The changes in biethnic acceptance across daily settings and biethnic adolescents' psychological well-being during middle school transition.

INTRODUCTION: Patterns of biethnic adolescents' perceived biethnic acceptance across families, peers, and school contexts were examined during the transition from elementary to middle school in South Korea. We also examined how the transition patterns were related to their psychological outcomes during this period. METHODS: Utilizing 2-wave data (2017 and 2019) from the Panel Survey of Korean Multicultural Youth Adjustment, a latent transition analysis was conducted. Participants were biethnic adolescents who were in 5th or 6th grade at Wave 1 (N = 245; 51.02% female; Mage = 11.38). Their fathers were Korean, and mothers were immigrants from neighboring countries. Familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate scores were used as indicators of biethnic acceptance. Outcomes of self-esteem, depression, and biethnic affirmation were also examined. RESULTS: Latent profile and transition analyses yielded two groups (i.e., high acceptance and low acceptance) at each wave and four transition patterns (i.e., high-high, low-high, low-low, and high-low). Compared to high-high group, which was the most prevalent group, low-low and high-low groups reported lower self-esteem and ethnic affirmation, and greater depression at Wave 3. CONCLUSIONS: While for the majority of participants, their daily settings continued to be high in biethnic acceptance across the transition period, most at risk were those who perceived a decrease in biethnic acceptance in their daily settings. Results shed light on the need for support to maintain the context of high biethnic acceptance surrounding biethnic adolescents for their psychological well-being in school transitions.

Biracial Faces Offer Visual Cues of Successful Intergroup Contact: Genetic Admixture and Coalition Detection.

This research explores how biracial facial cues affect racial perception and social judgment. We tested a coalition-signaling hypothesis of biracial cues in two studies conducted in the United States (n = 227) and China (n = 116). From the perspective of intergroup and interpersonal relations theories in social psychology, biracial features would likely be perceived as cues of threat or resource competition. In contrast, we propose an evolutionary hypothesis that biracial facial cues reveal the ancestral history of intergroup alliances between members of two races or ethnic groups. When racial cues are mixed, we predict that biracial individuals may be viewed more positively than other-race or even own-race members who often compete for limited ingroup resources. The participants observed facial images that ranged from 100% Asian to 100% Caucasian, including morphed biracial composites of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% Caucasian or Asian. The participants evaluated each image regarding perceived Caucasianness (Asianness), attractiveness, trustworthiness, health, intelligence, and career prospects. The US and Chinese samples yielded a similar pattern of own-race bias in racial perception and biracial favoritism in social judgment. The social judgment ratings were not correlated with the racial perception scores and were independent of the sex of the participants or biracial images, indicating a coalitional motive, instead of a mating motive, underlying social perception of biracial individuals. Overall, the results suggest that biracial facial features signal a successful genetic admixture and coalition in parental generations and thus increase the trustworthiness and cooperative potential of a biracial person.

Campus Racial Climate, Psychological Well-being, and Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Monoracial Black and Biracial Black Students Following Heightened Exposure to Police Brutality.

The spring of 2020 was characterized by highly visible acts of police brutality and a heightened attention to systemic racism that created a macro-stressor for Black-identifying individuals. The current study aimed to capture college students' perceptions of campus racial climate, subjective well-being, and race-based trauma symptoms during this time. Results indicated that racial identity was associated with students' mental well-being, perceptions of campus racial climate, and experiences of traumatic stress symptoms. Monoracial Black and biracial Black students differed from non-Black students in their perceptions of campus racial climate and their traumatic stress symptoms. Monoracial Black and biracial Black students differed from one another on reports of subjective well-being. A unique pattern of correlations among the study variables emerged for each group. Our findings document the race-based trauma symptoms experienced by monoracial Black and biracial Black students in the spring of 2020 and provide a foundation for future research to examine factors that uniquely contribute to the well-being of monoracial Black and biracial Black students.

Hypodescent or ingroup overexclusion?: Children's and adults' racial categorization of ambiguous black/white biracial faces.

