The Brazilian army and the low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in women of the military garrison of Campinas between 2017 to 2020: a prospective, cross-sectional epidemiological study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Given the characteristics of military missions, intense interpersonal contact, and wide variation in casual relationships, the military has long been recognized as a high-risk population for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of STIs and socioepidemiological profile of women in the military garrison of Campinas. DESIGN AND SETTING: This prospective, cross-sectional epidemiological study, assisted by the Health Fund in the military garrison of Campinas, assessed the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, and gonococcus in military women or companions of soldiers with active or previously active sexual life. METHODS: This study included 647 women based on the non-inclusion criteria. They underwent clinical and laboratory tests for diagnosis of STIs. For statistical analysis, patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of STIs and into age groups. RESULTS: Most women were military dependents, and the majority were asymptomatic. The prevalence of STIs, in ascending order, was 0.3% for hepatitis B and C, 0.62% for syphilis, 0.62% for gonorrhea, 1.08% for chlamydia, and 2.63% for HPV. There were no cases of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Army has the most women-like dependents in the military, belonging to the hierarchical circle of the squares. Early onset of sexual activity favored STIs approximately twice, and younger women had approximately seven times more chlamydia infections. In the general population studied, the prevalence of STIs was lower than expected than in the armed forces of other nations.

Morphology of the Mandibular and Intramandibular Glands of Army Ant Workers of Labidus praedator (Smith 1858) and Labidus coecus (Latreille 1802) (Formicidae: Dorylinae).

Social insects are characterized by having a wide diversity of exocrine glands, with highlights for ants with about 85 glands spreading throughout the body. The mandibular and intramandibular glands are associated with the production of pheromones. The army ants (Dorylinae) play an important role in the structure of the invertebrate community because they are efficient predators and provide suitable conditions for various animals following their invasions in the food search. Labidus coecus (Latreille) is an underground-ameliorating ant and Labidus praedator (Smith) is a generalist surface predator which can deplete invertebrate biomass by up to 75%. This work investigated the morphology of the mandibular and intramandibular glands of L. praedator and L. coecus workers. The glands were analyzed by light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The mandibular and intramandibular glands of the two species were classified as class III glands. The data on the morphology of the mandibular glands has revealed that they have characteristics in common with other subfamilies. The intramandibular glands of the two species of Labidus have similar morphology and chemical composition, which indicates that the components of these glands can have the same function despite their different habits.

Honores a Sir Ernest Shackleton en Sanidad Militar / Honors to Sir Ernest Shackleton in Military Health / Honras a Sir Ernest Shackleton em Saúde Militar

Ernest Shackleton ha sido en la historia, un personaje que dejó huella como ejemplo de resiliencia y liderazgo. En 1914 realizó como jefe de expedición su segundo viaje antártico, frustrado por el hundimiento de su buque insignia. La operación de rescate del grueso de la tripulación varada en el continente más meridional lo llevó a recalar en Montevideo. Desde este puerto partió el buque Instituto de Pesca N°1, con tripulación de Uruguay y Shackleton incluido, no logrando completar el salvamento. De esta acción nació el aprecio hacia la persona del explorador por parte del gobierno de la República. En su postrer travesía, ya fallecido llegó a las Islas Georgia del Sur y a su cuerpo se le realizó un proceso de conservación para ser traído a nuestro país y continuar viaje al puerto de origen en Inglaterra. Es en esa circunstancia que el gobierno del doctor Baltasar Brum solicitó a la Comisión Permanente del Parlamento, se le rindieran honores fúnebres de Ministro de Estado. El embalsamado del cuerpo fue realizado el 30 de enero de 1922, por parte de personal médico y técnico del Hospital Militar, así como los honores que le rindieron por el Servicio de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada.

