Identification and phytoremediation potential of spontaneous species in vineyard soils contaminated with copper.

Copper (Cu) contents in vineyard soils due to the application of cupric fungicides cause changes in the native covering flora. Under these conditions, the surviving individuals accumulate the metal in and decrease its availability in the soil, reducing the potential toxicity to grapevine. We have identified spontaneous plant species and their phytoremediation potential from vineyards of Isabella (Vitis labrusca) on two distinct soil types (Inceptisol and Entisol) contaminated with Cu. The results demonstrated that wild species displayed higher Cu contents in the roots than in the shoot, but had low bioaccumulation potential. During summer, the plants were unable to extract and stabilize the metal, although during the winter, Lolium multiflorum, Cyperus compressus and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum demonstrated phytostabilization potential. Among the investigated species, dry matter production and Cu accumulation by Lolium multiflorum indicated that the species is effective to decrease Cu availability in the soil.

Fruit and Agro-Industrial Waste Extracts as Potential Antimicrobials in Meat Products: A Brief Review.

The use of antimicrobials in meat products is essential for maintaining microbiological stability. The reformulation by substituting synthetic additives for natural ones is an alternative to provide cleaner label products. Therefore, this work performed a literature search about extracts from fruits and agro-industrial waste with antimicrobial activity that can be applied in meat products. Jabuticaba waste extracts are excellent sources of anthocyanins with antimicrobial and pigmentation potential, capable of being applied in meat products such as fresh sausage, without compromising sensory attributes. Residue from grapes is rich in antimicrobial phytochemicals, mainly catechins, epicatechins, gallic acid and procyanidins. Extracts from different grape by-products and cultivars showed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and other bacterial strains. Antimicrobial effects against L. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and E. coli O157: H7 were identified in Opuntia extracts. In addition, its application in hamburgers reduced (p < 0.05) aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas sp. counts, and at a concentration of 2.5%, improved the microbiological stability of salami without causing sensory and texture changes. These data reinforce the possibility of substituting synthetic preservatives for natural versions, a growing trend that requires researching effective concentrations to maintain the sensory and technological properties.

Compatibility and initial development of grapevines BRS Magna grafted on different rootstocks / Compatibilidade e desenvolvimento inicial de videiras ‘BRS Magna enxertada em diferentes porta-enxertos

Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture due to their resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, rootstocks can affect vine growth and fruit quality. This study evaluated the compatibility and initial developmental of the BRS Magna grafted on different rootstocks The wedge graft technique on woody cuttings was utilized. The percentage of survival ranged from 0% (VR043-43) to 98.33% (101-14 MGT), and the rootstock were grouped into three distinct groups. IAC 313 Tropical and SO4 rootstocks were those ones with the highest vigor in relation to initial shoot growth. However, IAC 572 Jales, Harmony, 3309 Couderc and Gravesac had the best balance between initial shoot growth and root development. The BRS Magna when grafted on rootstocks IAC 313 Tropical, SO4 and 101-14 MGT showed the highest initial development rates, while when grafted on R99, R110 and 420A, it showed the lowest initial development.(AU)

Os porta-enxertos são amplamente utilizados na viticultura devido à sua resistência aos estresses biótico e abiótico. Além disso, os porta-enxertos podem afetar o crescimento da videira e a qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a compatibilidade e o desenvolvimento inicial de videiras BRS Magna enxertada em diferentes porta-enxertos. A técnica de enxertia em fenda foi utilizada. A porcentagem de sobrevivência variou de 0% (VR043-43) a 98,33% (101-14 MGT) e os porta-enxertos foram agrupados em três grupos distintos. Os porta-enxertos IAC 313 Tropical e SO4 foram os de maior vigor em relação ao crescimento inicial da parte aérea. Já IAC 572 Jales, Harmony, 3309 Couderc e Gravesac tiveram o melhor equilíbrio entre o crescimento inicial da parte aérea e o desenvolvimento das raízes. BRS Magna quando enxertada nos porta-enxertos IAC 313 Tropical, SO4 e 101-14 MGT apresentou as maiores taxas de desenvolvimento inicial, enquanto que, quando enxertada em R99, R110 e 420A, apresentou os menores valores iniciais de desenvolvimento.(AU)

Compatibility and initial development of grapevines 'BRS Magna' grafted on different rootstocks / Compatibilidade e desenvolvimento inicial de videiras 'BRS Magna' enxertada em diferentes porta-enxertos

ABSTRACT: Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture due to their resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, rootstocks can affect vine growth and fruit quality. This study evaluated the compatibility and initial developmental of the 'BRS Magna' grafted on different rootstocks The wedge graft technique on woody cuttings was utilized. The percentage of survival ranged from 0% ('VR043-43') to 98.33% ('101-14 MGT'), and the rootstock were grouped into three distinct groups. 'IAC 313 Tropical' and 'SO4' rootstocks were those ones with the highest vigor in relation to initial shoot growth. However, 'IAC 572 Jales', 'Harmony', '3309 Couderc' and 'Gravesac' had the best balance between initial shoot growth and root development. The 'BRS Magna' when grafted on rootstocks 'IAC 313 Tropical', 'SO4' and '101-14 MGT' showed the highest initial development rates, while when grafted on 'R99', 'R110' and '420A', it showed the lowest initial development.