Two processes describe racially ambiguous Black/White Biracial categorization-the one-drop rule, or hypodescent, whereby racially ambiguous people are categorized as members of their socially subordinated racial group (i.e., Black/White Biracial faces categorized as Black) and the ingroup overexclusion effect, whereby racially ambiguous people are categorized as members of a salient outgroup, regardless of the group's status. Without developmental research with racially diverse samples, it is unclear when these categorization patterns emerge. Study 1 included White, Black, and racially diverse Biracial children (aged 3- to 7-years) and their parents to test how racial group membership and social context influence face categorization biases. To provide the clearest test of hypodescent and ingroup overexclusion, White participants came from majority White neighborhoods and Black participants from majority Black neighborhoods (with Biracial participants from more racially diverse neighborhoods)-two samples with prominent racial ingroups. Study 2 aimed to replicate the parent findings with a separate sample of White, Black, Black/White Biracial, and Asian adults. Results suggest the ingroup overexclusion effect is present across populations early in development and persists into adulthood. Additionally, categorization was meaningfully related to parental context, pinpointing a pathway that potentially contributes to ingroup overexclusion. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: White, Black, and racially diverse Biracial children and adults tended to categorize racially ambiguous Black/White Biracial faces as racial outgroup members, even if the outgroup was White. This contradicts most work arguing Black/White Biracial racially ambiguous people are more often seen as Black. Children and parents' categorizations were related, though children's categorizations were not related to socialization above and beyond parents' categorizations. Children showed similar categorization patterns across dichotomous and continuous measures.

Alcohol use in multiracial American youth compared with monoracial youth: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although multiracial people comprise the fastest growing population in the United States, multiracial youth are nearly invisible in alcohol research. This meta-analysis synthesized the youth alcohol literature to estimate the magnitude of difference in alcohol use as a function of multiracial status. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: Empirical studies reporting multiracial and monoracial comparisons in youth (aged 10-24 years) alcohol use were identified through a systematic literature search. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using 85 effect sizes extracted from 16 studies assessing life-time, past-year, past-month and binge alcohol use. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of n=1 555 635 youth were assessed in the United States. FINDINGS: Multiracial youth are suggested to be more likely to endorse life-time alcohol use than Asian youth [number of studies (k) = 3; odds ratio (OR) = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01, 3.24; p = 0.04], with significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 8.42; p < 0.001; I2  = 76%) in effect size comparisons. Multiracial youth are suggested to be more likely to endorse past-month alcohol use than Black (k = 6; OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.38, 1.71; p < 0.001) and Asian (k = 4; OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.52, 2.88; p < 0.001) youth, but less likely than White (k = 6; OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.84, 0.91; p < 0.001) youth, with significant between-study heterogeneity for Black youth (Q = 11.94; p = 0.03; I2  = 58%) in effect size comparisons. Lastly, multiracial youth are suggested to be more likely to endorse binge alcohol use than Black (k = 4; OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.62, 2.44; p < 0.001) and Asian (k = 4; OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 2.28, 3.48; p < 0.001) youth, but less likely than White (k = 5; OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.70, 0.81; p < 0.001) and American Indian/Alaska Native (k = 3; OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.71, 0.85; p < 0.001) youth, with significant between-study heterogeneity among Black (Q = 23.99; p < 0.001; I2  = 87%) and Asian (Q = 17.76; p < 0.001; I2  = 83%) youth in effect size comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, multiracial youth report distinct alcohol use patterns compared with monoracial youth and may be at elevated alcohol use risk compared with Black and Asian youth.

