Neck Circumference and Its Relation with Body Fat Percentage in Children 5-10 Years Old.

BACKGROUND: Neck circumference (NC) has been proposed as an indicator of upper trunk adiposity and a potential indicator of metabolic risk. The objective was to evaluate NC and its correlation with body fat percentage (BF%) and other indicators of adiposity in children with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 112 children 5 to 10 years of age were included in the outpatient clinic from a public hospital. Measures of weight and height to calculate BMI (kg/m2), NC, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, and tricipital skinfold thickness. Body composition measurements were performed using an electrical bioimpedance device (BIA). The relationship between anthropometric variables and BF% obtained by BIA was determined using Spearman correlation tests. Multivariate models were constructed with BF% as the dependent variable and anthropometric parameters as independent. RESULTS: In the entire group, there was a direct correlation between NC and BF% (r = 0.50, p < 0.001), but lost statistical significance in the case of normal weight. The relationship maintained its significance in subjects from the overweight and obesity groups. In multivariate models, BMI exhibited the highest correlation with BF%, followed by waist circumference and mid-upper arm circumference; for NC, the R2 value was 0.30 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Neck circumference is useful in the screening of population groups with the advantage of not requiring any specialized instruments for its measurement other than a tape measure. BMI and waist circumference were the best indicators of general and central adiposity, respectively.

Dietary patterns and adiposity over time - analysis of the ELSA-Brasil.

PURPOSE: Combining different statistical methods to identify dietary patterns (DP) may provide new insights on how diet is associated with adiposity. This study investigated the association of DP derived from three data-driven methods and adiposity indicators over time. METHODS: This study used data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DP were identified at baseline applying three statistical methods: Factor Analysis (FA), Treelet Transform (TT), and Reduced Rank Regression (RRR). The association between DP and adiposity indicators (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage and fat mass index) over the period of 8.2 years of follow-up was assessed by linear mixed-models. RESULTS: Convenience DP, marked by unhealthy food groups, was associated with higher adiposity over the follow-up period, regardless of the method applied. The DP identified by TT and marked by high consumption of rice and beans was associated with lower adiposity, whereas the similar DP identified by FA, but additionally characterised by consumption of poultry and red meat was associated with higher adiposity. Prudent DP, marked by plant-based food groups and fish, identified by FA was associated with lower adiposity across the median follow-up time. CONCLUSION: Applying different methods to identify DP showed that a convenience DP was associated with higher adiposity independent of the method applied. We also identified the nuances within adherence to a Brazilian traditional dietary pattern characterised by the consumption of rice and beans, that only when combined with reduced consumption of animal protein and unhealthy foods was associated with lower adiposity over time.

Composição da gordura corporal em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais: um estudo comparativo entre dobras cutâneas e ultrassonografia / Body fat composition in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a comparative study between skinfolds and ultrasonography

ABSTRACT Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with important changes in nutritional status. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare body fat composition between two anthropometric methods: skinfolds and ultrasonography, in patients with IBD. Methods: Single-center cross-sectional study with IBD patients in remission or active disease. For the agreement analysis between the body fat assessment methods, the Bland Altman method was used. Results: A total of 101 patients with IBD were included, 75 with Crohn's disease and 26 with ulcerative colitis. Approximately 56% of the patients with Crohn's disease and 65.4% of those with ulcerative colitis had a body fat composition above normal levels, with no significant difference between the diseases (P=0.63). The Bland-Altman concordance analysis showed that the methods for assessing the percentage of fat by the adipometer and ultrasound were not in full agreement (P=0.001), despite both presented good correlation (CC 0.961; P=0.000). Conclusion: The analysis of body fat percentage in patients with IBD was different between the skinfolds and ultrasound. Both methods can be used to assess the of body fat percentage of patients with IBD. However, monitoring of body fat sequentially and longitudinally should always be performed using the same method throughout the disease course. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to precisely define the role of these two methods of measuring body composition in patients with IBD.

RESUMO Contexto: As doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII) estão associadas a alterações importantes no estado nutricional. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a composição da gordura corporal entre dois métodos antropométricos: dobras cutâneas e ultrassonografia, em pacientes com DII. Métodos: Estudo transversal de centro único com pacientes com DII em remissão ou doença ativa. Para a análise de concordância entre os métodos de avaliação da gordura corporal foi utilizado o método de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Foram incluídos 101 pacientes com DII, 75 com doença de Crohn e 26 com colite ulcerativa. Aproximadamente 56% dos pacientes com doença de Crohn e 65,4% daqueles com colite ulcerativa apresentaram composição de gordura corporal acima dos níveis normais, sem diferença significativa entre as doenças (P=0,63). A análise de concordância de Bland-Altman mostrou que os métodos de avaliação do percentual de gordura pelo adipômetro e ultrassonografia não foram totalmente concordantes (P=0,001), apesar de ambos apresentarem boa correlação (CC 0,961; P=0,000). Conclusão: A análise do percentual de gordura corporal em pacientes com DII foi diferente entre as dobras cutâneas e a ultrassonografia. Ambos os métodos podem ser usados para avaliar o percentual de gordura corporal de pacientes com DII. Entretanto, o monitoramento da gordura corporal de forma sequencial e longitudinal deve ser sempre realizado utilizando o mesmo método durante todo o curso da doença. Estudos longitudinais prospectivos são necessários para definir com precisão o papel desses dois métodos de medição da composição corporal em pacientes com DII.