RESUMO: Os porta-enxertos são amplamente utilizados na viticultura devido à sua resistência aos estresses biótico e abiótico. Além disso, os porta-enxertos podem afetar o crescimento da videira e a qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a compatibilidade e o desenvolvimento inicial de videiras 'BRS Magna' enxertada em diferentes porta-enxertos. A técnica de enxertia em fenda foi utilizada. A porcentagem de sobrevivência variou de 0% (VR043-43) a 98,33% (101-14 MGT) e os porta-enxertos foram agrupados em três grupos distintos. Os porta-enxertos 'IAC 313 Tropical' e 'SO4' foram os de maior vigor em relação ao crescimento inicial da parte aérea. Já 'IAC 572 Jales', 'Harmony', '3309 Couderc' e 'Gravesac' tiveram o melhor equilíbrio entre o crescimento inicial da parte aérea e o desenvolvimento das raízes. 'BRS Magna' quando enxertada nos porta-enxertos 'IAC 313 Tropical', 'SO4' e '101-14 MGT' apresentou as maiores taxas de desenvolvimento inicial, enquanto que, quando enxertada em 'R99', 'R110' e '420A', apresentou os menores valores iniciais de desenvolvimento.

Temperatura base inferior, soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e quivizeiro / Lower base temperature, thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb), soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e de quivizeiro. Estacas com 25-35 cm das cultivares de videira Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) e Bordô (BO) e de quivizeiro Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) e Yellow Queen (YQ) foram coletadas em pomares localizados em Veranópolis, RS, em 03/06/2015. As estacas intactas foram submetidas a 0 °C por 1.008 Horas de Frio (HF), em câmaras incubadoras para a superação da dormência, embaladas em filme plástico preto. Na sequência, foram transferidas para as temperaturas de 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 °C, em estacas de nós-isolados, plantadas em espuma fenólica. Durante 150 dias, as gemas foram avaliadas a cada 2-3 dias quanto à brotação, no estádio de ponta verde e seus dados (1/dias para brotação) inseridos em curvas de regressão para estimativa da Tb para cada genótipo. Séries históricas de fenologia de 10 anos das cultivares e dados meteorológicos dos locais de cultivo foram utilizados para o cálculo da soma térmica (graus-dia) das frutíferas durante o ciclo vegetativo. A Tb se diferenciou entre as espécies frutíferas. A Tb foi menor para cultivares de quivizeiro (BR=3,0 °C; MO=3,3 ºC; EL=3,1 °C; MG=3,2 °C e YQ=3,0 °C) e maior para cultivares de videira (CH=4,2 °C; IS=4,3 °C; NB=4,1 °C; CO=6,2 °C e BO=4,4 °C). A soma de graus-dia (GD) variou de 1670,9 a 2060,7 para as cultivares de videira e de 3179,6 a 3762,0 para as cultivares de quivizeiro. A maior soma de GD para a cultura do quivizeiro é dada pelo maior número de dias do seu ciclo vegetativo associada a menor Tb dos genótipos, se comparada à cultura da videira. O subperíodo fenológico (brotação à maturação) das frutíferas, em 100% dos casos, respondeu mais ao tempo térmico (graus-dia) do que ao tempo cronológico (dias) para completar o ciclo vegetativo.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the lower base temperature (Tb), thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars. Twigs 25-35-cm long for the following cultivars: grapevine, Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) and Bordô (BO); and kiwi, Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) and Yellow Queen (YQ) were collected in orchards in Veranópolis, RS State, on 06/03/2015. Intact twigs packed in black plastic film were subjected to 1,008 chilling hours (HC) at 0°C in incubators to overcome dormancy and then transferred to temperatures of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12°C on single-node cuttings planted in phenolic foam. Over 150 d, budburst of the buds was evaluated in 2-3-d intervals in the green-tip stage. The resulted inverse data for number of days to budburst (1/days to budburst) was inserted into regression curves to estimate Tb for each genotype. Historical phonological series comprised of 10-years for the analyzed cultivars and meteorological data of the cultivation sites were used to determine thermal time (degree-days) for the fruit trees during the growing season. Temperate fruit species exhibited different Tb. Tb was lower for kiwi cultivars (BR=3,0°C; MO=3,3ºC; EL=3,1°C; MG=3,2°C and YQ=3°C) and higher for grapevine cultivars (CH=4,2°C; IS=4,3°C; NB=4,1°C; CO=6,2°C; and BO=4,4°C). The thermal time, in degree-days (DD), varied from 1670.9 to 2060.7 for grapevine cultivars and from 3179.6 to 3762.0 for kiwi cultivars. The higher DD sum for kiwi crop was given by the higher number of days of its vegetative cycle associated to lower Tb of the genotypes, when compared to the grapevine crop. The phenological subperiod (budburst to maturation) of the fruit trees in 100% of the assessed cases responded more to thermal time (degree-days) than to chronological time (d) to complete the vegetative cycle.(AU)

