Dermatological manifestations relating to nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery: case report and integrative literature review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The number of bariatric surgeries performed worldwide is growing. Among the main short, medium or long-term complications after surgery are nutritional deficiencies. Many of these, such as those of Zn, Cu and vitamins A, B1, B3, B6 and B12, are manifested by dermatological lesions before potentially fatal systemic disorders occur. OBJECTIVE: To identify the main dermatological manifestations associated with nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery, and the associated variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: Integrative literature review carried out at a public university in Brazil. METHODS: This was a case report and a review of health research portals and databases of national and international biomedical journals, without publication date limitation. The descriptors used for searches followed the ideal methodology for each database/search portal: "bariatric surgery", "skin", "skin disease", "skin manifestation", "deficiency disease" and "malnutrition". RESULTS: A total of 59 articles were selected, among which 23 were review articles or articles that addressed specific dermatological manifestations. The other 36 articles described 41 cases, which were organized into a table with the clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutritional deficiencies are expected as complications after bariatric surgery, few articles relating them to their dermatological manifestations were found. It is important to recognize skin changes caused by nutritional deficiencies in patients treated via bariatric surgery, as these may occur before systemic complications appear and are easier to diagnose when the patient does not have any systemic symptoms yet. However, there is generally a delay between the appearance of skin lesions and making the diagnosis of nutritional deficiency.

Acrodermatitis enteropática en lactante femenina de 6 meses de edad / Acrodermatitis enteropathica in 6- months-old female infant

Introducción: La acrodermatitis enteropática es una dermatosis nutricional heredada o adquirida por deficiencia de zinc que clínicamente se caracteriza por eritema, escamocostras y erosiones, especialmente en la región perioral, en zonas acras y en la región anogenital. Además de una ingesta oral inadecuada, hay causas secundarias de esta deficiencia nutricional. Objetivo: Referir una dermatosis nutricional secundaria infrecuente en lactante femenina. Presentación de caso: Pequeñita de 6 meses de edad, fototipo III, alimentada con lactancia materna exclusiva, que acude a consulta especializada de dermatología en el hospital William Soler por cuadro clínico de 3 meses de evolución caracterizado por lesiones eritematocostrosas en regiónes acrales y periorificiales. Los padres refirieron lactancia materna exclusiva. Se realizaron complementarios Conclusiones: Las deficiencias de vitaminas y oligoelementos pueden ocasionar un amplio rango de hallazgos mucocutaneos. En el caso presentado diagnosticado como acrodermatitis enteropática adquirida, hay un aporte inadecuado de zinc en la leche materna(AU)

Introduction: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inherited or acquired nutritional dermatosis by zinc deficiency that is clinically characterized by erythema, squamous crusts and erosions, especially in the perioral region, in acral areas and in the anogenital region. In addition to inadequate oral intake, there are secondary causes of this nutritional deficiency. Objective: To refer a nutritional dermatosis uncommon in female infants. Case presentation: 6-months-old baby girl, skin phototype III, fed with exclusive breastfeeding whom was attended in the specialized consultation in Dermatology of William Soler Pediatric Hospital due to clinical framework of 3 months of evolution characterized by eritemato crusty lesions in acral and periorifices´ regions. Parents commented on exclusive breastfeeding. There were made complementary blood tests. Conclusions: The deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements may cause a wide range of mucocutaneous findings. In the presented case diagnosed as adquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, there is an inadequate intake of zinc in breast milk(AU)

Acrodermatitis enteropática / Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Resumen: Introducción: La acrodermatitis enteropática es una enfermedad de baja incidencia que ocurre por deficiencia de zinc; puede ser hereditaria o adquirida. Se caracteriza por dermatitis acral, alopecia, diarrea y problemas de crecimiento. La afección dermatológica puede simular una infección micótica cutánea u otras enfermedades de la piel relacionadas con patógenos. Caso clínico: Se informa el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 7 meses de edad, que fue enviada al Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre por sospecha de inmunodeficiencia y micosis cutánea. Inició con un cuadro clínico caracterizado por dermatosis diseminada a cabeza, tronco y región genital, por lo que recibió tratamiento inicial con un antifúngico y antibióticos de amplio espectro, sin presentar mejoría. A su ingreso se descartaron inmunodeficiencia e infección micótica. Se sospechó acrodermatitis enteropática, corroborándose el diagnóstico al encontrar niveles séricos de zinc disminuidos. La paciente presentó mejoría inmediata tras el inicio del tratamiento con zinc por vía oral. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico diferencial de acrodermatitis enteropática es amplio e incluye infecciones cutáneas, por lo que el reconocimiento temprano de las características de las lesiones favorece la sospecha, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado.

