Glibenclamide reverses cardiac damage and NLRP3 inflammasome activation associated with a high refined sugar diet.

Increased energy intake from carbohydrates has been associated with major cardiovascular outcomes. Mice fed a highly-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet develop cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. During cardiac injury, NLRP3 inflammasome is activated which results in a local inflammatory response. In this study, we hypothesized that a nom-hypoglycemic dose of glibenclamide may reverses sugar diet-induced cardiac damage by NRLP3 inflammasome inhibition. Mice were fed the HC diet for eight weeks and divided into a group treated with glibenclamide (20 mg/kg, gavage) and another with vehicle for four weeks. Afterward, hearts were excised for morphometric analysis and ex vivo function determination. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was investigated by western blotting and in situ fluorescent detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and active caspase-1. The HC diet promotes heart hypertrophy and collagen deposition, which were reverted by glibenclamide without ameliorating HC diet-induced insulin resistance. Changes in cardiac performance were observed in vivo by invasive catheterization and in Langendorff-perfused hearts due to the HC diet, which were prevented by glibenclamide. Hearts from HC diet mice had increased levels of NLRP3 and cleaved IL-1ß. Glibenclamide reversed ROS production and caspase-1 activity induced by HC diet. These findings suggest glibenclamide's cardioprotective effects on heart damage caused by the HC diet are related to its inhibitory action on the NLRP3 inflammasome.

The Efficacy of Ketogenic Diets (Low Carbohydrate; High Fat) as a Potential Nutritional Intervention for Lipedema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lipedema is a frequently misdiagnosed condition in women, often mistaken for obesity, which significantly deteriorates both quality of life and physical health. Recognizing the necessity for holistic treatment strategies, research has increasingly supported the integration of specific dietary approaches, particularly ketogenic diets focusing on low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the impact of ketogenic diets on women with lipedema through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by reviewing published, peer-reviewed studies addressing the implications of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) ketogenic diet in managing lipedema following comprehensive scrutiny of digital medical databases, such as PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and the Web of Science. This research was governed by specified parameters, including an established search string composed of search terms and an eligibility criterion (PICO) as denoted by the principal authors. Statistical analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.4.1 software with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale utilized for quality appraisal of the included studies. RESULTS: Seven studies reporting statistical outcomes were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis following a rigorous quality appraisal and data identification process. Three hundred and twenty-nine female participants were diagnosed with lipedema and treated using a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. Data analysis identified the high-fat diet with a mean study duration of 15.85 weeks. Mean Differences (MDs) on changes pre- and post-intervention showed significant reductions in BMI and total body weight [4.23 (95% CI 2.49, 5.97) p < 0.00001 and 7.94 (95% CI 5.45, 10.43) p < 0.00001 for BMI and body weight, respectively]. Other anthropometric measurements, such as changes in waist/hip circumferences and waist/hip ratios, showed a significant reduction in these parameters, with an MD of 8.05 (95% CI 4.66, 11.44) p < 0.00001 and an MD of 6.67 (95% CI 3.35, 9.99) p < 0.0001 for changes in waist and hip circumferences from baseline, respectively. Lastly, changes in pain sensitivity were statistically significant post-intervention [MD 1.12 (95% CI, 0.44, 1.79) p = 0.001]. All studies scored fair on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. CONCLUSIONS: despite the limited studies and low number of study participants, the review observed a significant reduction in anthropometric and body composition metrics, indicating a potentially beneficial association between LCHF ketogenic diets and lipedema management.

Homologous expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant acetylxylan esterase from Aspergillus nidulans.

Acetylxylan esterases (AXEs) are essential enzymes that break down the acetyl groups in acetylated xylan found in plant cell walls polysaccharides. They work synergistically with backbone-depolymerizing xylanolytic enzymes to accelerate the degradation of complex polysaccharides. In this study, we cloned the gene axeA, which encodes the acetylxylan esterase from Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 (AxeAN), into the pEXPYR expression vector and introduced it into the high protein-producing strain A. nidulans A773. The purified AxeAN, with a molecular weight of 33.5 kDa as confirmed by SDS-PAGE, was found to be active on ρ-nitrophenyl acetate (ρNPA), exhibiting a remarkably high specific activity (170 U mg-1) at pH 7.0 and 55 °C. AxeAN demonstrated stability over a wide pH range (5.5-9.0), retaining >80% of its initial activity after 24 h. The KM and Vmax were 0.098 mmol L-1 and 320 U mg-1, respectively, using ρNPA as a substrate. We also evaluated the synergistic effect of AxeAN with an endo-1,4-ß-xylanase from Malbranchea pulchella (MpXyn10) in the hydrolysis of four different xylans (Birchwood, Beechwood, Oat spelt, and Arabinoxylan) to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The best results were obtained using Birchwood xylan as substrate and MpXyn10-AxeAN as biocatalysts after 24 h of reaction (50 °C), with a XOS-yield of 91%, value 41% higher when compared to MpXyn10 (XOS-yield of 63%). These findings showed the potential of the application of AxeAN, together with other xylanases, to produce xylooligosaccharides with high purity and other products with high added value in the field of lignocellulosic biorefinery.

Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Interventions for Metabolic Control in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

CONTEXT: Dietary interventions providing different amounts of carbohydrates have been proposed as a means of achieving glycemic control and weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the supporting evidence is heterogeneous, making this recommendation difficult to apply in nutritional clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the quality of evidence from meta-analyses on low-carbohydrate (LC) dietary interventions for glycemic control, weight loss, and lipid profile in individuals with T2DM. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched until September 2023. DATA EXTRACTION: A systematic review was conducted. Systematic reviews with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials designed to assess glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reductions in individuals with T2DM were eligible. The AMSTAR-2 critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the methodological aspects of all included studies. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. DATA ANALYSIS: The LC interventions were associated with a reduction in HbA1c (%) of -0.42 (-1.45 to -0.09; high certainty of evidence) without considering follow-up time; at up to 3 months of follow-up of -0.28 (-0.13 to -0.43); at up to 6 months of follow-up of -0.40 (-0.61 to -0.09); at 6 to 12 months of follow-up of -0.32 (-0.49 to 0.11); and at >12 months of follow-up time of -0.31 (-0.14 to -0.65) compared with control diets. CONCLUSION: LC diets can help reduce HbA1c in individuals with T2DM in the short term (up to 3 months). However, dietary recommendations must always be individualized, as the studies reviewed herein analyzed different populations and used different definitions of what constitutes an LC diet. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO no. CRD42023404197.

Evaluation of Unsaponifiable Fraction of Avocado Oil on Liver and Kidney Mitochondrial Function in Rats Fed a High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Diet.

High-fat and high-carbohydrate (HF-HC) diets induce metabolic syndrome via mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. We have previously shown that this may be prevented by avocado oil, a source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant properties. However, it is unknown if these effects are mediated by the unsaponifiable fraction of avocado oil (UFAO). Thus, we tested if this fraction improves glucose metabolism, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in mitochondria from the kidney and liver of rats fed an HF-HC diet. We found that 12 weeks of an HF-HC diet impaired glucose utilization and increased insulin resistance, which was prevented by UFAO administration. The HF-HC diet decreased respiration, membrane potential and electron transport chain (ETC) function in liver and kidney mitochondria. These mitochondrial dysfunctions were prevented by UFAO intake. Unexpectedly, UFAO increased ROS levels in the mitochondria of control animals and did not decrease them in rats with an HF-HC diet; however, UFAO protects liver and kidney mitochondria from iron-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that impairments in glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function by an HF-HC diet may be prevented by UFAO, without decreasing ROS generation but protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage.

Exploring the role of the residues into catalytic cavity of inulosucrase from Leuconostoc citreum CW28.

Inulosucrases are enzymes capable of synthesizing inulin polymers using sucrose as the main substrate. The enzymatic activity relies on the catalytic triad within the active site and residues responsible for substrate recognition and orientation, termed carbohydrate-binding subsites. This study investigates the role of specific residues within the catalytic cavity of a truncated version of IslA4 in enzymatic catalysis. Mutants at residues S425, L499, A602, R618, F619, Y676, Y692, and R696 were constructed and characterized. Characterization results, and in silico structural comparison with other fructansucrases, reveal these residues' functional significance in catalysis. Residue S425 belongs to subsite -1; residues R618 and Y692 are part of subsite +1, and residue R696 belongs to subsites +1 and +2. Residues L499 and A602 are support residues; the former favors the formation of the fructosyl-enzyme intermediate, while the latter stabilizes the acid/base catalyst during catalysis. Residues Y676 and F619 may participate in stabilizing residues at -1/+1 subsites. This study represents the first comprehensive exploration of the structural determinants essential for enzymatic function in the inulosucrase of Leuconostoc citreum, and proposes the identity of residues involved in the -1 to +2 subsites.

Unveiling crucial amino acids in the carbohydrate recognition domain of a viral protein through a structural bioinformatic approach.

Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are protein domains that typically reside near catalytic domains, increasing substrate-protein proximity by constraining the conformational space of carbohydrates. Due to the flexibility and variability of glycans, the molecular details of how these protein regions recognize their target molecules are not always fully understood. Computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, have been employed to investigate lectin-carbohydrate interactions. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that integrates multiple computational techniques to identify the critical amino acids involved in the interaction between a CBM located at the tip of bacteriophage J-1's tail and its carbohydrate counterparts. Our results highlight three amino acids that play a significant role in binding, a finding we confirmed through in vitro experiments. By presenting this approach, we offer an intriguing alternative for pinpointing amino acids that contribute to protein-sugar interactions, leading to a more thorough comprehension of the molecular determinants of protein-carbohydrate interactions.

One-Step Synthesis, Crystallography, and Acute Toxicity of Two Boron-Carbohydrate Adducts That Induce Sedation in Mice.

Boronic acids form diester bonds with cis-hydroxyl groups in carbohydrates. The formation of these adducts could impair the physical and chemical properties of precursors, even their biological activity. Two carbohydrate derivatives from d-fructose and d-arabinose and phenylboronic acid were synthesized in a straightforward one-step procedure and chemically characterized via spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction crystallography. Additionally, an acute toxicity test was performed to determine their lethal dose 50 (LD50) values by using Lorke's method. Analytical chemistry assays confirmed the formation of adducts by the generation of diester bonds with the ß-d-pyranose of carbohydrates, including signals corresponding to the formation of new bonds, such as the stretching of B-O bonds. NMR spectra yielded information about the stereoselectivity in the synthesis reaction: Just one signal was found in the range for the anomeric carbon in the 13C NMR spectra of both adducts. The acute toxicity tests showed that the LD50 value for both compounds was 1265 mg/kg, while the effective dose 50 (ED50) for sedation was 531 mg/kg. However, differences were found in the onset and lapse of sedation. For example, the arabinose derivative induced sedation for more than 48 h at 600 mg/kg, while the fructose derivative induced sedation for less than 6 h at the same dose without the death of the mice. Thus, we report for the first time two boron-containing carbohydrate derivatives inducing sedation after intraperitoneal administration. They are bioactive and highly safe agents. Further biological evaluation is desirable to explore their medical applications.

Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in tree organs vary across biomes and leaf habits, but are independent of the fast-slow plant economic spectrum.

Carbohydrate reserves play a vital role in plant survival during periods of negative carbon balance. Under a carbon-limited scenario, we expect a trade-offs between carbon allocation to growth, reserves, and defense. A resulting hypothesis is that carbon allocation to reserves exhibits a coordinated variation with functional traits associated with the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum. We tested the relationship between non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of tree organs and functional traits using 61 angiosperm tree species from temperate and tropical forests with phylogenetic hierarchical Bayesian models. Our results provide evidence that NSC concentrations in stems and branches are decoupled from plant functional traits. while those in roots are weakly coupled with plant functional traits. In contrast, we found that variation between NSC concentrations in leaves and the fast-slow trait spectrum was coordinated, as species with higher leaf NSC had trait values associated with resource conservative species, such as lower SLA, leaf N, and leaf P. We also detected a small effect of leaf habit on the variation of NSC concentrations in branches and roots. Efforts to predict the response of ecosystems to global change will need to integrate a suite of plant traits, such as NSC concentrations in woody organs, that are independent of the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum and that capture how species respond to a broad range of global change drivers.

Potential Involvement of the South American Lungfish Intelectin-2 in Innate-Associated Immune Modulation.

Intelectins belong to a family of lectins with specific and transitory carbohydrate interaction capabilities. These interactions are related to the activity of agglutinating pathogens, as intelectins play a significant role in immunity. Despite the prominent immune defense function of intelectins, limited information about its structural characteristics and carbohydrate interaction properties is available. This study investigated an intelectin transcript identified in RNA-seq data obtained from the South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), namely LpITLN2-B. The structural analyses predicted LpITLN2-B to be a homo-trimeric globular protein with the fibrinogen-like functional domain (FReD), exhibiting a molecular mass of 57 kDa. The quaternary structure is subdivided into three monomers, A, B, and C, and each domain comprises 11 ß-sheets: an anti-parallel ß-sheet, a ß-hairpin, and a disordered ß-sheet structure. Molecular docking demonstrates a significant interaction with disaccharides rather than monosaccharides. The preferential interaction with disaccharides highlights the potential interaction with pathogen molecules, such as LPS and Poly(I:C). The hemagglutination assay inhibited lectins activity, especially maltose and sucrose, highlighting lectin activity in L. paradoxa samples. Overall, our results show the potential relevance of LpITLN2-B in L. paradoxa immune defense against pathogens.

Acetylated galactopyranosyl N-heterocyclic monocarbene complexes of Silver(I) as novel anti-proliferative agents in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line.