Temperatura base inferior, soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e quivizeiro / Lower base temperature, thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb), soma térmica e fenologia de cultivares de videira e de quivizeiro. Estacas com 25-35 cm das cultivares de videira Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) e Bordô (BO) e de quivizeiro Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) e Yellow Queen (YQ) foram coletadas em pomares localizados em Veranópolis, RS, em 03/06/2015. As estacas intactas foram submetidas a 0 °C por 1.008 Horas de Frio (HF), em câmaras incubadoras para a superação da dormência, embaladas em filme plástico preto. Na sequência, foram transferidas para as temperaturas de 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 °C, em estacas de nós-isolados, plantadas em espuma fenólica. Durante 150 dias, as gemas foram avaliadas a cada 2-3 dias quanto à brotação, no estádio de ponta verde e seus dados (1/dias para brotação) inseridos em curvas de regressão para estimativa da Tb para cada genótipo. Séries históricas de fenologia de 10 anos das cultivares e dados meteorológicos dos locais de cultivo foram utilizados para o cálculo da soma térmica (graus-dia) das frutíferas durante o ciclo vegetativo. A Tb se diferenciou entre as espécies frutíferas. A Tb foi menor para cultivares de quivizeiro (BR=3,0 °C; MO=3,3 ºC; EL=3,1 °C; MG=3,2 °C e YQ=3,0 °C) e maior para cultivares de videira (CH=4,2 °C; IS=4,3 °C; NB=4,1 °C; CO=6,2 °C e BO=4,4 °C). A soma de graus-dia (GD) variou de 1670,9 a 2060,7 para as cultivares de videira e de 3179,6 a 3762,0 para as cultivares de quivizeiro. A maior soma de GD para a cultura do quivizeiro é dada pelo maior número de dias do seu ciclo vegetativo associada a menor Tb dos genótipos, se comparada à cultura da videira. O subperíodo fenológico (brotação à maturação) das frutíferas, em 100% dos casos, respondeu mais ao tempo térmico (graus-dia) do que ao tempo cronológico (dias) para completar o ciclo vegetativo.

This study aimed to evaluate the lower base temperature (Tb), thermal time and grapevine phenology and kiwi cultivars. Twigs 25-35-cm long for the following cultivars: grapevine, Chardonnay (CH), Isabel (IS), Niágara Branca (NB), Concord (CO) and Bordô (BO); and kiwi, Bruno (BR), Monty (MO), Elmwood (EL), MG06 (MG) and Yellow Queen (YQ) were collected in orchards in Veranópolis, RS State, on 06/03/2015. Intact twigs packed in black plastic film were subjected to 1,008 chilling hours (HC) at 0°C in incubators to overcome dormancy and then transferred to temperatures of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12°C on single-node cuttings planted in phenolic foam. Over 150 d, budburst of the buds was evaluated in 2-3-d intervals in the green-tip stage. The resulted inverse data for number of days to budburst (1/days to budburst) was inserted into regression curves to estimate Tb for each genotype. Historical phonological series comprised of 10-years for the analyzed cultivars and meteorological data of the cultivation sites were used to determine thermal time (degree-days) for the fruit trees during the growing season. Temperate fruit species exhibited different Tb. Tb was lower for kiwi cultivars (BR=3,0°C; MO=3,3ºC; EL=3,1°C; MG=3,2°C and YQ=3°C) and higher for grapevine cultivars (CH=4,2°C; IS=4,3°C; NB=4,1°C; CO=6,2°C; and BO=4,4°C). The thermal time, in degree-days (DD), varied from 1670.9 to 2060.7 for grapevine cultivars and from 3179.6 to 3762.0 for kiwi cultivars. The higher DD sum for kiwi crop was given by the higher number of days of its vegetative cycle associated to lower Tb of the genotypes, when compared to the grapevine crop. The phenological subperiod (budburst to maturation) of the fruit trees in 100% of the assessed cases responded more to thermal time (degree-days) than to chronological time (d) to complete the vegetative cycle.

Repeatability coefficients and genetic gains in table grape progenies for the Brazilian semi-arid region

Table grape stands out among the main fruit-bearing plants of irrigated agriculture in the São Francisco Valley region of Brazil. This study estimated repeatability and heritability coefficients and predicted genetic gains in order to select superior genotypes in grape progenies from controlled hybridizations using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) methodology. Individual plants were evaluated for the variables of production (kg per plant), number of bunches, bunch weight (g), berry diameter (mm), and soluble solids content (°Brix). We evaluated 194 hybrids from 30 crosses between Vitis vinifera and interspecific hybrids in Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil, over four growing seasons. Repeatability coefficients, ranging from 0.164 for soluble solids content to 0.72 for berry diameter, were estimated with accuracy values higher than 80 % for all variables, except for soluble solids content (66 %). The 30 best individuals classified for each variable exhibited genetic gains and their new estimated mean values were higher than the overall mean of the population in all variables. Regarding production and number of bunches per plant as the main variables, 15 genotypes were selected simultaneously for both variables. Among which, hybrids CPATSA 15.05, 15.06, 15.06T, and 23.103 stand out because they have trace seeds and should be selected for the following steps of genetic breeding to develop new table grape cultivars for the Brazilian semiarid region.