Mental health outcomes of multiracial individuals: A systematic review between the years 2016 and 2022.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that multiracial individuals are at high risk for mental health problems. Systematic and ongoing synthesis of literature is necessary to understand mental health among multiracial individuals. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of scholarly articles published during the years 2016-2022. Studies must have focused explicitly on mental health outcomes of biracial/multiracial individuals using quantitative methods. A total of 22 articles met criteria for this review. RESULTS: Studies were mainly from the United States, with one study from the United Kingdom and one from the Netherlands. Sample sizes ranged from 57 to 393,681. Findings revealed a complicated picture between multiracial identity and mental health, which may be a function of how multiracial identity is defined and empirically examined. Among studies comparing multiracial individuals with monoracial groups, multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health, with notable exceptions depending on the multiracial subgroup, the mental health outcome, and the reference group. Among studies that only examined multiracial individuals, discrimination and ethno-racial identity emerged as complex explanatory factors that can shape mental health, though each of these constructs can be explored more deeply across social milieu. LIMITATIONS: The review focused on studies explicitly examining multiracial mental health, published during a limited time frame. CONCLUSION: Multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health outcomes compared to their monoracial counterparts, with variations depending on the outcomes, populations/subgroups, contexts, and reference groups. Racial discrimination and ethno-racial identity may shape mental health trajectories of multiracial people, calling for more research to inform targeted interventions.

Parenting, Peers, and Alcohol Use Initiation Among Black, White, and Black-White Adolescents: Evidence Using Discrete-Time Survival Analysis.

Alcohol use among Biracial adolescents remains understudied. This study examined how parenting and peer factors relate to age of alcohol use onset among Black, White, and Biracial Black-White adolescents and emerging adults. We used Add Health data to produce a final analytic sample of 13,528 adolescents who self-identified as White, Black, or Biracial Black-White. Discrete-time survival analysis implemented within logistic regression indicated Black adolescents showed the lowest probability of alcohol use onset by age 18, followed by Biracial adolescents, and White adolescents. The probability of alcohol use onset increased for Monoracial Black and White adolescents at ages 16, 18, and 21. Descriptively our model suggest that Biracial adolescents exhibit a sharp decline in their probability of alcohol use onset at age 16 and a sharp increase at age 21. However, this trend did not differ significantly from the other racial groups. Consistent with social control and learning theories, low parental acceptance, high parental control, and peer substance use were associated with alcohol use onset. Alcohol use onset trajectories differed for Monoracial and Biracial adolescents with Biracial individuals reporting greater alcohol onset in adulthood. Prevention efforts should continue to target parental acceptance, parental control, and peer substance use.

Association of Vitamin E and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with and without the APOEɛ4 Allele: A Biracial Population-Based Community Study.

BACKGROUND: The association of different types of tocopherols (vitamin E) with cognition might vary by the APOEɛ4 allele status. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of dietary tocopherols with cognitive decline among participants with and without the APOEɛ4 allele over a median of 12 years. METHODS: 2,193 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project were included in the analyses. Global cognition was assessed in three-year cycles. We used a 144-item FFQ to assess dietary intakes of tocopherols and hME Sequenom mass-array platform to assess APOE genotype. We used linear mixed effects models to examine the relationship between tocopherol from food sources and global cognitive decline. RESULTS: The mean baseline age was 74.1 (SD = 5.9) years. Among APOEɛ4 carriers, participants in the highest quintile of intakes of dietary vitamin E had a slower cognitive decline of 0.022 SDU (95% CI: 0.000, 0.043) compared to those in the lowest quintile. A higher intake of dietary α-tocopherol from food sources only was associated with slower cognitive decline in APOEɛ4 carriers (p for trend 0.002) but not among the non-carriers (p for trend 0.937). Among APOEɛ4 carriers, those in the highest quintile of intake of α-tocopherol had a 16.4% slower rate of decline of global cognition compared to those in the lowest quintile (ß= 0.034, 95% CI: 0.013, 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals consuming high α-tocopherol from food sources had slower cognitive decline among APOEɛ4 carriers. In older adults, different forms of vitamin E might moderate the relationship of APOEɛ4 with global cognition.

Classification of Students by Race and Hispanic/Latino/a/x Ethnicity Impacts Estimates of the Prevalence of Substance Use.

Multiracial and Hispanic/Latino/a/x youth are rapidly growing populations in the United States. When considered in substance use studies, they are often treated as homogeneous groups despite important demographic and cultural differences. The current study explores how substance use prevalence may differ depending on how precisely race and ethnicity groups are categorized. Data are from the 2018 High School Maryland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 41,091, 48.4% female). We estimate prevalence of past 30-day substance use (i.e., alcohol, combustible tobacco, e-cigarettes, and marijuana) for all combinations of race and Hispanic/Latino/a/x ethnicity. Substance use prevalence across the specific Multiracial and Hispanic/Latino/a/x categories showed a wider range of estimates than within the traditional CDC racial and ethnic categories. Findings from this study suggest that state- and national-level surveillance of adolescent risk behavior should add further measures of race and ethnic identity to improve researchers' ability to increase precision of substance use prevalence estimates.