Ernest Shackleton has been in history, a character who left his mark as an example of resilience and leadership. In 1914, as expedition leader, he made his second Antarctic voyage, frustrated by the sinking of his flagship. The operation to rescue the bulk of the crew stranded on the southernmost continent led him to Montevideo. The Instituto de Pesca N°1, with Uruguayan crew and Shackleton included, departed from this port, but was unable to complete the rescue. From this action was born the appreciation of the explorer by the government of the Republic. In his last voyage, when he died, he reached the South Georgia Islands and his body underwent a preservation process to be brought to our country and continue his voyage to the port of origin in England. It is in this circumstance that the government of Dr. Baltasar Brum requested the Permanent Commission of the Parliament to pay him the funeral honors of a Minister of State. The embalming of the body was carried out on January 30, 1922, by medical and technical personnel of the Military Hospital, as well as the honors rendered by the Army and Navy Health Service.

Ernest Shackleton deixou sua marca na história como um exemplo de resiliência e liderança. Em 1914, ele fez sua segunda viagem à Antártica como líder da expedição, frustrado pelo naufrágio de seu navio principal. A operação para resgatar a maior parte da tripulação encalhada no continente mais ao sul o levou a Montevidéu. O Instituto de Pesca N°1, com tripulação do Uruguai e Shackleton incluído, partiu desse porto, mas não conseguiu concluir o resgate. Essa ação deu origem ao reconhecimento do explorador pelo governo da República. Em sua última viagem, quando morreu, chegou às Ilhas Geórgia do Sul e seu corpo foi preservado para que pudesse ser trazido ao nosso país e continuar sua viagem até o porto de origem na Inglaterra. Foi nessa circunstância que o governo do Dr. Baltasar Brum solicitou ao Comitê Permanente do Parlamento que lhe prestasse as honras fúnebres de um Ministro de Estado. O embalsamamento do corpo foi realizado em 30 de janeiro de 1922, pela equipe médica e técnica do Hospital Militar, bem como as honras prestadas a ele pelo Serviço de Saúde do Exército e da Marinha.

Detection of Mycoplasma species at various anatomical sites of dogs from different types of kennels.

This work aimed to detect Mycoplasma cynos, M. canis, M. edwardii, and M. molare in different types of kennels, in addition to evaluating their distribution in different colonization sites. The dogs belonged to different kennels from armed forces (n = 3), shelters (n = 3), and commercial purposes (n = 2). Samples of the oropharynx, genital mucosa, and ear canal were collected from each dog (n = 98), totaling 294 samples. Aliquots were submitted to isolation and the samples confirmed as Mycoplasma spp. were subjected to conventional PCR for M. canis and multiplex PCR for M. edwardii, M. molare, and M. cynos detection. Of the 98 dogs studied, 63.3% (62) were positive in at least one anatomical site evaluated for Mycoplasma spp. Among the 111 anatomical sites positive for Mycoplasma spp., M. canis, M. edwardii, and M. molare were detected in 29.7% (33/111), 40.5% (45/111), and 2.70% (3/111), respectively. No animal was positive for M. cynos.

El coronel Gustavo Pérez Abreu, precursor de la lucha antiepidémica en la República en Armas / Colonel Gustavo Pérez Abreu, forerunner of the epidemic fight in the Republic in Arms

RESUMEN La participación de los médicos en las guerras por la independencia de Cuba en el siglo XIX, constituye una apreciable fuente de experiencias para la medicina militar. Los valores patrióticos que los caracterizaron, son paradigmas para el trabajo educativo en la formación de las nuevas generaciones de médicos militares. Los médicos del Ejército Libertador son reconocidos por el ejercicio profesional en difíciles condiciones de campaña, ser valerosos combatientes y avezados jefes militares. Entre los que participaron en la heroica gesta independentista del 1895, se destacó el doctor Gustavo Pérez Abreu, un precursor del enfrentamiento a las enfermedades infecciosas que afectaron a las tropas insurrectas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evocar su labor como miembro de la sanidad militar y destacar su importancia como paradigma para nuevas generaciones de médicos militares. Este notable médico prestó servicios en el Estado Mayor del general Máximo Gómez Báez y fue su médico personal. Cumplió misiones en el aseguramiento de acciones combativas dirigidas por el General en Jefe. Fundó y organizó hospitales de campaña para la atención de combatientes. Al finalizar la guerra, editó su diario de campaña con el título En la guerra con Máximo Gómez, un documento testimonial y contenido patriótico, con valor didáctico para conocer mejor la historia de la lucha de los cubanos por la independencia y el desempeño de los médicos y la Sanidad Militar del Ejército Libertador.