Human metabolism and body composition: prospects for novel studies.

CONTEXT: Most articles on gut microbiota argue the importance of body composition assessment in patients; however, body composition assessments are fragile (ie, with methodological limitations) in the most recent studies. OBJECTIVE: To present two suggestions for further research using the human body composition assessment. METHODS: The methods used in this study are based on a Pinto et al article published in Nutrition Reviews. DATA EXTRACTION: On the basis of data.obtained from the PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS, and Web of Science databases, Pinto et al provided a current survey of intermittent fasting protocols and an understanding of the outcomes to date in terms of the profile of the intestinal microbiota in obese organisms. DATA ANALYSIS: Of the 82 original articles identified from the databases, 35 were eliminated because of duplication and 32 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. Two additional articles found in a new search were added, yielding a total of 17 studies to be included in this review. Among the protocols, alternate-day fasting and time-restricted feeding were the most common, and they were shown to have different mechanisms of metabolic signaling. Time-restricted feeding influences body mass control and biochemical parameters by regulating the circadian system and improving satiety control systems by acting on leptin secretion. In contrast, alternate-day fasting leads to a reduction of ±75% of all energy consumption regardless of dietary composition, in addition to promoting hormonal adjustments that promote body mass control. Furthermore, both protocols could remodel the intestinal microbiota by changing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of strains such as Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia that have a protective effect on metabolism against the effects of body mass gain. CONCLUSION: Changes in adipose tissue (eg, body mass loss, control, gain) should be interpreted via the sum of skinfolds in absolute values, waist perimeter, and patients' body proportionality, because fat is just a fraction of the adipocyte (lipid).

Performance of Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Detecting Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Brazilian Adults.

Obesity is a recognized risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate anthropometric and body composition indicators used for its diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass index (FMI) and body mass index (BMI) for detecting cardiometabolic outcomes in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving adults at 30 years of age from Pelotas, RS (n = 3517) and at 37-39 years from Ribeirão Preto, SP (n = 1696). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the cut-off points for predicting cardiometabolic risk factors, including altered blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDDL-c), C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin. The cut-off points of BF% ranged from 25.2 to 27.8 in men and from 37.4 to 39.7 in women at 30 years, and from 26.1 to 27.8 in men and from 38.5 to 42.2 in women at 37-39 years. For FMI (kg/m2), the cut-off points ranged from 6.3 to 7.5 in men and from 9.5 to 10.8 in women at 30 years, and from 7.3 to 7.8 in men and from 10.2 to 12.2 in women at 37-39 years. The BMI cut-off points (kg/m2) ranged from 26.3 to 27.3 in men and from 25.4 to 27.2 in women at 30 years, and from 28.3 to 29.0 in men and from 27.2 to 29.6 in women at 37-39 years. The areas under the curve were similar for the three indicators, ranging from 0.523 to 0.746. BMI showed a performance similar to that of the body fat-based indicators in identifying cardiometabolic outcomes. The cut-off points of the three indicators showed acceptable discriminatory power in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Validity of the relative fat mass pediatric index (RFMp) for the analysis of body composition in physically active youths at different stages of biological maturation.

BACKGROUND: The paediatric relative fat mass (RFMp) index was valid for analysis of percent body fat (BF%). However, the validation did not consider biological maturation (BM) stages. The present study aimed to verify the validity of the RFMp index in the estimation of BF% in children and adolescents of both sexes at different stages of BM. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 146 young (males: 64.5%. females: 35.5%. age: 13.0 ± 2.2 years) practising sports modalities. We tested the validity of four RFMp equations (1: for boys aged 8-14 years; 2: for girls aged 8-14 years; 3: for both sexes aged 8-14 years; and 4: for both sexes aged 15-19 years) to analyse BF% using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as a reference method. BM was analysed by peak height velocity (PHV). Thus, we created subgroups by BM stage (pre-PHV, circum-PHV and post-PHV). RESULTS: Analyses of agreement between methods showed that only the RFMp-3 equation was reliable to analyse BF% in subjects of both sexes aged 8-14 years at the circum-PHV BM stage (proportion bias 95% confidence interval = -0.3 to 0.5, p = 0.7. concordance correlation coefficient = 0.3; validity = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The RFMp equation developed for the paediatric population of both sexes aged 8-14 years was valid for predicting BF% in children and adolescents of both sexes at the Circum-PHV stage of the BM.