Black + White = Prototypically Black: Visualizing Black and White People's Mental Representations of Black-White Biracial People.

Utilizing reverse correlation, we investigated Black and White participants' mental representations of Black-White Biracial people. Across 200 trails, Black and White participants chose which of two faces best fit specific social categories. Using these decisions, we visually estimated Black and White people's mental representations of Biracial people by generating classification images (CIs). Independent raters blind to condition determined that White CI generators' Biracial CI was prototypically Blacker (i.e., more Afrocentric facial features and darker skin tone) than Black CI generators' Biracial CI (Study 1a/b). Furthermore, independent raters could not distinguish between White CI generators' Black and Biracial CIs, a bias not exhibited by Black CI generators (Study 2). A separate task demonstrated that prejudiced White participants allocated fewer imaginary funds to the more prototypically Black Biracial CI (Study 3), providing converging evidence. How phenotypicality bias, the outgroup homogeneity effect, and hypodescent influences people's mental images of ingroup/outgroup members is discussed.

Cultural and Psychosocial Correlates of co-use among Black-White Biracial Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Biracial individuals, a subset of the fastest growing population segment in the United States, frequently experience conflict with ethnic identity, according to marginality theory. Ethnic identity is associated with perceived discrimination and self-esteem, and each of these factors is associated with alcohol and marijuana use. Some research suggests that Black-White biracial individuals have specific challenges with ethnic identity, discrimination, and self-esteem, as well as have disproportionate rates of alcohol and marijuana use separately. Co-use of these substances is linked to more risk behaviors and greater quantity/frequency of use compared to singular use of alcohol or marijuana. However, research examining these cultural and psychosocial factors as correlates of recent co-use among Black-White biracial individuals is limited. METHOD: The current study examined past-year cultural (i.e., ethnic identity, perceived discrimination) and psychosocial (i.e., age, gender, self-esteem) factors associated with past 30-day co-use (i.e., alcohol, marijuana) among a sample of 195 biracial (Black-White) adults recruited and surveyed via MTurk. We analyzed data using a hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: Results of the final step of logistic regression indicate increases in perceived discrimination were significantly associated with a 1.06 times greater likelihood in 30-day co-use (95% CI [1.002, 1.10]; p = .002). Further, co-use is more common among women than men (OR = 0.50, 95% CI [0.25, 0.98]; p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate discrimination experienced among Black-White biracial adults is the most culturally relevant correlate of recent co-use in this study, of the factors measured given the framework. As such, substance use treatment with this population may focus on experiences of and coping with discrimination. Since women were also at greater risk for co-use, gender-specific treatments may be beneficial for this population. The article also discussed other culturally relevant treatment considerations.

Categorizing a Face and Facing a Category: The Constructive Impacts of Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Racial Categorization.

The past generation has seen a dramatic rise in multiracial populations and a consequent increase in exposure to individuals who challenge monolithic racial categories. We examine and compare two potential outcomes of the multiracial population growth that may impact people's racial categorization experience: (a) exposure to racially ambiguous faces that visually challenge the existing categories, and (b) a category that conceptually challenges existing categories (including "biracial" as an option in addition to the monolithic "Black" and "White" categories). Across four studies (N = 1,810), we found that multiple exposures to faces that are racially ambiguous directly lower essentialist views of race. Moreover, we found that when people consider a category that blurs the line between racial categories (i.e., "biracial"), they become less certain in their racial categorization, which is associated with less race essentialism, as well. Importantly, we found that these two effects happen independently from one another and represent two distinct cognitive processes.

A healthy plant-based diet was associated with slower cognitive decline in African American older adults: a biracial community-based cohort.