ABSTRACT The participation of doctors in the wars for the independence of Cuba in the nineteenth century is an important source of experience in military medicine. The patriotic values that characterized them are paradigms for educational work in the formation of new generations of military doctors. The physicians of the Cuban Liberator Army are recognized for practicing under difficult conditions, being courageous combatants and skilled military leaders. Among those who participated in the heroic independence, war in 1895 was Doctor Gustavo Pérez Abreu. He is precursor to the fight against infectious diseases that affected the troops. The aim of this paper is to evoke his work as a member of the military health service and to highlight his importance as a paradigm for new generations of military doctors. The synthetic historiographies and analytical method were used. This remarkable doctor served on the General Staff of Chief General Máximo Gómez Báez and was his personal physician too. He carried out missions to ensure combat actions led by the General in Chief. He also founded and organized field hospitals for the care of combatants. At the end of the war, he edited his campaign diary. It was one testimonial and patriotic document. In addition, it great has value to understand the history of the struggle of Cubans for the independence and performance of doctors and the Military Health of the Cuban Liberator Army. In this article is exalted his magnificent service to the homeland.

Los hospitales de sangre en la segunda división del cuarto cuerpo del Ejército Libertador

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza el quehacer asistencial en los hospitales de sangre de la Segunda División del Cuarto Cuerpo del Ejército Libertador, con énfasis en su localización, estadísticas y principales procedimientos realizados en estas rudimentarias instalaciones. Está ubicado en el marco temporal de 1895-1898, en la región de Las Villas. Se sitúa en la sanidad militar mambisa de la Segunda División del Cuarto Cuerpo del Ejército Libertador, especifica que el rol de estos hospitales era atender a las tropas mambisas y mantener su vitalidad durante la guerra. Las fuentes que sustentan los argumentos y valoraciones de este trabajo, revelan que la sanidad militar mambisa y dentro de esta, los hospitales de sangre, fueron pilares fundamentales para la subsistencia del Ejército Libertador durante la contienda independentista de 1895.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the care work in the blood hospitals of the Second Division of the Fourth Corps of the Liberation Army, with an emphasis on their location, statistics and main procedures carried out in these rudimentary facilities. It is located in the time frame of 1895 - 1898, in the Las Villas region. It is located in the Mambi military health of the Second Division of the Fourth Corps of the Liberation Army, specifying that the role of these hospitals was to attend to the Mambi troops and maintain their vitality during the war. The sources that support the arguments and evaluations of this work, reveal that the Mambi military health and within this, the blood hospitals were fundamental pillars for the survival of the Liberation Army during the independence struggle of 1895.

Temporary prey storage along swarm columns of army ants: an adaptive strategy for successful raiding?

While pillaging the brood of other ant colonies, Eciton army ants accumulate prey in piles, or caches, along their foraging trails. Widely documented, these structures have historically been considered as by-products of heavy traffic or aborted relocations of the ants' temporary nest, or bivouac. However, we recently observed that caches of the hook-jawed army ant, Eciton hamatum, appeared independently from heavy traffic or bivouac relocations. In addition, the flow of prey through caches varied based on the quantity of prey items workers transported. As this suggested a potential adaptive function, we developed agent-based simulations to compare raids of caching and non-caching virtual army ants. We found that caches increased the amount of prey that relatively low numbers of raiders were able to retrieve. However, this advantage became less conspicuous-and generally disappeared-as the number of raiders increased. Based on these results, we hypothesize that caches maximize the amount of prey that limited amounts of raiders can retrieve, especially as prey colonies coordinately evacuate their brood. In principle, caches also allow workers to safely collect multiple prey items and efficiently transport them to the bivouac. Further field observations are needed to test this and other hypotheses emerging from our study.