Abstract: Introduction: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a low-incidence disease due to inherited or acquired zinc deficiency. It is characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth retardation. The dermatological condition may mimic a cutaneous fungal infection or other pathogen-related skin diseases. Case report: We report the case of a female patient of 7 months of age, who was sent to Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre for suspicion of immunodeficiency and cutaneous mycosis. Her condition began with dermatosis disseminated to the head, trunk and genital region; initial treatment with antifungal and broad spectrum antibiotics was given, without improvement. Upon admission, immunodeficiency and fungal infection were discarded. Acrodermatitis enteropathica was suspected, and corroborated later by low serum zinc levels. Immediately after the start of oral treatment with zinc, the patient showed improvement. Conclusions: There are multiple differential diagnoses of acrodermatitis enteropathica, which includes cutaneous infections. Therefore, the early recognition of the characteristic lesions favors suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]. / Acrodermatitis enteropática.

INTRODUCTION: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a low-incidence disease due to inherited or acquired zinc deficiency. It is characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth retardation. The dermatological condition may mimic a cutaneous fungal infection or other pathogen-related skin diseases. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a female patient of 7 months of age, who was sent to Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre for suspicion of immunodeficiency and cutaneous mycosis. Her condition began with dermatosis disseminated to the head, trunk and genital region; initial treatment with antifungal and broad spectrum antibiotics was given, without improvement. Upon admission, immunodeficiency and fungal infection were discarded. Acrodermatitis enteropathica was suspected, and corroborated later by low serum zinc levels. Immediately after the start of oral treatment with zinc, the patient showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple differential diagnoses of acrodermatitis enteropathica, which includes cutaneous infections. Therefore, the early recognition of the characteristic lesions favors suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

[Cutaneous manifestations of cystic fibrosis in an infant: acrodermatitis enteropathica and gray hair]. / Manifestaciones dermatológicas de fibrosis quística en un lactante: acrodermatitis enteropática símil y pelo gris.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous manifestations at the time of CF diagnosis are rare. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of an infant with an unusual cutaneous presentation of cystic fibrosis. CASE REPORT: The case is presented of an infant with delayed physical growth at two months, and at the age of four months, presented with a skin rash and gray hair. Tests revealed the presence of hypoproteinemia and anemia, with the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis being confirmed by genetic testing. The rash was completely resolved after pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. This is the second gray hair case reported in children with this disease. CONCLUSION: Metabolic diseases such as cystic fibrosis should be suspected in malnourished children who develop skin disorders.

Manifestaciones dermatológicas de fibrosis quística en un lactante: acrodermatitis enteropática símil y pelo gris / Cutaneous manifestations of cystic fibrosis in an infant: acrodermatitis enteropathica and gray hair

Introducción: Las manifestaciones dermatológicas en el momento del diagnóstico de fibrosis quística son infrecuentes. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una lactante con una presentación dermatológica no habitual de fibrosis quística. Caso Clínico: Lactante que a los 2 meses de edad presenta un mal incremento pondoestatural. A los 4 meses presenta exantema cutáneo, edema y pelo gris. Dentro de su estudio se evidencia hipoproteinemia y anemia, y se confirma el diagnóstico de fibrosis quística mediante el estudio genético. Las alteraciones dermatológicas se revirtieron completamente tras la instauración de la terapia de reemplazo con enzimas pancreáticas. Este es el segundo caso reportado de pelo gris en niños con esta enfermedad. Conclusión: En niños con malnutrición que desarrollan alteraciones de la piel y fanéreos debemos sospechar enfermedades metabólicas como fibrosis quística.