Abdominal Obesity, Excessive Adiposity, and the Taq1B CETP Variant Are Positively Associated with Serum Lipid Levels in Mexican Women.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a prevalent multifactorial disease whose main complication is dyslipidemia. Serum lipid levels also depend on genetic factors including the Taq1B variant of the CETP gene, which is suggested to be influenced by environmental factors and adiposity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the Taq1B CETP variant on serum lipid levels associated with anthropometrical variables. METHODS: 165 women from western Mexico were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Weight and body fat were measured by bioimpedance and waist circumference with a measuring tape. Serum lipid levels were determined by dry chemistry. The Taq1B CETP variant was analyzed by allelic discrimination. RESULTS: Women with abdominal obesity and the B1B2/B2B2 genotype had significantly higher total cholesterol levels (195.17 [185.95-204.39] vs. 183 mg/dL [169.83-196.16], p = 0.007) and low density lipoprotein (118.84 [110.65-127.03] vs. 113.84 mg/dL [102.37-125.31], p = 0.037) than carriers of the B1B1 genotype. Likewise, subjects with excessive adiposity and the B1B2/B2B2 genotype showed significantly higher total cholesterol levels (195.05 [186.04-204.06] vs. 182.40 mg/dL [169.03-195.76], p = 0.003) than those with the B1B1 genotype. CONCLUSION: Women with abdominal obesity or excessive adiposity, who are also carriers of the B1B2/B2B2 genotype, have higher serum lipid levels than women with the B1B1 genotype.

The Body Adiposity Index is not applicable to the Brazilian adult population.

Background: Obesity is a serious disease that burdens public health systems around the world. It is a risk factor for the development of several non-communicable chronic diseases that are related to the amount and distribution of body fat. Body composition assessment using simple and low-cost techniques can help in the early detection of excess fat, allowing for the prevention and treatment of both obesity and associated diseases. Thus, identifying and proposing valid anthropometric indices for this purpose can be a great ally of health programs. Objective: To verify the validity of the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) in relation to Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating body fat percentage in Brazilian adults, as well as to propose a new mathematical model to estimate the fat-free mass of this population. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 424 subjects (of which 220 were women), aged between 20 and 59 years, were evaluated by BAI and DXA, then randomly divided into two groups stratified by sex: the development group (n = 283) and the cross-validation group (n = 141). Statistical analyses to test the validity of BAI as a predictor of fat mass, in addition to proposing a new mathematical model for estimating fat-free mass, using DXA as a reference method. The analysis included paired t-test, stepwise multiple regression, coefficient of concordance correlation, and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The BAI validity analysis showed a low correlation coefficient of agreement [CCC = 0.626; ρ (precision) = 0.795; Cb(accuracy) = 0.787]; in addition, the mean difference in the Bland-Altman plot was different from zero in the cross-validation group (p < 0.01) and limits of agreement (LOA) ranged between-8.0 and 14.4 kg, indicating a poor agreement between the BAI and the reference method. The new mathematical model for estimating FFM showed a high correlation coefficient of agreement (CCC = 0.952; ρ = 0.953; Cb = 0.999), in addition to acceptable LOA in the Bland-Altman plot (-6.7 and 6.7). Conclusion: In the studied sample, the BAI showed low validity for estimating body fat, while the new proposed model was found to be a good option to assess the body composition of Brazilian adults.

Índice de masa corporal, peso ideal y porcentaje de grasacorporal en personas de diferentes grupos etarios / Body mass index, ideal weight and percentage of body fat inpeople of different age groups

El objetivo es comparar el IMC con el porcentaje de grasa corporal y el peso ideal, para complementar el IMC en el diagnóstico de obesidad, de un grupo de adultos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo y correlacional, en una muestra de 797 adultos con edad entre 17 y 96 años, atendidos en diferentes centros clínicos de Caracas, entre 2015 y 2018. Las variables son: edad, peso, talla y se calcularon el IMC, porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) y peso ideal (PI). Se clasificaron por sexo, grupo etáreo y según el IMC en normalidad y obesidad. Se utilizaron dos fórmulas para el PGC: Deurenberg y Regresión; y tres fórmulas para PI: Lorenz, Ramírez et al y Broca. Se obtuvieron medidas descriptivas, asociación, correlación, comparación de promedios y prueba de normalidad, mediante el soware Excel, Epidat.2. Resultados: Promedios de IMC y PGC aumentan hasta los 40 años y disminuye hasta los 79 años, las variables Talla ­ PI Broca, e IMC- PGCR correlacionan bien (r>0,75). Los promedios del IMC, PGCD, PGCR, PI Broca y PI Lorenz, según sexo, son significativos (p<0,000); para el IMC, en Normalidad y Obesidad, los promedios de peso, IMC, PGCD y PGCR son mayores en grupo de Obesidad, y significativos (p<0,000). La prueba de normalidad Shapiro-Francia comprobó que la distribución del IMC, PGCD, PGCR y PI Lorenz, provienen de una población distribuida normalmente (p< 0,000). Conclusiones: el IMC aun cuando es utilizado más frecuentemente para diagnosticar obesidad, clasifica con normalidad, a quienes tienen un alto porcentaje de grasa corporal(AU)