Trabalhando como militar-músico: subjetividade, afetos e antinomias no Exército Brasileiro / Working as a military musician: subjectivity, affections and antinomies in the Brazilian Army

O presente estudo teve como objetivo refletir acerca da experiência de trabalho no Exército Brasileiro e seus efeitos na subjetivação de militares-músicos, identificando suas estratégias de acomodação, resistência e singularização (invenção de vida) para lidarem com o modelo disciplinar e vigilante da instituição. Participaram deste estudo, de caráter qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, sete sargentos músicos, pertencentes a uma banda de música do exército de uma cidade do Rio Grande do Sul, no Brasil. Para se aproximar das experiências dos participantes, utilizou-se atécnica de grupo focal. As análises foram construídas considerando a noção de poder, especialmente a partir do referencial foucaultiano, e autores do campo das representações sociais. Foi percebida uma distinção entre ser músico ou militar músico, além de um forte sentimento de desvalorização dos militares-músicos. Concluiu-se que a música é um dispositivo importante para a saúde mental dos trabalhadores no exército, propiciando processos de resistência e a permanência em contexto militar

This study aimed to reflect on military musicians' work experience in the Brazilian Army and its effects on their subjectivity, identifying strategies of accommodation, resistance, and singularization (invention of life) to deal with the disciplinary and vigilant model of the Army. It is characterized as a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory research. In total, seven military sergeant musicians, belonging to an army music band from a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, participated in this study. We employed the focus group technique to approach participants' experiences. We built our analyses considering the notion of power, especially the Foucauldian reference, and Social Representations authors. We found a distinction between musicians and military musicians and the latter's strong feeling of devaluation. However, the pleasure of music triggers processes of resistance. We conclude that music is an important device for army workers' mental health, providing permanence and existence in a military context

The potential risk of enzootic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission inside four training and re-training military battalions (BITER) in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Colombia's National Army is one of the largest military institutions in the country based on the number of serving members and its presence throughout the country. There have been reports of cases of acute or chronic cases of Chagas disease among active military personnel. These may be the result of military-associated activities performed in jungles and other endemic areas or the consequence of exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi inside military establishments/facilities located in endemic areas. The aim of the present study was to describe the circulation of T. cruzi inside facilities housing four training and re-training battalions [Battalions of Instruction, Training en Re-training (BITERs)] located in municipalities with historical reports of triatomine bugs and Chagas disease cases. An entomological and faunal survey of domestic and sylvatic environments was conducted inside each of these military facilities. METHODS: Infection in working and stray dogs present in each BITER location was determined using serological and molecular tools, and T. cruzi in mammal and triatomine bug samples was determined by PCR assay. The PCR products of the vertebrate 12S rRNA gene were also obtained and subjected to Sanger sequencing to identify blood-feeding sources. Finally, we performed a geospatial analysis to evaluate the coexistence of infected triatomines and mammals with the military personal inside of each BITER installation. RESULTS: In total, 86 specimens were collected: 82 Rhodnius pallescens, two Rhodnius prolixus, one Triatoma dimidiata and one Triatoma maculata. The overall T. cruzi infection rate for R. pallescens and R. prolixus was 56.1 and 100% respectively, while T. dimidiata and T. maculata were not infected. Eight feeding sources were found for the infected triatomines, with opossum and humans being the most frequent sources of feeding (85.7%). Infection was most common in the common opossum Didelphis marsupialis, with infection levels of 77.7%. Sylvatic TcI was the most frequent genotype, found in 80% of triatomines and 75% of D. marsupialis. Of the samples collected from dogs (n = 52), five (9.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.20-21.03) were seropositive based on two independent tests. Four of these dogs were creole and one was a working dog. The spatial analysis revealed a sympatry between infected vectors and mammals with the military population. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown a potential risk of spillover of sylvatic T. cruzi transmission to humans by oral and vectorial transmission in two BITER installations in Colombia. The results indicate that installations where 100,000 active military personnel carry out training activities should be prioritized for epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease.

Factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados con el desarrollo de obesidad en militares / Nutritional risk factors associated with the development of obesity in military population

Resumen Introducción: La correcta alimentación de los soldados es clave para mantener la salud y el buen rendimiento, actualmente, la obesidad constituye un problema de salud pública calificada como la "epidemia del siglo". Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en una Brigada del Ejército Mexicano. Material y métodos: Se determinó la fuerza de asociación entre los factores de riesgo nutricionales y el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad. La asociación se realizó mediante X2 y OR, y la diferencia de medias con prueba Z. Resultados: Se observó diferencia entre casos y controles en consumo de calorías (z=9.34, P<0.01), proteínas (z=10.22, P<0.01), grasas (z=8.84, P<0.0) y carbohidratos (z=7.04, P<0.01). El consumo de verduras y frutas <1 vez/semana, y el de bebidas azucaradas >1 vez/semana fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso y obesidad (X2=4.406; p=0.036; OR=2.1), (X2= 5.6; p=0.018; OR=2.25), (X2=7.368; p=0.007; OR=4.5), respectivamente. El no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor y el que la cafetería y la calle sean el sitio de mayor consumo de calorías fueron factores de riesgo (X2=14.44; p=0.000; OR=4.3), (X2=13.74; p=0.000; OR=5.56) y (X2=6.375; p=0.012; OR =4.12), respectivamente. Conclusiones: El consumo menor o igual a una vez a la semana de verduras y frutas, el consumir bebidas azucaradas más de una vez a la semana, el consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías de la cafetería y de la calle y el no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso-obesidad.

Abstract Introduction: Correctly feeding soldiers is key to maintaining health and good performance. Obesity is currently a public health problem classified as the "epidemic of the century". Objective to identify the nutritional risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in a Mexican Army Brigade. Material and methods: The strength of association between nutritional risk factors and the development of overweight and obesity was determined. The association was made using X2 and OR, and the difference in means with the Z test. Results: Different differences between cases and controls in the consumption of calories (z = 9.34, P <0.01), proteins (z = 10.22, P <0.01), fats (z = 8.84, P <0.0) and carbohydrates (z = 7.04, P <0.01). Consumption of vegetables and fruits <1 time / week and consumption of sugary drinks> 1 time / week were risk factors for developing overweight and obesity (X2 = 4,406; p = 0.036; OR = 2.1), (X2 = 5.6 ; p = 0.018; OR = 2.25), (X2 = 7.368; p = 0.007; OR = 4.5), respectively. Failure to consume the highest amount of calories in the dining room and the fact that the cafeteria and the street are the site of the highest calorie consumption were risk factors (X2 = 14.44; p = 0.000; OR = 4.3), (X2 = 13.74; p = 0.000; OR = 5.56) and (X2 = 6.375; p = 0.012; OR = 4.12), respectively. Conclusions: Consumption less than or equal to once a week of vegetables and fruits, consumption of sugary drinks more than once a week, consumption of the greatest number of calories in the cafeteria and the street and non-consumption of the greatest amount of calories in the dining room were risk factors for developing overweight-obesity.

