several waves. Childhood maltreatment was assessed through juvenile and adult court records from 1967 to 1971 in a midwestern county area in the United States. Victimization experiences were assessed from 2000 to 2002 (Mage = 39.5 years) and 2009 to 2010 (Mage = 47.5) and included two types based on information from the lifetime trauma and victimization history instrument and questions about past year partner violence victimization. Individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment were more likely to report physical and sexual assaults and kidnapping and stalking victimization than controls through age 39.5. In contrast, the two groups did not differ at the later assessment at age 47.5, except maltreated individuals reported greater risk for sexual assault/abuse than controls. For intimate partner violence victimization at age 39.5, maltreated and control groups differed only in terms of victimization involving injury. Later in adulthood, more individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment reported partner physical violence victimization compared to controls. Although these longitudinal findings showed a general decline in victimization experiences over the two time points, these results demonstrate that childhood maltreatment increases risk for subsequent revictimization in middle adulthood, specifically for sexual assault/abuse and intimate partner physical violence victimization. These findings have implications for prevention and intervention efforts targeting maltreated children.

Beyond the screen: Examining the associations between cyberbullying, social media addiction, and mental health outcomes among medical students: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Cyberbullying and excessive social media use are emerging issues among medical students, with potential implications for mental health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying, social media addiction, and their associated mental health conditions, as well as to explore the associated factors among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 418 medical students in Gujarat using a self-administered questionnaire. Cyberbullying was assessed using the Revised Cyberbullying Inventory (RCI-R), social media addiction was measured using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and mental health issues were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of cyberbullying, social media addiction, depression, anxiety, and stress among participants was 27.5% (95% CI: 23.4%-31.9%), 32.1% (95% CI: 27.8%-36.7%), 37.6% (95% CI: 33.1%-42.2%), 41.9% (95% CI: 37.3%-46.6%), and 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6%-50.9%), respectively. Factors associated with increased risk of being a cyber victim included older age, female gender, later years of study, increased daily mobile and social media usage, social media as the preferred mobile usage, and social media addiction. Factors associated with being a cyberbully were similar, except for the male gender. Both cyber victimization and social media addiction were significantly associated with higher odds of depression [aOR-2.5 (1.6-3.9) and 2.1 (1.4-3.2)], anxiety [aOR-2.2 (1.4-3.4) and 1.9 (1.3-2.8)] and stress [aOR-2.8 (1.8-4.3) and 2.4 (1.6-3.6)]. Conclusions: Cyberbullying, social media addiction, and mental health issues are prevalent among medical students. Targeted interventions addressing excessive social media use, promoting responsible online behaviour, and supporting mental well-being are crucial for this population. Further research is needed to establish causal relationships and develop effective prevention and support strategies.

Parental involvement in school and school victimization in Taiwan: The mediating role of quality of student-teacher relationships.

A link between parental involvement in school and student victimization in school is often assumed, but empirical studies have shown inconsistent results. Research suggests that the quality of student-teacher relationships could potentially serve as a crucial mediating factor in the link between parental school involvement and student victimization in school. However, the proposition in question lacks sufficient empirical evidence to substantiate it. This paper examines how parental school involvement indirectly influences student victimization by peers and teachers in school mediated via the quality of student-teacher relationships. Additionally, it further investigates sex differences in the patterns of relationships among parental school involvement, quality of student-teacher relationships, and student victimization by peers and teachers in school. Data were derived from a nationally representative sample of 934 junior high school students and their parents/caregivers in Taiwan. The results revealed that parental school involvement had a nonsignificant direct association with school victimization by peers and teachers, but a significant indirect association with both types of school victimization mediated via the quality of student-teacher relationships. These findings are applicable to both boys and girls. To reduce school victimization, policies and intervention programs could consider promoting parental school involvement and the quality of student-teacher relationships.

Silent Screams: A Narrative Review of Cyberbullying Among Indian Adolescents.

Cyberbullying is bullying with the use of digital technologies, which can take place on social media, messaging platforms, gaming platforms, and mobile phones. It is repeated behavior aimed at scaring, angering, or shaming those who are targeted. India happens to be one of the rapidly improving countries in the cyber world and thus faces a lot of problems regarding cyber crimes, especially cyberbullying. This narrative review aims to provide a thorough assessment of the impact of cyberbullying among Indian adolescents. The database engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO were searched relevant to the Indian context, focused on cyberbullying and victimization among adolescents, and published within the last 10 years (2014-2024) were included. Around 19 articles were reviewed and analyzed. Cyberbullying in India is on the rise due to increased technology access, social media, and insufficient awareness and prevention measures, with significant gender differences in aggression patterns. The severe psychological and physiological effects on victims, including depression and stress-related health issues, highlight the need for accurate data and culturally tailored interventions. Studies show varying prevalence rates, emphasizing the urgent need for focused efforts to combat cyberbullying among Indian youth. The review encompasses various aspects, including prevalence, standard methods, forms, causes, consequences, and effects on mental health factors contributing to cyberbullying in India. Additionally, the review explores cyberbullying during COVID-19 and interventions for cyberbullying and highlights the evidence from cohort studies, mixed-method studies, and systematic reviews. A growing number of adolescents are experiencing cyberbullying, which has a severe impact on their lives and leads to unexpected deviances. Cyberbullying remains a growing threat, requiring stronger, coordinated action by the government to genuinely make a difference and safeguard adolescents in India.