The objective is to compare BMI with the percentage of body fat and ideal weight, to supplement BMI in the diagnosis of obesity, from a group of adults. METHODS: descriptive, cross-cutting, prospective and correlational study, in a sample of 797 adults between 17 and 96 years old, attended in different clinical centers of Caracas, between 2015 and 2018. the variables are: age, weight, size and BMI was calculated, percentage of body fat (BFP) and ideal weight (IW). they were classified by sex, age group and BMI in normality and obesity. Two formulas were used for BFP: Deurenberg and Regression; and three formulas for IW: Lorenz, Ramirez-Lopez et al and Broca. Descriptive measures, association, correlation, average comparison and normality test were obtained, using Excel software, Epidat.2. RESULT: BMI and BFP averages increase to 40 years and decrease to age 79, the variables Size ­ IW Broca, and BMI- BFPR correlate well (r>0.75). e average BMI, BFPD, BFPR, IW Broca and IW Lorenz, depending on gender, are significant (p<0.000); for BMI, in Normality and Obesity, the weight averages, BMI, BFPD and BFPR are higher in the Obesity group, and significant (p<0,000). the Shapiro-France normality test found that the distribution of BMI, BFPD, BFPR and IW Lorenz, comes from a normally distributed population (p< 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: BMI even though it is most commonly used to diagnose obesity, it classifies normally, those with a high percentage of body fat(AU)

Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort.

Changes in consumption of sugar sweetened beverage (SSBs) have been associated with increased body mass index (BMI), but little work has evaluated the effect on waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage during adolescence, a period characterized by rapid growth and change in dietary behaviors. We examined the relationship of changes in SSB intake and changes in adiposity over two years in 464 Mexican adolescents. Food frequency questionnaires were used to sum intake of regular soda, coffee with sugar, tea with sugar, sweetened water with fruit, chocolate milk, corn atole, and a sweetened probiotic milk beverage. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of changes in SSBs with changes in BMI, body fat percentage, and WC, adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, screen time, physical activity, age, and change in age. Adolescents who increased their daily SSB intake by >2 serving had a −2.72% higher body fat percentage (95% CI: 0.61, 4.82); a 1−2 serving increase was associated with a 2.49 cm increase (95% CI: 0.21, 4.76) in WC compared with those with no change in intake. Within an adolescent sample, changes in SSB intake were related to concomitant changes in body fat percentage and WC, but not BMI.

Neck circumference as a marker of body adiposity in young to middle-aged adults.

OBJECTIVE: Neck circumference (NC) is a straightforward method for quantifying upper body adiposity without the limitations that other indices can have. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between NC, overall (body mass index [BMI]) and central obesity (waist circumference [WC]), and percentage of body fat (BF%) in men and women. METHODS: The associations with NC quartiles (first quartile: reference group), BMI ≥30 kg/m2, WC (>102 cm for men and >88 cm for women), and high BF% (≥21 for men and ≥29 for women) were compared and analyzed by logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and lean mass. RESULTS: In 4283 adults (mean age: 44 y, 71.8% of men), the mean NC was higher in men (40.5 cm, range: 32-55 cm) than women (34.5 cm, range: 28.5-46 cm). Among men, the fourth quartile of NC (42.5-55 cm) was positively associated with obesity (multivariable odds ratio [OR]: 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.48). Among women, the fourth quartile of NC (36.5-46 cm) was associated with increased WC (multivariable OR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.59-5.60). Progressive increases in the ORs were noticed across the associations between NC quartiles (second to fourth) and high BF% in men and women. The highest ORs were observed for the associations between high BF% and the fourth quartiles of NC in men (multivariable OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.49-3.93) and in women (multivariable OR: 29.19; 95% CI: 14.01-60.84). CONCLUSIONS: The utility of NC as a measurement of obesity in clinical practice was demonstrated in this large sample of young to middle-aged adults. The highest NC values were positively associated with overall obesity in men and central obesity in women. Moreover, NC was closely associated with high BF% in both sexes, particularly in women.

Multivariate generalized linear mixed models for continuous bounded outcomes: Analyzing the body fat percentage data.

We propose a multivariate regression model to handle multiple continuous bounded outcomes. We adopted the maximum likelihood approach for parameter estimation and inference. The model is specified by the product of univariate probability distributions and the correlation between the response variables is obtained through the correlation matrix of the random intercepts. For modeling continuous bounded variables on the interval (0,1) we considered the beta and unit gamma distributions. The main advantage of the proposed model is that we can easily combine different marginal distributions for the response variable vector. The computational implementation is performed using Template Model Builder, which combines the Laplace approximation with automatic differentiation. Therefore, the proposed approach allows us to estimate the model parameters quickly and efficiently. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the computational implementation and the properties of the maximum likelihood estimators under different scenarios. Moreover, we investigate the impact of distribution misspecification in the proposed model. Our model was motivated by a data set with multiple continuous bounded outcomes, which refer to the body fat percentage measured at five regions of the body. Simulation studies and data analysis showed that the proposed model provides a general and rich framework to deal with multiple continuous bounded outcomes.

Body fat percentage prediction in older adults: Agreement between anthropometric equations and DXA.