Distribution, treatment outcome and genetic diversity of Leishmania species in military personnel from Colombia with cutaneous leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the Colombian National Army due to the high number of reported cases and exposure throughout military operations in endemic areas. The main aim of this study was to estimate the geographical distribution along with the genetic diversity and treatment outcome of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel. METHODS: Skin lesion samples by smear and aspirate were collected in 136 patients having parasitological cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) diagnosis. DNA was extracted, the nuclear marker heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Leishmania species were identified by BLASTn. The geo-spatial distribution of the identified parasites was determined according to the possible site of infection. Gene tree was constructed by maximum likelihood (ML), diversity indices (π, h) were estimated and haplotype network was constructed under the Templeton-Crandall-Sing algorithm in order to determine the geographic relationships of the genetic variants of Leishmania species circulating in Colombian military population. RESULTS: The species were identified in 77.94% of the samples, with a predominance of L. braziliensis (65.09%), followed by L. panamensis (31.13%), L. naiffi by the first time reported in Colombia in two patients (1.89%) as well as L. lindenbergi in a single patient (0.945%) with possible infection in the municipality of Miraflores, Guaviare and L. infantum in a single patient (0.945%) notified with CL in the municipality of Tumaco, Nariño. The phylogenetic analysis was consistent according to bootstrap, showing four strongly differentiated clades. CONCLUSIONS: The geo-spatial distribution suggested that L. braziliensis has a greater abundance, while L. panamensis has a greater dispersion. The phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel was estimated with the confirmation of two new species circulating without prior report in the country and a species with no background for CL in the Colombian army. A substantial genetic diversity of Leishmania braziliensis was defined. This study contributes through the understanding of the molecular epidemiology to the CL transmission in Colombia.

Orthopaedic care provided by the 14th combat support hospital in support of humanitarian and disaster relief after hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.

On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria, a category 4 hurricane, made landfall on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. This was preceded by Hurricane Irma, a category 5 hurricane, which passed just off the coast 13 d prior. The destruction from both Hurricane Irma and Maria precipitated a coordinated federal response which included the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the United States military. The United States Army dispatched the 14th Combat Support Hospital (CSH) to Humacao, a city on the eastern side of the island where Maria made landfall. The mission of the 14th CSH was to provide medical humanitarian aid and conduct disaster relief operations in support of the government of Puerto Rico and FEMA. During the 14th CSH deployment to Puerto Rico, 1157 patients were evaluated and treated. Fifty-seven operative cases were performed to include 23 orthopaedic cases. The mean age of the orthopaedic patients treated was 45.7 years (range 13-76 years). The most common operation was irrigation and debridement of open contaminated and/or infected wounds. Patients presented a mean 10.8 d from their initial injury (range 1-40 d). Fractures and infections were the most common diagnoses with the greatest delay in treatment from the initial date of injury. The deployment of the 14th CSH to Puerto Rico was unique in its use of air transport, language and local customs encountered, as well as deployment to a location outside the continental United States. These factors coupled with the need for rapid deployment of the 14th CSH provided valuable experience which will undoubtedly enable future success in similar endeavors.

[The military health service in the process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army (1888-1938)]. / El servicio de sanidad militar en el proceso de modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del ejército argentino (1888-1938).

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army was initiated. As a result of this process, Army divisions were formed, which are autonomous military organizations composed of units of various weapons, combat support elements and services. Included among the latter was the military health service, which acted both in the operational units of the military districts in order to incorporate citizens into the Compulsory Military Service as well as in military hospitals. This article aims to: 1) characterize this process in relation to the concepts of defense, organization, functions and territorial deployment of the Army; 2) analyze, within that framework, the formation of the military health service between 1888 -when the Organic Law of the Sanitary Corp of the Army and the Navy was sanctioned - and 1938 - when the Army's organic design was changed on the eve of the Second World War.

Hacia fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX se inició la modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del Ejército Argentino. Como resultado de ese proceso se conformaron las divisiones del Ejército, esto es, organizaciones militares autónomas entre sí, compuestas por unidades de diferentes armas, elementos de apoyo de combate y de servicios. Entre estos últimos estaba el de sanidad militar, que actuaba en las unidades operativas de los distritos militares para el reconocimiento de los ciudadanos para el Servicio Militar Obligatorio y en los hospitales militares. Este artículo tiene por objetivos: 1) caracterizar ese proceso en sus relaciones con las concepciones de la defensa, organización, funciones y despliegue territorial del Ejército; 2) analizar, en ese marco, la conformación del servicio de sanidad militar entre 1888, con la sanción de la Ley Orgánica del Cuerpo de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada, y 1938, con los cambios en el diseño orgánico del Ejército en vísperas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