Physical activity moderated the mediating effect of self-control between bullying victimization and mobile phone addiction among college students.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and mobile phone addiction (MPA) among college students, taking into consideration the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of physical activity. A self-report survey was administered to college students from 4 universities in Guangxi, Liaoning, and Hunan provinces in China. Participants were asked to report their experiences of bullying victimization, level of MPA, self-control, and physical activity. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. Mediation and moderation models were subsequently established to examine the relationships between variables. The results indicated a positive correlation between bullying victimization and MPA among college students. Additionally, bullying victimization was negatively correlated with self-control. Bullying victimization significantly predicted MPA, and self-control partially mediated this relationship. Furthermore, physical activity moderated the association between bullying victimization and self-control among college students. The findings suggest that self-control plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between bullying victimization and MPA among college students. Moreover, physical activity weakens the association between bullying victimization and self-control. Therefore, promoting physical activity to reduce MPA among college students who have experienced bullying victimization is highly recommended.

Exploring the Link Between Cyber Victimization and Depression.

Cyber victimization is strongly and positively associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence. Identifying mechanisms of this association is imperative to benefit adolescents' mental health. Applying the General Aggression Model in a theoretically novel way, this study examined a complex mediational pathway between cyber victimization and depressive symptoms. Two hundred seventy-seven adolescent participants (M age = 15.84; 65.7% females) reported their own cyber victimization experiences, depressive symptoms, and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attributions in response to a hypothetical cyber victimization scenario. Path analysis within structural equation modeling was used to test a model where cyber victimization predicted depressive symptoms through characterological self-blame cognitions, sadness emotions, and passive avoidance behaviors. Characterological self-blame was found to partially mediate the positive and significant association between cyber victimization and depressive symptoms. Sadness emotions and passive avoidance behaviors did not emerge as significant mediators. The findings implicate the importance of cognitions in explaining the association between cyber victimization and depression and suggest incorporating cognitive re-framing education into anti-cyberbullying prevention programs.

Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence in the Perinatal Period in a Representative Sample of Quebec Mothers.

Using a nationally representative sample of 1,264 biological mothers of children aged between 6 months and 5 years, this study identified the prevalence estimates of intimate partner violence occurring in the perinatal period (IPV-PP) and examined the associations between IPV-PP and various characteristics. Findings show that 10.9% of mothers reported victimization to at least one intimate partner violence episode during the perinatal period. Younger maternal age at childbirth, drug consumption, being a single mother, higher parental stress due to the child's temperament, and higher stress due to family and extrafamilial obligations were all associated with IPV-PP. Findings emphasized that IPV-PP is indeed an important public health matter in Quebec. Interventions should focus on victimization screening during the perinatal period and on enhancing victims' security and well-being.

The relationship between school bullying victimization and social mindfulness in middle school students: a chain mediating model of self-concept clarity and cognition reappraisal.

Objective: To determine the relationship between school bullying victimization and social mindfulness and its mechanism in light of the interdependence and schema theories. Method: The Chinese version of the Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale-student, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Self-Concept Clarity Scale and The Social Mindfulness Self-report Scale (SMSRS) were distributed to 553 middle school students. Results: (1) The correlations of school bullying victimization with social mindfulness, self-concept clarity, and cognition reappraisal were statistically significant. (2) School bullying victimization had a significant effect on social mindfulness. (3) The simple mediating role of self-concept clarity and cognition reappraisal between school bullying victimization and social mindfulness were significant. (4) Self-concept clarity and cognition reappraisal played a chain mediating role between school bullying victimization and social mindfulness.

Experiences of victimization before resettlement and chronic disease among foreign-born people in the United States.

Stressful experiences are common among migrants and may have health implications. With the only US nationally representative data set on migration, the New Immigrant Survey, we used survey-adjusted descriptive and multivariate regression methods to examine whether victimization prior to resettlement was associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and chronic lung disease. Among foreign-born people who obtained lawful permanent residence in the US in 2003-04, 6.7 per cent reported victimization before arriving in the US. Those who had experienced victimization more often suffered from chronic conditions than people without such experiences: they were 32 per cent more likely to suffer from at least one chronic condition (p < 0.05), especially cancer (4.36, p < 0.05), arthritis (1.77, p < 0.01), and cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 1.32, p < 0.05). These relationships were in part mediated by differences in healthcare access after arriving in the US between those who had experienced victimization and those who had not. Victimization may have consequences for integration and later-life chronic disease.

Global Trends in Childhood Sexual Abuse and Bullying Victimization: A Comprehensive Analysis from 1990 to 2019.