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to measure body fat percentage in clinical settings. Equations using anthropometric measures are more feasible and can be used to estimate body fat. However, there is a need to analyze their accuracy in older adults. Our study aims to validate the use of anthropometric equations to estimate body fat percentage in older men and women. METHODS: This study evaluated data from 127 Brazilian individuals aged between 60 and 91 years. Weight, height, skinfold thickness and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Seventeen anthropometric equations were tested using the crossed validity criteria suggested by Lohman and the graph analysis proposed by Bland and Altman and by Lin was also performed. The gold-standard method for comparing the anthropometric equations was the dual-energy absorptiometry X-ray (DXA). RESULTS: The average body fat percentage was 30.2 ± 8.6% in men and 43.4 ± 7.9% in women (p < 0.001). In men, the equations which used skinfold thickness presented amplitude of 11.48%, while in women, amplitude's constant error (CE) was 22.88%. The equations based on circumferences and BMI presented CE variation from -5.3% to 29.68% on the estimation of body fat percentage, which means that a same male individual can have the total body adiposity diagnosed with 34.98% of variation, depending on the selection of the employed equation. For women this CE variation was 12.44%. CONCLUSION: Overall, all the equations yielded different results from the DXA. However, the best equations for male were the one of Lean et al. (1996), which uses the waist circumference, and for women the one of Deurenberg et al. (1991), developed from the body mass index. The need of developing specific equations for older adults still remains, since even the two best equations showed considerable limitations on predicating body fat percentage.

Correlación de parámetros antropométricos predictores del riesgo de aparición de diabetes mellitus / Correlation of the anthropometric parameters predictors of emerging risk for diabetes mellitus

Introducción: Existen parámetros antropométricos predictivos del riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus que pueden correlacionarse, tal como el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral. Objetivo: Establecer el riesgo potencial de padecer diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 mediante la correlación de indicadores y medidas antropométricas aplicables a la población local. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, transversal, observacional y analítico de 118 individuos jóvenes, en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, en Córdoba, Argentina, durante el mes de septiembre de 2019, en el cual se aplicó el FINnish Diabetes Risk Score, tomando además como indicadores los porcentajes de grasa corporal y de grasa visceral. En el análisis estadístico de las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se utilizaron el promedio y la desviación estándar como medidas descriptivas; asimismo, se aplicaron las pruebas de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y de Kolmogorow-Smirnov y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para probar las hipótesis estadísticas planteadas. Resultados: Se encontró que la mayoría de la población era de bajo riesgo y la correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y la grasa corporal que se ajustaba era Y=1,18X+4,06; donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa corporal y X el índice de masa corporal. Para correlacionar el perímetro de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa visceral se ajustaban Y=0,21X-10,21 para hombres y Y=0,17X-7,84 para mujeres, donde Y fue el porcentaje de grasa visceral y X el perímetro de la cintura. Conclusiones: El conocimiento del estado de salud de una población lleva a la capacitación y asistencia para el autocuidado y la adquisición de hábitos saludables, que contribuyan a una adultez con calidad de vida.

Introduction: There are risk anthropometric predictors parameters of suffering from diabetes mellitus that can be correlated, such as the body mass index, body fat percentage, waist perimeter and visceral fat percentage. Objective: To establish the potential risk of suffering from type2 diabetes mellitus by means of the correlation of indicators and anthropometric measures applicable to a local population. Methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, observational and analytic study of 118 young individuals was carried out in the Catholic University of Córdoba, in Córdoba, Argentina, during the month of September, 2019, in which the FINnish Diabetes Risk Score was implemented, the body fat and visceral fat percentages were also taken as warning signs. In the statistical analysis of the quantitative and qualitative variables the average and the standard deviation were used as descriptive measures; also, the Shapiro-Wilks and Kolmogorow-Smirnov normality tests and the Spearman correlation test were implemented to prove the outlined statistical hypotheses. Results: It was found that it was a low risk population and the correlation between the body mass index and the body fat that was adjusted was Y=1.18X+4.06; where Y was the body fat percentage and X the body mass index. To correlate the waist perimeter and the visceral fat percentage Y=0,21X-10,21 for men and Y=0,17X-7,84 for women were adjusted, where Y was the visceral fat percentage and X the waist perimeter. Conclusions: The knowledge of the population health condition leads to the training and assistance for the selfcare and to the acquisition of healthy habits that contribute to an adulthood with life quality.