Introduction: Cutaneous manifestations at the time of CF diagnosis are rare. Objective: To describe the case of an infant with an unusual cutaneous presentation of cystic fibrosis. Case report: The case is presented of an infant with delayed physical growth at two months, and at the age of four months, presented with a skin rash and gray hair. Tests revealed the presence of hypoproteinemia and anemia, with the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis being confirmed by genetic testing. The rash was completely resolved after pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. This is the second gray hair case reported in children with this disease. Conclusion Metabolic diseases such as cystic fibrosis should be suspected in malnourished children who develop skin disorders.

Acrodermatitis enteropática / Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Introducción. La acrodermatitis enteropática es una patología rara, pero de fácil manejo y gran relevancia clínica. Debe ser diagnosticada de manera adecuada y oportuna. Se presenta en lactantes con la siguiente triada clínica: dermatitis acral, diarrea y alopecia. Se deberá iniciar tratamiento con zinc, incluso desde un primer nivel de atención, ya que la respuesta clínica es inmediata y sin secuelas. Caso clínico. Se reporta el caso de un lactante mayor con desnutrición crónica, talla baja y retraso psicomotor, así como grandes lesiones cutáneas descamativas, simétricas y diseminadas, y alopecia total, que ingresó al Hospital Regional de la Huasteca, en Huejutla, Hidalgo, México. Se sospechó de manera clínica en acrodermatitis enteropática, por lo que se determinaron los niveles séricos de zinc y se realizó una biopsia cutánea. Se obtuvo mejoría clínica desde las primeras dos semanas de tratamiento. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con sulfato de zinc a dosis de 2-5 mg/ kg/día presenta efectos clínicos inmediatos, con remisión completa de la sintomatología.

Background. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare but easy to manage condition but with great clinical relevance. The condition must be diagnosed properly and timely. We present an infant with the following clinical triad: acral dermatitis, diarrhea and alopecia. Zinc treatment should be initiated, even from a primary care level. Clinical response is immediate and without sequelae. Case report. We present the case of an infant with chronic malnutrition, short stature, psychomotor retardation and large symmetrical scaly skin lesions with disseminated alopecia totalis. The patient was admitted to the Hospital Regional de la Huasteca, Huejutla, Hidalgo. Acrodermatitis enteropathica was suspected in the clinic and serum zinc and skin biopsy were carried out. Clinical improvement was obtained from the first 2 weeks oftreatment. Conclusions. Treatment initiation with zinc sulfate at a dose of 2-5 mg/kg/day has immediate clinical implications with complete symptom remission.

Current concepts in acrodermatitis enteropathica: case report in a brazilian boy / Conceitos atuais em acrodermatite enteropática: relato de caso em menino brasileiro

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare, recessively inherited disorder of zinc metabolism, which usually presents in infancy, at the time of weaning, with the triad alopecia, diarrhea and dermatitis with lesions of periorificial and acral distribution. We report a full-term 2-year-old boy with typical skin leions, decreased plasma zinc and alkaline phosphatase levels, that improved with zinc sulfate supplementation. He presented relapse of the symptoms and lesions when the medication was interrupted, in several occasions, suggesting treatment for long-life. A bried historial report and current genetics concepts are discussed. Currently, gene 8p24.3, SLC39A4, in the apical membrane of the enterocytes, was implicated in AE. In Brazil there are few reports of AE.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) é um distúrbio recessivo raro do metabolismo do zinco que habitualmente se apresenta à época do desmame. A tríade característica é alopecia, diarreia e dermatite com lesões periorificiais e de distribuição acral. Relata-se o caso de um menino de 2 anos de idade, nascido a termo, alimentado com leite de vaca, com lesões de pele típicas de AE, tendo níveis plasmáticos reduzidos de zinco e de fosfatase alcalina. A suplementação de zinco acarretou melhora do quadro, mas sintomas e lesões reapareceram quando a medicação foi interrompida, em diferentes épocas, sugerindo que deva ser continuada indefinidamente. Faz-se breve revisão histórica e dos conceitos genéticos atuais. Gene na região 8p24.3, SLC39A4, expresso na membrana apical dos enterócitos, está relacionado do com a AE. No Brasil há poucos relatos desta afecção.