Repeatability coefficients and genetic gains in table grape progenies for the Brazilian semi-arid region

Table grape stands out among the main fruit-bearing plants of irrigated agriculture in the São Francisco Valley region of Brazil. This study estimated repeatability and heritability coefficients and predicted genetic gains in order to select superior genotypes in grape progenies from controlled hybridizations using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) methodology. Individual plants were evaluated for the variables of production (kg per plant), number of bunches, bunch weight (g), berry diameter (mm), and soluble solids content (°Brix). We evaluated 194 hybrids from 30 crosses between Vitis vinifera and interspecific hybrids in Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil, over four growing seasons. Repeatability coefficients, ranging from 0.164 for soluble solids content to 0.72 for berry diameter, were estimated with accuracy values higher than 80 % for all variables, except for soluble solids content (66 %). The 30 best individuals classified for each variable exhibited genetic gains and their new estimated mean values were higher than the overall mean of the population in all variables. Regarding production and number of bunches per plant as the main variables, 15 genotypes were selected simultaneously for both variables. Among which, hybrids CPATSA 15.05, 15.06, 15.06T, and 23.103 stand out because they have trace seeds and should be selected for the following steps of genetic breeding to develop new table grape cultivars for the Brazilian semiarid region.(AU)

Atividade antifúngica do extrato alcoólico de própolis, álcool de cereais e do óleo essencial de manjericão sobre Botrytis cinerea / Antifungal activity of propolis alcoholic extract, grain alcohol, and basil essential oil on Botrytis cinerea

A uva é uma fruta amplamente aceita pelos consumidores, além de ser produzida em larga escala no Brasil. Entretanto é uma cultura muito suscetível a perdas em pré-colheita ocasionadas por doenças e, entre elas, pode-se citar a podridão cinzenta do cacho, cujo agente causal é o fungo Botrytis cinerea. A busca por formas alternativas para o controle desse patógeno pode minimizar o uso de agrotóxicos, garantindo um alimento mais seguro. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial antifúngico in vitro do extrato alcoólico de própolis, álcool de cereais e óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum), autoclavados ou não, sobre o crescimento micelial de Botrytis cinerea, ao longo do tempo de exposição. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: extrato alcoólico de própolis e álcool de cereais, ambos nas concentrações 0, 2,5, 6,25, 12,5%; e óleo essencial de manjericão, nas concentrações 0, 0,25, 0,50, 1%. Para a obtenção do crescimento micelial foram realizadas medidas em sentidos diametralmente opostos, com um paquímetro digital, durante 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 h de exposição, para o cálculo da taxa de inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM, %). O experimento foi realizado em duplicata, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4x7 (concentrações x tempos) e os dados foram analisados por comparação de médias (teste de Tukey, p ≤ 0,05), desdobrando a interação, quando significativa. Todos os tratamentos contendo óleo essencial de manjericão autoclavado e não autoclavado foram eficientes na inibição do crescimento micelial de B. cinerea. A autoclavagem do extrato alcoólico de própolis proporciona maior eficácia para o controle do patógeno do que a não autoclavagem. Para o álcool de cereais, a autoclavagem interfere na eficiência de controle de B. cinerea.

Grape is a fruit widely accepted by consumers, besides being produced in large scale in Brazil. However, it is a crop very susceptible to losses in pre-harvest and, among the main diseases responsible for these losses, we can mention the gray rot of the bunch, whose causal agent is the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The search for alternative ways to control this pathogen can minimize the use of agrochemicals, ensuring a safer food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal potential of propolis alcoholic extract, cereal alcohol and basil oil (Ocimum basilicum), autoclaved or not, on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, during the exposure time. The treatments evaluated were: alcoholic extract of propolis and cereal alcohol, both in concentrations 0.0, 2.5, 6.25, 12.5%; and basil oil, at concentrations 0.25, 0.50, 1.00%. In order to obtain the mycelial growth, measurements were carried out in diametrically opposite directions, with a digital caliper, during 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours of exposure, to calculate the rate of inhibition of mycelial growth (IMG, %). The experiment was performed in duplicate, with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 4x7 (concentrations x times) and the data were analyzed by means comparison (Tukey's test, p ≤ 0.05), unfolding the interaction, when significant. All treatments containing autoclaved and non-autoclaved basil essential oil were efficient in inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The autoclaving of the propolis alcoholic extract provides greater efficacy for the control of the pathogen than non-autoclaving. For cereal alcohol, autoclaving interferes with the control efficiency of B. cinerea.

Atividade antifúngica do extrato alcoólico de própolis, álcool de cereais e do óleo essencial de manjericão sobre Botrytis cinerea / Antifungal activity of propolis alcoholic extract, grain alcohol, and basil essential oil on Botrytis cinerea

A uva é uma fruta amplamente aceita pelos consumidores, além de ser produzida em larga escala no Brasil. Entretanto é uma cultura muito suscetível a perdas em pré-colheita ocasionadas por doenças e, entre elas, pode-se citar a podridão cinzenta do cacho, cujo agente causal é o fungo Botrytis cinerea. A busca por formas alternativas para o controle desse patógeno pode minimizar o uso de agrotóxicos, garantindo um alimento mais seguro. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial antifúngico in vitro do extrato alcoólico de própolis, álcool de cereais e óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum), autoclavados ou não, sobre o crescimento micelial de Botrytis cinerea, ao longo do tempo de exposição. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: extrato alcoólico de própolis e álcool de cereais, ambos nas concentrações 0, 2,5, 6,25, 12,5%; e óleo essencial de manjericão, nas concentrações 0, 0,25, 0,50, 1%. Para a obtenção do crescimento micelial foram realizadas medidas em sentidos diametralmente opostos, com um paquímetro digital, durante 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 h de exposição, para o cálculo da taxa de inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM, %). O experimento foi realizado em duplicata, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4x7 (concentrações x tempos) e os dados foram analisados por comparação de médias (teste de Tukey, p ≤ 0,05), desdobrando a interação, quando significativa. Todos os tratamentos contendo óleo essencial de manjericão autoclavado e não autoclavado foram eficientes na inibição do crescimento micelial de B. cinerea. A autoclavagem do extrato alcoólico de própolis proporciona maior eficácia para o controle do patógeno do que a não autoclavagem. Para o álcool de cereais, a autoclavagem interfere na eficiência de controle de B. cinerea.(AU)