Variación de la composición corporal en hombres chilenos de acuerdo al consumo de lácteos / Summary: Variation of Body Composition in Chilean Men According to Suggested Dairy Consumption

De acuerdo a investigaciones recientes, el consumo de lácteos, además de presentar un alto valor nutritivo, se asocia a un menor peso corporal, atribuyéndole importantes beneficios para la salud. El objetivo del estudio es asociar el consumo de lácteos con la composición corporal, en hombres físicamente activos. Estudio transversal analítico, se evaluaron a 375 hombres, se aplicó encuesta de hábitos alimentarios y antropometría. De los voluntarios evaluados, la edad promedio fue de 23,8 ± 6,9 todos con escolaridad secundaria completa. Con respecto al consumo de lácteos el 35,5 % consumía al menos de 1 vez al día, 28 % 1 porción al día, 9,3% 2 porciones al día y 2,9 % 3 porciones/día. Los que consumen ≥2 porción de lácteos al día presentaban menor IMC, peso y grasa corporal, que aquellos que consumen < de 2 porciones de lácteos. Se presentan correlaciones negativas entre una mayor frecuencia de consumo de lácteos con grasa corporal, % grasa corporal y relación cintura cadera. Al asociar el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones se observó una asociación negativa con % grasa corporal. Finalmente, los sujetos que consumen ≥2 porciones/día de lácteos presentan significativamente menor IMC, peso y % grasa corporal, al realizar las asociaciones con el consumo de ≥ 2 porciones de lácteos solo se mantiene el % de grasa corporal(AU)

According to recent research, the consumption of dairy, in addition to presenting a high nutritional value, is associated with lower body weight, attributing important health benefits. The objety of the study is to associate dairy consumption with body composition in physically active men. Analytical cross-sectional study, 375 men were evaluated, in which a survey of eating habits and anthropometry was applied. Of the volunteers evaluated, the mean age was 23.8 ± 6.9 years and all had completed secondary education. Regarding dairy consumption, 35.5 % consumed at least 1 time a day, 28 % 1 portion a day, 9.3 % 2 portions a day and 2.9 % 3 portions / day. Those who consumed ≥2 servings of dairy products per day had lower BMI, weight and body fat than those who consumed <2 servings of dairy. There are negative correlations between a higher frequency of dairy consumption with body fat (k), body fat % and waist-to-hip ratio. When associating the consumption of ≥ 2 servings, a negative association with body fat% was observed. Finally, the subjects who consume ≥2 servings / day of dairy products have significantly lower BMI, weight and body fat%, when making the associations with the consumption of ≥ 2 servings of dairy only the % body fat is maintained(AU)

Índice Peso Circunferencia de Cintura como indicador complementario de sobrepeso y obesidad en diferentes grupos de sujetos / Weight Waist Circumference Index as a complementary indicator of overweight and obesity in different groups of subjects

En este estudio se compara el Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), con los indicadores Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT) y Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC), en tres grupos de sujetos para determinar que tan eficiente resulta en el diagnósticoo de sobrepeso y obesidad y proponerlo como complemento de los otros indicadores mencionados. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, prospectivo y correlacional en una muestra probabilística de 655 sujetos, dividida en tres sub muestras: 455 niños y adolescentes, 97 universitarios y 103 adultos. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura (CC), Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura Talla (ICT) e Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC). Medidas estadísticas: descriptivas, asociación, correlación, comparación de promedios y regresión logística. Resultados: IMC revela, sobrepeso y obesidad mayor en adultos; CC e ICT mayor riesgo en adultos; %GC reporta obesidad en 6,8% niños, 17,9% universitarios y 64,8% adultos. IPCC se comporta normalmente, aumenta con la edad, 15,6% en niños y adolescentes, 14,4% universitarios y 14,6% adultos, en riesgo. Promedios del IPCC por sexo, en niños y adolescentes, no significativos; correlaciona con peso, talla e IMC (r>0,70). Regresión logística evidencia verosimilitud significativa (p<0,001), regresiones mayores a 0,90 y bondad de ajuste significativas (p<0,000). Conclusiones: Considerar el IPCC conjuntamente con otros indicadores para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad(AU)

This study compares the Waist Weight-Circumference Index (WIWC), with the indicators Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Index (WHI) and Body Fat Percentage (BF%), in three groups of subjects to determine how efficient it is in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity and propose it as a complement to the other indicators mentioned. Methods: Methods: exploratory, descriptive, prospective and correlational study in a probabilistic sample of 655 subjects, divided into three sub-samples: 455 children and adolescents, 97 university students and 103 adults. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Height Index (WHI) and Waist Circumference Weight Index (WIWC), Body Fat Percentage (BF%). Statistical measures: descriptive, association, correlation, comparison of averages and logistic regression. Results: BMI reveals, overweight and obesity in adults; CW and WHI increased risk in adults; BF% reports obesity in 6.8% children, 17.9% university students and 64.8% adults. WIWC behaves normally, increases with age, 15.6% in children and adolescents, 14.4% university students and 14.6% adults, at risk. WIWC averages by sex, in children and adolescents, not significant; correlates with weight, height and BMI (r> 0.70). Logistic regression shows significant likelihood (p <0.001), regressions greater than 0.90 and significant goodness of fit (p <0.000). Conclusions: Consider the WIWC together with other indicators to assess overweight and obesity. Keywords: Overweight, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist Size Index, Weight Index Waist Circumference, Body Fat Percentage(AU)

Comparación entre el IMC tradicional y el IMC Oxford y su relación con otros indicadores, en niños y adolescentes / Comparison between the traditional BMI and the BMI Oxford and its relationship with other indicators, in children and adolescents