Objectives: : No comprehensive analysis has yet been published regarding global trends in childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and bullying victimization (BV). The present study offers a longitudinal perspective on their prevalence worldwide. Methods: CSA and BV rates were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, spanning the years 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Trends by gender, region, and human development index (HDI) were examined. Results: For both boys and girls, and in both high- and low-HDI countries, CSA rates did not significantly change from 1990 to 2019 (p>0.05). However, BV rates increased significantly in high- and low-HDI countries for both genders (p<0.001). Subsequently, we analyzed trends separately by gender across all countries, without considering development level. In this analysis, CSA rates among girls decreased from 1990 to 2000, followed by an increasing tendency after 2000; overall, an upward trend was evident between 1990 and 2019 (p=0.029). In contrast, no significant pattern was observed for boys. Notably, BV demonstrated an increasing trend across all regions when HDI was not considered (p<0.05), with African populations experiencing the most pronounced rise (p<0.001). Globally, boys consistently exhibited higher BV rates than girls. Conclusions: Our research indicates that, on a global scale, rates of CSA among girls have been rising. Additionally, BV rates have increased in all regions for both boys and girls. Notably, this trend in BV rates is occurring irrespective of HDI. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions in areas with high rates of CSA and BV.

"Your Photos, Your Fault": Masculine Honor Beliefs and Perceptions of Revenge Pornography.

We examined how individual differences in masculine honor beliefs (MHBs) related to third-person perceptions of revenge pornography (i.e., a man distributing nude photos of his ex-girlfriend) in response to a break-up. Consistent with our hypotheses, higher levels of MHBs were associated with higher ratings of the woman as negative, higher levels of victim-blaming the woman, and higher ratings of revenge pornography as justified. Furthermore, participants perceived the woman as more at fault, and the man's behavior as more justified, when she cheated on him prior to his revenge (compared to when she did not cheat). Overall, our results suggest that both higher levels of MHBs and instances of infidelity inspire beliefs that disempower women victims. Our research extends our understanding of how MHBs and situational factors relate to perceptions of revenge pornography, including its justification and the stigmatization of its victims.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Regulation in Bullying Victimization and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents: A Cross-Regional and Gender Analysis.

This study explores the mediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents, considering the moderating effects of gender and region. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 3984 adolescents aged 12-18 from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. Data were collected via an online survey administered through Qualtrics. The survey included validated measures such as the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS) to measure bullying victimization, the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to measure self-regulation, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to measure depression. The SPSS macro PROCESS was employed for data analysis, with model 4 used for testing the mediating effects of self-regulation and model 1 for assessing the moderating effects of gender and region. The results demonstrated significant associations between bullying victimization, self-regulation, and depressive symptoms. Self-regulation mediated the positive association between bullying victimization and depression, with notable variations across genders and regions. Specifically, male students in Hong Kong exhibited an increased susceptibility to depression when subjected to bullying. These findings underscore the protective role of self-regulation in mitigating the adverse effects of bullying victimization on adolescent mental health. Implications for interventions and prevention strategies targeting adolescent depression are discussed.

Association of Victimization by Sex among Public Facing Bus and Subway Transit Workers, New York City.

Federal data indicate that assaults on transit workers resulting in fatalities or hospitalizations tripled between 2008 and 2022. The data indicated a peri-pandemic surge of assault-related fatalities and hospitalizations, but assaults with less dire outcomes were not recorded. In collaboration with the Transport Workers Union, Local 100, we conducted an online survey in late 2023 through early 2024 of New York City public-facing bus and subway workers that focused on their work experiences during the 2020-2023 period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Items for this analysis on victimization included measures of physical and sexual assault/harassment, verbal harassment/intimidation, theft, and demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, race, work division). We estimated separate modified Poisson models for each of the four outcomes, yielding prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential interactions between variables with strong main effects in the adjusted model were further examined using product terms. Among 1297 respondents, 89.0% reported any victimization; respondents also reported physical assault (48.6%), sexual assault/harassment (6.3%), verbal harassment/intimidation (48.7%), and theft on the transit system (20.6%). Physical assault was significantly more common among women in the bus division compared to female subway workers, male bus workers, and male subway workers (adjusted PR (aPR) = 3.54; reference = male subway workers; Wald test p < .001). With the same reference group, sexual assault/harassment was more frequently reported among female subway workers (aPR = 5.15; Wald test, p < .001), but verbal assault/intimidation and experiencing theft were least common among women in the bus division (aPR = 0.22 and 0.13, respectively; Wald tests, p < .001). These data point to the need for greater attention to record and report on victimization against workers in both buses and subway.

Working With Youth Who Have Experienced Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Voices From the Field.

Little is known about the experiences of service providers working with youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). In this qualitative study, 12 service providers shared their experiences working with youth who have experienced CSE. Thematic analysis was used to develop key themes that included the challenges posed by working with this population, including the breadth of necessary services and the type of support that is needed for this work. Participants shared the importance of being prepared to work with this population and learn from those with lived experience. The complexity of cases and the difficulty engaging youth who had experienced CSE were also themes. These results can inform service providers who work with youth about the common challenges in working with this population and prepare the next generation of service providers for this difficult work. Training service providers, managing their expectations, and getting them ready for their role will be critical for successful intervention with youth who have experienced CSE.