Grape is a fruit widely accepted by consumers, besides being produced in large scale in Brazil. However, it is a crop very susceptible to losses in pre-harvest and, among the main diseases responsible for these losses, we can mention the gray rot of the bunch, whose causal agent is the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The search for alternative ways to control this pathogen can minimize the use of agrochemicals, ensuring a safer food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal potential of propolis alcoholic extract, cereal alcohol and basil oil (Ocimum basilicum), autoclaved or not, on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, during the exposure time. The treatments evaluated were: alcoholic extract of propolis and cereal alcohol, both in concentrations 0.0, 2.5, 6.25, 12.5%; and basil oil, at concentrations 0.25, 0.50, 1.00%. In order to obtain the mycelial growth, measurements were carried out in diametrically opposite directions, with a digital caliper, during 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours of exposure, to calculate the rate of inhibition of mycelial growth (IMG, %). The experiment was performed in duplicate, with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 4x7 (concentrations x times) and the data were analyzed by means comparison (Tukey's test, p ≤ 0.05), unfolding the interaction, when significant. All treatments containing autoclaved and non-autoclaved basil essential oil were efficient in inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The autoclaving of the propolis alcoholic extract provides greater efficacy for the control of the pathogen than non-autoclaving. For cereal alcohol, autoclaving interferes with the control efficiency of B. cinerea.(AU)

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on young vines in copper-contaminated soil

Abstract High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks with 12 replicates. After 130 days, the mycorrhizal colonization, root and shoot dry matter (DM), height increment, P and Cu absorption, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The height increment, shoot DM and chlorophyll contents were not promoted by AMF, although the root DM was increased by R. clarus and R. irregularis, which had the greatest mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake. AMF increased Cu absorption but decreased its transport to shoots. Thus, AMF species, particularly R. clarus and R. irregularis, contribute to the establishment of young vines exposed to high Cu levels.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on young vines in copper-contaminated soil

Abstract High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks with 12 replicates. After 130 days, the mycorrhizal colonization, root and shoot dry matter (DM), height increment, P and Cu absorption, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The height increment, shoot DM and chlorophyll contents were not promoted by AMF, although the root DM was increased by R. clarus and R. irregularis, which had the greatest mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake. AMF increased Cu absorption but decreased its transport to shoots. Thus, AMF species, particularly R. clarus and R. irregularis, contribute to the establishment of young vines exposed to high Cu levels.(AU)

Protective, curative and eradicative activities of fungicides against grapevine rust / Atividade protetora, curativa e erradicante de fungicidas no controle de ferrugem da videira

The protective, eradicative and curative activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin+metiram, and ciproconazole against grapevine rust, were determined in greenhouse. To evaluate the protective activity, leaves of potted ´Niagara´ (Vitis labrusca) vines were artificially inoculated with an urediniospore suspension of Phakopsora euvitis four, eight or forteen days after fungicidal spray; and to evaluate the curative and eradicative activities, leaves were sprayed with fungicides two, four or eight days after inoculation. Disease severity was assessed 14 days after each inoculation. All tested fungicides present excellent preventive activity against grapevine rust; however, tebuconazole and ciproconazole provide better curative activity than azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin+metiram. It was observed also that all tested fungicides significantly reduced the germination of urediniospore produced on sprayed leaves.(AU)

As atividades protetoras, curativas e erradicantes dos fungicidas azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin+metiram, tebuconazole e ciproconazole foram avaliadas em relação à ferrugem, em casa de vegetação. Para a avaliação da atividade protetora, folhas de plantas de videira ´Niagara´ (Vitis labrusca) foram artificialmente inoculadas com uma suspensão de urediniósporos de P. euvitis aos quatro, oito e 14 dias após a pulverização dos fungicidas; e, para a avaliação das atividades curativas e erradicantes, as plantas foram pulverizadas com fungicidas aos quatro, oito e 14 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. A severidade da doença foi avaliada 14 dias após cada inoculação. Todos os fungicidas apresentaram excelente atividade protetora; no entanto, os fungicidas tebuconazole e ciproconazole proporcionam melhor controle curativo do que azoxystrobin e pyraclostrobin + metiram. Verificou-se também que todos os fungicidas testados reduziram significativamente a germinação dos urediniósporos produzidos nas folhas tratadas.(AU)

Protective, curative and eradicative activities of fungicides against grapevine rust / Atividade protetora, curativa e erradicante de fungicidas no controle de ferrugem da videira

The protective, eradicative and curative activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin+metiram, and ciproconazole against grapevine rust, were determined in greenhouse. To evaluate the protective activity, leaves of potted ´Niagara´ (Vitis labrusca) vines were artificially inoculated with an urediniospore suspension of Phakopsora euvitis four, eight or forteen days after fungicidal spray; and to evaluate the curative and eradicative activities, leaves were sprayed with fungicides two, four or eight days after inoculation. Disease severity was assessed 14 days after each inoculation. All tested fungicides present excellent preventive activity against grapevine rust; however, tebuconazole and ciproconazole provide better curative activity than azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin+metiram. It was observed also that all tested fungicides significantly reduced the germination of urediniospore produced on sprayed leaves.