El objetivo es comparar dos fórmulas de cálculo del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y relacionarlo con otros indicadores como la Circunferencia de Cintura (CC), Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT), Índice Peso Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC) y etnia. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo y correlacional. Una muestra de 480 niños y adolescentes, de 6 a 15 años, de dos instituciones educativas de Caracas, Municipio Libertador, seleccionados al azar de los grados y secciones previamente elegidas, se solicitó consentimiento informado a sus representantes. Variables: etnia, sexo, peso, talla, IMC, CC, ICT, % GC e IPCC. Se determinó promedio, desviación, porcentajes, comparación de medias y porcentajes y correlaciones. RESULTADOS: Promedios del IMC-Oxford ligeramente mayores a los del IMC-Quetelet, por edad. Al clasificar según Normopeso, Sobrepeso y Obesidad, promedios de los dos IMC son significativos; promedios de todas las variables, no significativos por sexo, excepto para el % GC (p<0,000), este aumenta considerablemente con la edad. La clasificación de la CC 15,0 % Riesgo sobrepeso y 5,0 % Obesidad; el % GC clasifica 19,5 % en Exceso, mayor en el sexo femenino, hay un alto porcentaje en Déficit (65,8 %). Correlaciona IMC-Q con IPCC (r=0,84), IMC-O con IPCC (r=0,70) e IMC-Q con IMC-O (r= 0,97). Los indicadores CC, ICT e IPCC, se comportan similarmente en los tres grupos de clasificación de los IMC; y en las tres etnias según los percentiles, y los valores de la CC siempre mayores a los del IPCC. CONCLUSIÓN: el IMC-Oxford puede ser utilizado como una nueva opción para evaluar Sobrepeso y Obesidad, en grupos de niños y adolescentes.

The objective is to compare two Body Mass Index (BMI) calculation formulas and relate it to other indicators such as Waist Circumference (CC), Waist-Size Index (ICT), Weight-Waist Circumference Index (IPCC), and ethnicity. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-cutting, prospective and correlative study. A sample of 480 children and adolescents, aged 6 to 15, from two educational institutions in Caracas, Libertador Municipality, randomly selected from the degrees and sections previously chosen, requested informed consent from their representatives. Variables: ethnicity, gender, weight, size, BMI, WC, ICT, BFP and WWCI. Average, deviation, percentages, comparison of means and percentages and correlations were determined. RESULTS: BMI-Oxford averages slightly higher than BMI-Quetelet, by age. When classifying by Normoweight, Overweight and Obesity, averages of the two BMI are significant; averages of all variables, not significant by sex, except for % GC (p<0.000), this increases considerably with age. CC rating 15.0 % Overweight risk and 5.0 % Obesity; % GC ranks 19.5 % in Excess, higher in the female sex, there is a high percentage in Deficit (65,8 %). It maps IMC-Q to WWCI (r-0.84), IMC-O with WWCI (r-0.70), and IMC-Q with IMC-O (r-0.97). The CC, WTS and WWCI indicators behave similarly in the three BMI classification groups; and in the three ethnicities according to the percentiles, and the VALUES of the WC always higher than those of the WWCI. CONCLUSION: BMI-Oxford can be used as a new option to evaluate Overweight and Obesity, in groups of children and adolescents .

Relación entre indicadores antropométricos y masa grasa medida por deuterio en escolares costarricenses / Relationship between anthropometric indicators and fat mass measured by deuterium in Costa Rican schoolchildren / Relação entre indicadores antropométricos e massa gordurosa medida por deutério em crianças da escola costarriquenhos

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre la masa grasa expresada como porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) medida por el método de deuterio (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos en escolares costarricenses. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 54 niños y 49 niñas de 6 a 9 años. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de brazo, circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia abdominal, pliegue cutáneo subescapular y pliegue cutáneo tricipital. El análisis del %GC se realizó por medio del método de referencia del D2O. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva y se aplicó un análisis de coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para identificar la relación entre las mediciones antropométricas y el %GC obtenido por D2O. En el grupo de escolares, las niñas presentaron valores mayores de talla y pliegue cutáneo tricipital (p<0,05) y %GC obtenida por D2O (p<0,001). Se observó una fuerte correlación entre el %GC medido por D2O y el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal tanto en los niños como en las niñas. Se concluye que la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal podrían ser utilizadas conjuntamente con el IMC como herramientas para el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad en población escolar, cuando no se cuente con metodologías más precisas que determinen el %GC.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between fat mass (FM) expressed as body fat percentage (%BF) measured by the deuterium method (D2O) and anthropometric indicators in Costa Rican schoolchildren. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed and the participants were 54 boys and 49 girls of ages between six and nine years old. The anthropometric measurements recorded were weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AC), subscapular skinfold (SSF), and tricipital skinfold (TSF). The analysis of %BF was performed by means of D2O reference method. Descriptive statistics and the application of Pearson correlation coefficient analysis identified the relationship between anthropometric measurements and %BF obtained by D2O. From the group of schoolchildren, the girls showed greater values for height and tricipital skinfold (p<0.05) and %BF obtained by D2O (p<0.001). This study evidences a strong correlation between %BF measured by D2O and BMI, WC and AC in both girls and boys. It is concluded that WC and AC could be used together with the IMC as tools for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren, when there are no more precise methodologies that determine the %BF.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre a massa gordurosa (MG), expressa como percentagem de gordura corporal (%GC) medida pelo método de deutério (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos em escolas da Costa Rica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, no qual participaram 54 meninos e 49 meninas com idade entre seis e nove anos. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas: peso, tamanho, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência abdominal (CA), prega cutânea subescapular (PCS) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT). A análise da %GC foi realizada pelo método de referência D2O, realizou-se uma estatística descritiva e foi aplicada análise coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para identificar a relação entre as medições antropométricas e a %GC obtida por meio do D2O. No grupo de escolares, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores de estatura e PCT (p<0,05) e %GC obtida por D2O (p<0,001). Observou-se uma importante correlação entre %GC medida por D2O e IMC, CC e CA tanto nos meninos quanto nas meninas. Conclui-se que a CC e a CA poderiam ser utilizadas conjuntamente com o IMC como ferramenta para o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade em população escolar, quando não se conte com metodologias mais precisas que determinem o %GC.