El servicio de sanidad militar en el proceso de modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del ejército argentino (1888-1938) / The military health service in the process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army (1888-1938)

RESUMEN Hacia fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX se inició la modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del Ejército Argentino. Como resultado de ese proceso se conformaron las divisiones del Ejército, esto es, organizaciones militares autónomas entre sí, compuestas por unidades de diferentes armas, elementos de apoyo de combate y de servicios. Entre estos últimos estaba el de sanidad militar, que actuaba en las unidades operativas de los distritos militares para el reconocimiento de los ciudadanos para el Servicio Militar Obligatorio y en los hospitales militares. Este artículo tiene por objetivos: 1) caracterizar ese proceso en sus relaciones con las concepciones de la defensa, organización, funciones y despliegue territorial del Ejército; 2) analizar, en ese marco, la conformación del servicio de sanidad militar entre 1888, con la sanción de la Ley Orgánica del Cuerpo de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada, y 1938, con los cambios en el diseño orgánico del Ejército en vísperas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

ABSTRACT At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army was initiated. As a result of this process, Army divisions were formed, which are autonomous military organizations composed of units of various weapons, combat support elements and services. Included among the latter was the military health service, which acted both in the operational units of the military districts in order to incorporate citizens into the Compulsory Military Service as well as in military hospitals. This article aims to: 1) characterize this process in relation to the concepts of defense, organization, functions and territorial deployment of the Army; 2) analyze, within that framework, the formation of the military health service between 1888 -when the Organic Law of the Sanitary Corp of the Army and the Navy was sanctioned - and 1938 - when the Army's organic design was changed on the eve of the Second World War.

Can Whole-Body Vibration Exercises in Different Positions Change Muscular Activity of Upper Limbs? A Randomized Trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of whole-body vibration exercises (WBVE) in different positions on muscular activity of flexor digitorum superficialis (FD), wrist extensor (ED), and handgrip strength (HG) of healthy men. Fifteen participants have performed 5 test sets each one consisting of HG strength measurement and 1-minute WBVE intervention (frequency: 50 Hz, amplitude: 1.53 mm, synchronous tri-planar oscillating/vibratory platform), that could be control (no exposition to vibration), squat (30 seconds of rest and 30 seconds of WBVE in squat position), or push-up (30 seconds of rest, and 30 seconds of WBVE in push-up position). After testing, participants had 2 minutes of rest and then were encouraged to keep themselves on a pull-up bar for 30 seconds. During all procedures, muscular activity of FD and ED was measured by surface electromyography (EMG). Statistical analysis has revealed that the EMG measured in the FD during the static pull-up bar exercise after SQUAT condition was significantly higher (P = .004) than the CONTROL and PUSH-UP conditions. Whole-body vibration exercises in squat position increase acutely muscle activation of the FD during isometric exercises of longer duration, while muscle activation of ED and HG strength are not affected by WBVE.

Determinación de las competencias profesionales del egresado de la Licenciatura en Salud Pública / Determination of the professional competences of the graduates in Public Health

Resumen Introducción En el Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos (FAM) no hay estudios sobre las competencias del personal profesional que se dedica a la salud pública. Objetivo Determinar si el egresado de la Escuela Militar de Oficiales de Sanidad (EMOS) posee las competencias para realizar las FESP. Material y métodos Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. Se determinó si los egresados de la EMOS poseían las competencias necesarias para desempeñar las FESP. Se estableció la diferencia estadística entre el grupo que sí las poseía y los que no (t de Student). La comparación de diferencia estadística entre la Licenciatura en Salud Pública y Urgencias Médicas versus Maestría y Curso Técnico Especializado se realizó con una Z de proporciones. Resultados El 53.52% de los egresados de la EMOS poseían las competencias profesionales para la realización de las FESP, con diferencia estadística entre los que las poseen y los que no (t de Student 0.015). Sí existe diferencia estadística entre la Maestría versus la Licenciatura en Salud Pública (z = -2.9226); no se encontró diferencia versus el Curso Técnico Especializado en Salud Pública (z = 0.01116). Conclusiones Los egresados de la EMOS no poseen las competencias para realizar las FESP.