As atividades protetoras, curativas e erradicantes dos fungicidas azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin+metiram, tebuconazole e ciproconazole foram avaliadas em relação à ferrugem, em casa de vegetação. Para a avaliação da atividade protetora, folhas de plantas de videira ´Niagara´ (Vitis labrusca) foram artificialmente inoculadas com uma suspensão de urediniósporos de P. euvitis aos quatro, oito e 14 dias após a pulverização dos fungicidas; e, para a avaliação das atividades curativas e erradicantes, as plantas foram pulverizadas com fungicidas aos quatro, oito e 14 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. A severidade da doença foi avaliada 14 dias após cada inoculação. Todos os fungicidas apresentaram excelente atividade protetora; no entanto, os fungicidas tebuconazole e ciproconazole proporcionam melhor controle curativo do que azoxystrobin e pyraclostrobin + metiram. Verificou-se também que todos os fungicidas testados reduziram significativamente a germinação dos urediniósporos produzidos nas folhas tratadas.

Morpho-physiological characterization of grapevine attacked by ground-pearl / Caracterização morfo-fisiológica de plantas de videira atacadas por pérola-da-terra

The ground pearl Eurhizoccoccus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is an important pest of Brazilian viticulture, related to symptoms of decline and death of plants. Despite this evidence, there is no technical information on insect-plant interactions and how the symptoms are established. Therefore, this study aimed to expose the physiological mechanisms related to the symptoms of the ground pearl attack. Seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon and adult plants of a commercial vineyard of Isabel, were evaluated in vegetative development of commercial area, nutrition and metabolism of leaves by the contrast of healthy and infested plants by the insect. In attacked plants it was possible to verify a  significant reduction of vegetative growth. However, foliar symptoms were not expressed in two years old seedlings. In adult plants attacked, leaves, tissues of branches, roots and fruits were evaluated. The largest effects were observed in necrotic leaves, which showed a reduction of potassium (-26%), boron (-21%), total chlorophyll (-43%) and photosynthetic rate (-45%), in comparison to healthy plants. However, these same necrotic leaves showed a significant accumulation of starch (+316%). Therefore, these results suggest that ground pearl promotes the symptoms on the vine in a systemic way by blocking the transport of assimilates from leaves to other plant tissues.(AU)

A pérola-da-terra, Eurhizoccoccus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), é uma importante praga da viticultura brasileira, relacionada a sintomas de declínio e morte de plantas. Apesar destas evidências, não há informações técnicas sobre a interação inseto-planta e como os sintomas se estabelecem. Este trabalho teve por objetivo expor os mecanismos fisiológicos relacionados à sintomatologia do ataque de pérola-da-terra. Foram utilizadas mudas de Cabernet Sauvignon enxertadas sobre Paulsen 1103 e plantas adultas de Isabel de pé franco em área comercial, avaliando-se os contrastes de desenvolvimento vegetativo, nutrição e metabolismo foliar de plantas sadias e infestadas pelo inseto. Foi observada redução significativa no desenvolvimento vegetativo das mudas de dois anos infestadas pela praga. Contudo, não foram observados sintomas foliares nas mesmas. Em plantas adultas atacadas foram avaliadas folhas, tecidos de ramos, raízes e frutos. Os maiores efeitos foram observados nas folhas necróticas, que apresentaram redução de potássio (-26%), de boro (-21%), de clorofila total (-43%) e de taxa fotossintética (-45%), em comparação às plantas sadias. Entretanto, nas folhas necróticas observou-se acúmulo expressivo de amido (+316%). Esses resultados evidenciam que a pérola-da-terra promove os sintomas na videira de modo sistêmico pelo bloqueio no transporte de fotoassimilados das folhas para os demais tecidos da planta.(AU)

Estimation of plot size for experiments with tissue culture in grape / Estimação do tamanho de parcela para experimento com cultura de tecidos em videira

The improvement of experimental techniques of in vitro culture may provide better identification and multiplication of most promising materials. The aim of this study was to estimate the plot size (explants numbers) for in vitro micropropagation grape. 15 tests were conducted uniformity formed by combinations of three rootstock vine with five different culture media. Nodes segments were used with about 2.5 cm, were excised and inoculated. After 90 days of inoculation, the variables shoot number, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and fresh weight of callus were evaluated. For each assay, was simulated plots of differents sizes , with each tube containing one explant was considered as a basic unit. For estimation the optimum plot size we used the modified maximum curvature method and the least significant difference between means was obtained by the method of Hatheway. The results showed that the estimates of the plot size ranged from five (5) to 12 explants (tubes) in accordance with the variable used. For these variables, the optimal plot size should be formed by 12 explants.(AU)