Early lead exposure and childhood adiposity in Mexico city.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal and early childhood lead exposures have been associated with reduced weight in infants and young children, while studies that have examined such associations in children during peripubescence are rare. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations of prenatal and early-life exposure to lead with indices of adiposity in peripubertal children living in Mexico City. METHODS: Maternal bone lead (as a proxy for cumulative fetal exposure) was assessed at 1 month postpartum. Blood samples were obtained from children annually from 1 to 4 years. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association between each lead biomarker and BMI z-score, waist circumference, sum of skinfolds and body fat percentage in 248 children aged 8-16 years. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, maternal patella lead was associated with lower child BMI z-score (ß = -0.02, 95% CI: 0.03, -0.01, p = 0.004), waist circumference (ß = -0.12 cm, 95% CI: 0.22, -0.03, p = 0.01), sum of skinfolds (ß = -0.29 mm, 95% CI: 0.50, -0.08, p = 0.007) and body fat percentage (ß = -0.09%, 95% CI: 0.17, -0.01, p = 0.03). No significant associations were detected from the postnatal exposure period. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant and inverse association of prenatal lead exposure with body composition in Mexican children, suggesting the potential role of early lead exposure in the fetal programming of child growth. Further research on the biological mechanisms underlying these associations is needed.

Uso del índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal en el análisis de la función pulmonar / Use of the body mass index and body fat percentage in the analysis of pulmonary function

En la actualidad la obesidad es considerada como una pandemia, además de los cambios metabólicos ya sabidos, se producen alteraciones estructurales como las generadas en el sistema ventilatorio. Sin embargo, se ha observado que dependiendo de la forma de categorización de esta condición, puede o no existir alteración sobre este sistema generando así una complicación al momento de la elección de esta herramienta. Por lo tanto el objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar parámetros de la función pulmonar en individuos obesos (O) y normo-peso (Np) según índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC). Se midió la función ventilatoria en 57 participantes, posteriormente estas variables se contrastaron entre los sujetos normo-peso (Np) y obesos (O) según IMC y PGC. Se observó un aumento significativo en el valor de la capacidad inspiratoria (CI) de O versus Np y del volumen de reserva espiratoria (VRE) y capacidad residual funcional (CRF) de Np en relación a O, tanto para la división por IMC como por PGC, en el grupo dividido por IMC las variables de resistencia especifica de las vías aéreas (sRaw) y presión inspiratoria máxima (PImáx) fueron significativamente mayor en los participantes O, asimismo, la conductancia específica de las vías aéreas (sGaw) fue significativamente mayor en sujetos Np. En conclusión, el IMC mostró mayor versatilidad como predictor de la función ventilatoria, sin embargo, se necesitan mayores estudios de los efectos mecánicos de este indicador y del PGC sobre las vías aéreas.

Currently, obesity is considered a pandemic, in addition to the known metabolic changes, structural alterations such as those generated in the ventilatory system occur. However, it has been observed that depending on the form of categorization of this condition, there may or may not be alteration on this system, thus generating a complication when choosing this tool. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare parameters of lung function in obese individuals and normo-weight according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). The ventilatory function was measured in 57 participants, later these variables were contrasted between the subjects normal weight (Nw) and obese (O) according to BMI and BFP. A significant increase in the inspiratory capacity (IC) value of O versus Nw was observed and of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and functional residual capacity (FRC) of Nw in relation to O, both for the division by BMI and by BFP. In the group divided by BMI, the variables of specific resistance of the airways (sRaw) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) were significantly higher in the participants O. In addition, specific airway conductance (sGaw) was significantly higher in subjects Nw. In conclusion, the BMI showed greater versatility as a predictor of ventilatory function, however, more studies are needed on the mechanical effects of this indicator and the BFP on the airways.