BACKGROUND: African American (AA) adults have about twice the risk of developing dementia compared with white adults. However, evidence on dietary modification in preventing cognitive decline from diverse populations focusing on AA adults is minimal. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the association between a plant-based diet and the rate of cognitive decline in a population-based sample of AA and white adults. METHODS: This study consisted of 3337 participants from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (60% AA participants, 64% female). Plant-based diet quality was evaluated by the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), the healthful PDI (hPDI), and the unhealthful PDI (uPDI). Global cognition was assessed using a composite score of 4 individual tests of cognition. We used mixed models to examine the associations of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with the rates of decline in global cognition, perceptual speed, and episodic memory. Models were adjusted for age, sex, presence of apoE e4 allele, lifestyle factors including education, cognitive activities, smoking status, calorie intake, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, time, and the interaction terms of time × each covariate. RESULTS: AA and white participants had various dietary patterns. Higher hPDI was associated with a slower rate of decline in global cognition, perceptual speed, and episodic memory in AA participants but not white participants. AA study participants in the highest quintile of hPDI had significantly slower rates of global cognitive decline (ß: 0.0183 ± 0.0086; P = 0.032), perceptual speed (ß: 0.0179 ± 0.0088; P = 0.04), and episodic memory (ß: 0.0163 ± 0.0118; P = 0.04) than individuals in the lowest quintile of hPDI. There were no associations of either PDI or uPDI with the rate of cognitive decline in either racial group. CONCLUSIONS: A healthy plant-based diet was associated with a slower rate of decline in global cognition, perceptual speed, and episodic memory in AA adults.

Beyond the Boundaries: Exploring the Identity-Related Experiences of Biracial/Multiracial and Bisexual Adults.

Most prior bisexual research takes a monolithic approach to racial identity, and existing racial/ethnic minority research often overlooks bisexuality. Consequently, previous studies have rarely examined the experiences and unique health needs of biracial/multiracial and bisexual individuals. This exploratory qualitative study investigated the identity-related experiences of biracial/multiracial and bisexual adults within the context of health and well-being. Data were collected through 90-min semi-structured telephone interviews. Participants were recruited through online social network sites and included 24 adults between ages 18 and 59 years. We aimed to explore how identity-related experiences shape biracial/multiracial and bisexual individuals' identity development processes; how biracial/multiracial and bisexual individuals negotiate their identities; how the blending of multiple identities may contribute to perceptions of inclusion, exclusion, and social connectedness; and how biracial/multiracial and bisexual individuals may attribute positive and negative experiences to their identities. Interview transcripts were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. Analysis highlighted four major themes: passing and invisible identities, not measuring up and erasing complexity, cultural binegativity/queerphobia and intersectional oppressions, and navigating beyond boundaries. Our findings imply promoting affirmative visibility and developing intentional support networks may help biracial/multiracial and bisexual individuals cultivate resiliency and navigate sources of identity stress. We encourage future research to explore mental health and chronic stress among this community.

Potential Pathways From Peer Victimization to Alcohol Use Among Biracial Adolescents: The Intervening Role of Parental Support.

BACKGROUND: This study examined pathways from peer victimization to alcohol use and the role of parental support in mediating potential peer effects among biracial youth. Given a significant dearth of research on biracial youth, this study addresses this significant gap in the extant literature. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were conducted using the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study in the United States. This study enrolled 492 self-identified biracial school-aged youth using a nationally representative sampling of public and private schools. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling was computed to test the mediational effects of low number of close friends, affiliation with delinquent friends, and parental support on alcohol use. Major findings indicated that affiliation with delinquent friends was correlated with higher alcohol use, higher levels of parental support were correlated with lower peer victimization, and higher levels of parental support were negatively correlated with affiliation with delinquent peers and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Parental and peer effects remain salient for biracial youth who are navigating adolescence and experiencing peer victimization. School-based interventions that include parents and friends of biracial youth are likely to be effective in reducing peer victimization and its negative sequelae.

Understanding suicide risk for youth who are both Black and Native American: The role of intersectionality and multiple marginalization.