O aprimoramento das técnicas experimentais do cultivo in vitro pode auxiliar em melhor identificação e multiplicação de materiais mais promissores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a estimação do tamanho de parcelas (número de explantes) para micropropagação de videira in vitro. Foram conduzidos 15 ensaios de uniformidade formados pelas combinações de três porta-enxertos de videira com cinco diferentes meios de cultivo. Foram usados segmentos nodais com cerca 2,5 cm que foram excisados e inoculados. Após 90 dias de inoculação, foram feitas avaliações das variáveis: número de brotos, comprimento da parte aérea, a massa fresca da parte aérea e massa fresca de calos. Para cada ensaio, foram formados diversos tamanhos de parcelas, em que cada tubo, contendo um explante, foi considerado como uma unidade básica. Para a estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela empregou-se o método da máxima curvatura modificado e as diferenças mínimas significativas entre médias foram obtidas pelo método de Hatheway. Os resultados mostraram que as estimativas do tamanho de parcela variaram de cinco (5) a 12 explantes (tubos) em acordo com a variável utilizada. Para as variáveis estudadas, o tamanho de parcela ótimo deve ser formado por 12 explantes.(AU)

Estimation of plot size for experiments with tissue culture in grape / Estimação do tamanho de parcela para experimento com cultura de tecidos em videira

The improvement of experimental techniques of in vitro culture may provide better identification and multiplication of most promising materials. The aim of this study was to estimate the plot size (explants numbers) for in vitro micropropagation grape. 15 tests were conducted uniformity formed by combinations of three rootstock vine with five different culture media. Nodes segments were used with about 2.5 cm, were excised and inoculated. After 90 days of inoculation, the variables shoot number, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and fresh weight of callus were evaluated. For each assay, was simulated plots of differents sizes , with each tube containing one explant was considered as a basic unit. For estimation the optimum plot size we used the modified maximum curvature method and the least significant difference between means was obtained by the method of Hatheway. The results showed that the estimates of the plot size ranged from five (5) to 12 explants (tubes) in accordance with the variable used. For these variables, the optimal plot size should be formed by 12 explants.

O aprimoramento das técnicas experimentais do cultivo in vitro pode auxiliar em melhor identificação e multiplicação de materiais mais promissores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a estimação do tamanho de parcelas (número de explantes) para micropropagação de videira in vitro. Foram conduzidos 15 ensaios de uniformidade formados pelas combinações de três porta-enxertos de videira com cinco diferentes meios de cultivo. Foram usados segmentos nodais com cerca 2,5 cm que foram excisados e inoculados. Após 90 dias de inoculação, foram feitas avaliações das variáveis: número de brotos, comprimento da parte aérea, a massa fresca da parte aérea e massa fresca de calos. Para cada ensaio, foram formados diversos tamanhos de parcelas, em que cada tubo, contendo um explante, foi considerado como uma unidade básica. Para a estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela empregou-se o método da máxima curvatura modificado e as diferenças mínimas significativas entre médias foram obtidas pelo método de Hatheway. Os resultados mostraram que as estimativas do tamanho de parcela variaram de cinco (5) a 12 explantes (tubos) em acordo com a variável utilizada. Para as variáveis estudadas, o tamanho de parcela ótimo deve ser formado por 12 explantes.

Morpho-physiological characterization of grapevine attacked by ground-pearl / Caracterização morfo-fisiológica de plantas de videira atacadas por pérola-da-terra

The ground pearl Eurhizoccoccus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is an important pest of Brazilian viticulture, related to symptoms of decline and death of plants. Despite this evidence, there is no technical information on insect-plant interactions and how the symptoms are established. Therefore, this study aimed to expose the physiological mechanisms related to the symptoms of the ground pearl attack. Seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon and adult plants of a commercial vineyard of Isabel, were evaluated in vegetative development of commercial area, nutrition and metabolism of leaves by the contrast of healthy and infested plants by the insect. In attacked plants it was possible to verify a  significant reduction of vegetative growth. However, foliar symptoms were not expressed in two years old seedlings. In adult plants attacked, leaves, tissues of branches, roots and fruits were evaluated. The largest effects were observed in necrotic leaves, which showed a reduction of potassium (-26%), boron (-21%), total chlorophyll (-43%) and photosynthetic rate (-45%), in comparison to healthy plants. However, these same necrotic leaves showed a significant accumulation of starch (+316%). Therefore, these results suggest that ground pearl promotes the symptoms on the vine in a systemic way by blocking the transport of assimilates from leaves to other plant tissues.

A pérola-da-terra, Eurhizoccoccus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), é uma importante praga da viticultura brasileira, relacionada a sintomas de declínio e morte de plantas. Apesar destas evidências, não há informações técnicas sobre a interação inseto-planta e como os sintomas se estabelecem. Este trabalho teve por objetivo expor os mecanismos fisiológicos relacionados à sintomatologia do ataque de pérola-da-terra. Foram utilizadas mudas de Cabernet Sauvignon enxertadas sobre Paulsen 1103 e plantas adultas de Isabel de pé franco em área comercial, avaliando-se os contrastes de desenvolvimento vegetativo, nutrição e metabolismo foliar de plantas sadias e infestadas pelo inseto. Foi observada redução significativa no desenvolvimento vegetativo das mudas de dois anos infestadas pela praga. Contudo, não foram observados sintomas foliares nas mesmas. Em plantas adultas atacadas foram avaliadas folhas, tecidos de ramos, raízes e frutos. Os maiores efeitos foram observados nas folhas necróticas, que apresentaram redução de potássio (-26%), de boro (-21%), de clorofila total (-43%) e de taxa fotossintética (-45%), em comparação às plantas sadias. Entretanto, nas folhas necróticas observou-se acúmulo expressivo de amido (+316%). Esses resultados evidenciam que a pérola-da-terra promove os sintomas na videira de modo sistêmico pelo bloqueio no transporte de fotoassimilados das folhas para os demais tecidos da planta.