Abstract Introduction In the Mexican Army and Air Force (FAM) there are no studies on the competences of professional personnel dedicated to public health. Objectives To determine if the graduates of the Military School of Health Officials (EMOS) have the competences to carry out the essential public health functions (EPHF). Material and methods Observational, transversal and analytical study. It was determined if the personnel graduated from the EMOS possessed the necessary competences to perform the EPHF. The statistical difference was established between the group that did possess them and those that did not (Student's t test). The comparison of statistical difference between the degree in Public Health and Medical Emergencies versus the Master's and Specialized Technical Course was made with a Z of proportions. Results 53.52% of the graduates of the EMOS had the professional competences for the realization of the EPHF, existing statistical difference between those who possessed them and those who did not (t Student 0.015). There was a statistical difference between the Master's degree and the Degree in Public Health (z = -2.9226); there was no difference versus the Specialized Technical Course in Public Health (z = 0.01116). Conclusions Graduates of the EMOS do not have the competences to carry out the EPHF.

Associations of Army Fathers' PTSD Symptoms and Child Functioning: Within- and Between-Family Effects.

This study examined the within-family and between-family associations between fathers' military-related PTSD symptoms and parent ratings of children's behavioral and emotional problems. The sample included married couples (N = 419) with children composed of a civilian wife and an active-duty husband serving in the U.S. Army. Results indicate that changes in fathers' PTSD symptoms over time were associated with corresponding changes in both mothers' and fathers' reports of child behavioral and emotional problems. These within-family findings were independent from between-family effects, which showed that higher average PTSD symptomatology was associated with more overall behavioral and emotional problems for children. This study uses advances in statistical methodologies to increase knowledge about how PTSD symptoms and child problems are related, both across different families and over time within families.

Crise do capital, exército industrial de reserva e precariado no Brasil contemporâneo / Crisis of the capital, industrial reserve army and precariat in contemporary Brazil

Resumo: O artigo que ora apresentamos almeja compreender, nos marcos da crise estrutural do capital e do leque de mudanças que se espraiam em todas as dimensões da vida social, como as alterações processadas no modo de produção capitalista têm modificado a forma de ser e existir da classe trabalhadora em geral e do exército industrial de reserva mais particularmente, destacando o lugar ocupado pelo que vem sendo denominado precariado nesse espaço.

Abstract: Within the structural crisis of the capital and the range of changes spreading over every dimension of the social life, this article aims at sensing how the changes processed in the capital production mode have transformed the way of being and existing of the working class in general and the industrial reserve army in particular, with emphasis on the position occupied by the so called precariat in such a situation.

Los cuerpos de la Guerra. Análisis de los procesos de construcción corporal y subjetiva en los militantes / The Bodies of War. Analysis of the Processes of Corporal and Subjective Construction in Activists

En los procesos de construcción corporal y subjetiva en el contexto del conflicto interno colombiano y, específicamente, entre los militantes del grupo guerrillero del Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), se destaca el sentido de lo colectivo en la construcción de la corporalidad en este grupo guerrillero, estructurada en función del "cuerpo social" como ideal de su proyecto de lucha, derivado de la configuración de una subjetividad fundada en el "nosotros".

In the corporal and subjective construction in the context of the Colombian conflict, and specifically, among the militants of the guerrilla group of the National Liberation Army (ELN), the sense of the collective in the construction of the corporality in this guerrilla group stands out. Such a construction is structured on the basis of the "social body" as an ideal of their project of fight, which is derived from the configuration of subjectivity and founded in "us."