INTRODUCTION: Native American and multiracial youth experience elevated risk for suicide ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA); however, intersectional identities are often unexamined in suicide research. METHOD: We examined the prevalence of SI and SA, and the impact of intersectional identities (sex, sexual minority identity, and economic insecurity) on these rates, in 496 biracial Black-Native American, 2,804 Native American, 14,220 Black, 5,569 biracial Native American-White, 4,076 biracial Black-White, and 118,816 White youth who participated in the Minnesota Student Survey. RESULTS: Black-Native American youth reports of SI and SA resembled other Native American youth and were significantly higher than those reported by Black, White, and Black-White (SA only) youth. While sexual minority youth reported higher rates of SI and SA than heterosexual youth, this difference between sexual minority and heterosexual Black-Native American youth was smaller as compared to their peers. CONCLUSION: Though they largely resemble their mono/biracial Native American peers, Black-Native American youth show some distinct patterns of SA when accounting for their intersectional identities. Despite presumed similarities in systemic risk factors, Black and Black-Native American youth differ considerably in reported suicidality. The experiences of Black-Native American teens warrant further examination.

More than Half: Multiracial Families in the World War II Japanese American Incarceration Camps.

In this first-person commentary, the author, an art historian, recounts family explorations of multiraciality and discrimination through her family's literal journey to 10 camps where Japanese Americans were incarcerated during a period of xenophobia following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1942. In addition to Japanese immigrants (Issei) who were banned from becoming U.S. citizens and their American-born children (Nisei), multiracial spouses and children with partial Japanese ancestry were also imprisoned. The War Relocation Authority (WRA) created a series of rules that applied to interracial married couples and multiracial children. Children with Japanese fathers were considered "more than half" Japanese with the belief that the male head of the household would establish and observe the family's cultural values and practices. Multiracial children with White fathers were treated more sympathetically stemming from a desire to protect them from absorbing Japanese customs and ideas. Within the camps, multiracial families were subject to ostracization by families of Japanese descent as well as military personnel. The author's children, upon entering public school, endured inquiries, taunts, and microagressions from peers. As parents, the author and her spouse, a fine art photographer, visited the camp locations to understand this dark period of U.S. to explore and document the places, talk with their children about their multiracial identities, and enable growth through experience and knowledge. All of the camps are in desolate locations and most are in ruins, but lingering discrimination from this egregious historical period exist and they affected the author's children.

Are Morphs a Valid Substitute for Real Multiracial Faces in Race Categorization Research?

The rise of the multiracial population has been met with a growing body of research examining multiracial face perception. A common method for creating multiracial face stimuli in past research has been mathematically averaging two monoracial "parent" faces of different races to create computer-generated multiracial morphs, but conclusions from research using morphs will only be accurate to the extent that morphs yield perceptual decisions similar to those that would be made with real multiracial faces. The current studies compared race classifications of real and morphed multiracial face stimuli. We found that oval-masked morphed faces were classified as multiracial significantly more often than oval-masked real multiracial faces (Studies 1 and 2), but at comparable levels to unmasked real multiracial faces (Study 2). Study 3 examined factors that could explain differences in how morphs and real multiracial faces are categorized and pointed to the potential role that unusualness/distinctiveness might play.

Examining Multiracial Pride, Identity-based Challenges, and Discrimination: An Exploratory Investigation among Biracial Emerging Adults.

This study investigated the main and interactive effects of identity-based challenges, discrimination, and Multiracial pride on psychological distress in Biracial emerging adults. Additionally, we examined whether these associations may differ by Biracial sub-group (e.g., Black-White, Asian-White, Latinx-White, and minority-minority) given their unique racial experiences. Participants were 326 Biracial emerging adults (Mage = 19.57 years old; 75.2% female) recruited from three public universities in the United States for an online survey. For all Biracial groups, identity-based challenges were associated with greater psychological distress. After testing a series of competing multi-group regression models, results indicated that the relations between distress and our predictors: identity-based challenges, discrimination, and Multiracial pride do indeed differ across Biracial sub-group. The most apparent and unique differences were displayed by the Black-White Biracial sub-group. These findings highlight identity-based challenges as a unique risk in the Biracial population and suggest that a principled comparison between Biracial sub-groups is necessary to tease apart group-specific associations between these constructs and psychological distress.