Agroclimatic zoning for grapevine cultivation in the state of Paraná, Brazil / Zoneamento agroclimático da cultura da videira no estado do Paraná

The state of Paraná is located in a climate transition region, with different thermal regimes and variations in the risk of frost. Knowledge of the climate risks to which grapevine (Vitis sp.) will be exposed is important to the success of the vineyard. The objective of this study was to perform the agroclimatic zoning for the growing vines in the state of Paraná. Historical data from 21 conventional weather stations of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná were used in different regions of the state with observation periods from 1976 to 2010. Three groups of grapes were considered: rustic grapes, fine table grapes and fine grapes for winemaking. For each group it was evaluated: the annual water deficit, the risk of late frosts, the average annual temperature, the volume of annual precipitation and relative humidity. The main climate risk is the high relative humidity which, combined with high temperature, may favor the occurrence of fungal diseases and compromise the vineyard. For rustic grapes, only the coast of the state of Paraná was not suitable for cultivation. For the cultivation of fine table grapes, only the northern, northwestern and western regions are apt, and for fine grapes for winemaking, only the coast and east are not considered suitable, according to established criteria.

O estado do Paraná localiza-se em uma região de transição climática, com regimes térmicos diferentes e variações no risco de geadas. O conhecimento dos riscos climáticos a que a cultura da videira (Vitis sp.) estará exposta é importante para o sucesso de seu cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar o zoneamento agroclimático para a cultura da videira no estado do Paraná. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de 21 estações meteorológicas convencionais do IAPAR, nas diversas regiões do estado, com períodos de observação de 1976 a 2010. Foram considerados três grupos de uvas: rústicas, finas de mesa e finas para vinificação. Para cada grupo foram avaliados a deficiência hídrica anual, o risco de geadas tardias, a temperatura média anual, o volume de precipitação anual e a umidade relativa média anual. O principal risco climático é a umidade relativa alta que, combinada com a temperatura alta do ar, pode favorecer a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas e comprometer o potencial produtivo da cultura. Para as uvas rústicas, somente o litoral do estado do Paraná não foi considerado apto ao cultivo. Para o cultivo de uvas finas de mesa, somente as regiões norte, noroeste e oeste são consideradas aptas, e para as uvas finas destinadas à vinificação, somente o litoral e a região leste não são considerados aptos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos.

Agroclimatic zoning for pineapple cultivation in the state of Paraná, Brazil / Zoneamento agroclimático da cultura do abacaxizeiro no Estado do Paraná

The state of Paraná is located in a climate transition region, with different thermal regimes and variationsin the risk of frost. Knowledge of the climate risks to which grapevine (Vitis sp.) will be exposed isimportant to the success of the vineyard. The objective of this study was to perform the agroclimaticzoning for the growing vines in the state of Paraná. Historical data from 21 conventional weatherstations of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná were used in different regions of the state with observationperiods from 1976 to 2010. Three groups of grapes were considered: rustic grapes, fine table grapes andfine grapes for winemaking. For each group it was evaluated: the annual water deficit, the risk of latefrosts, the average annual temperature, the volume of annual precipitation and relative humidity. Themain climate risk is the high relative humidity which, combined with high temperature, may favor theoccurrence of fungal diseases and compromise the vineyard. For rustic grapes, only the coast of the stateof Paraná was not suitable for cultivation. For the cultivation of fine table grapes, only the northern, northwestern and western regions are apt, and for fine grapes for winemaking, only the coast and eastare not considered suitable, according to established criteria.

O estado do Paraná localiza-se em uma região de transição climática, com regimes térmicos diferentese variações no risco de geadas. O conhecimento dos riscos climáticos a que a cultura da videira (Vitissp.) estará exposta é importante para o sucesso de seu cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar ozoneamento agroclimático para a cultura da videira no estado do Paraná. Para tanto, foram utilizadosdados de 21 estações meteorológicas convencionais do IAPAR, nas diversas regiões do estado, comperíodos de observação de 1976 a 2010. Foram considerados três grupos de uvas: rústicas, finas de mesae finas para vinificação. Para cada grupo foram avaliados a deficiência hídrica anual, o risco de geadastardias, a temperatura média anual, o volume de precipitação anual e a umidade relativa média anual.O principal risco climático é a umidade relativa alta que, combinada com a temperatura alta do ar, podefavorecer a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas e comprometer o potencial produtivo da cultura. Para asuvas rústicas, somente o litoral do estado do Paraná não foi considerado apto ao cultivo. Para o cultivode uvas finas de mesa, somente as regiões norte, noroeste e oeste são consideradas aptas, e para as uvasfinas destinadas à vinificação, somente o litoral e a região leste não são considerados aptos, segundo oscritérios estabelecidos.