Herein, four silver(I) complexes bearing acetylated d-galactopyranoside-based N-heterocyclic carbene ligands were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All complexes were obtained with an anomeric ß-configuration and as monocarbene species. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of the silver(I) complexes 2a-d on the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, RD. Our results show concentration-dependent effects on cell density, growth inhibition, and activation of key signaling pathways such as Akt 1/2, ERK 1/2, and p38-MAPK, indicating their potential as anticancer agents. Notably, at 35.5 µM, the complexes induced mitochondrial network disruption, as observed with 2b and 2c, whereas with 2a, this disruption was accompanied by nuclear content release. These results provide insight into the utility of carbohydrate incorporated NHC complexes of silver(I) as new agents in cancer therapy.

Pragmatic Carbohydrate Quality Metrics in Relation to Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Front-of-Pack Warning Labels in Grain Foods.

The challenges in the characterization of the nutritional quality of grain foods comprise obstacles to public health actions toward promotion of healthier grain-based foods. The present study investigated how carbohydrate metrics related to glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and warning labels of grain foods consumed by individuals living in São Paulo, Brazil. Information on intake of grain foods at individual level was obtained using 24 h recalls within a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in 2015. There were 244 unique grain products reported by individuals in the survey, assessed through four metrics of carbohydrate quality, considering contents per 10 g of total carbohydrate: (1) ≥1 g fiber, (2) ≥1 g fiber and <1 g free sugars, (3) ≥1 g fiber and <2 g free sugars, and (4) ≥1 g fiber, and <2 g free sugars per 1 g of fiber. Outcomes included GI, GL, and inclusion of warning labels proposed by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the Chilean Ministry of Health (1st and 3rd stages), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Metrics identified products with lower mean GI (-12.8 to -9.0 [p-values < 0.001]), and GL (-12.5 to -10.3 [p-values < 0.001]). Warning systems showed a certain degree of discrimination between products according to the metrics (p-value < 0.01 each); however, >50% of products with good nutritional quality according to the carbohydrate metrics still would receive warnings. Findings suggest that carbohydrate metrics identified products with lower GI and GL, and current warning labels may not adequately capture overall nutritional quality of grain foods.

Carbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review.

The quality of a mother's diet is important to ensure child growth and development and keep women healthy. This systematic review aimed to identify the outcomes of a carbohydrate-restricted diet during lactation. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2012 and 2023; 16 studies were selected, all of them case reports or care series. The carbohydrate restriction described in the papers mainly was ketogenic, low-carb, low-carbohydrate and high-fat, and modified ketogenic diets. The main goal of women undertaking these diets was weight loss, with therapeutic purposes (monitored and supervised by health professionals) in only 2 cases: (1) ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of seizures in the infant and (2) to reduce symptoms of mother's gastroesophageal reflux. Most articles reported that lactating women were hospitalized, experiencing symptoms such as vomiting, muscle weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, and fatigue. However, articles did not mention poor outcomes for the infants. Most of the studies in this review were published in the past 3 years, indicating a possible increase in cases of women practicing carbohydrate restriction during lactation for weight loss caused by body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, carbohydrate restriction during lactation may be harmful to the lactating woman and contribute to the state of lactational ketoacidosis, but infant outcomes are mainly a change in feeding patterns. Thus, education on food and nutrition is necessary for this population.

Efficacy of Alum-Adjuvanted Peptide and Carbohydrate Conjugate Vaccine Candidates against Group A Streptococcus Pharyngeal Infection in a Non-Human Primate Model.

Vaccine development against group A Streptococcus (GAS) has gained traction in the last decade, fuelled by recognition of the significant worldwide burden of the disease. Several vaccine candidates are currently being evaluated in preclinical and early clinical studies. Here, we investigate two conjugate vaccine candidates that have shown promise in mouse models of infection. Two antigens, the J8 peptide from the conserved C-terminal end of the M protein, and the group A carbohydrate lacking N-acetylglucosamine side chain (ΔGAC) were each conjugated to arginine deiminase (ADI), an anchorless surface protein from GAS. Both conjugate vaccine candidates combined with alum adjuvant were tested in a non-human primate (NHP) model of pharyngeal infection. High antibody titres were detected against J8 and ADI antigens, while high background antibody titres in NHP sera hindered accurate quantification of ΔGAC-specific antibodies. The severity of pharyngitis and tonsillitis signs, as well as the level of GAS colonisation, showed no significant differences in NHPs immunised with either conjugate vaccine candidate compared to NHPs in the negative control group.

Ketogenic diet therapies as a non-pharmacological adjuvant in resistant epilepsy: retrospective analysis of adult outpatients in Colombia.

Twelve patients between 18 and 53 years of age were included. MAD plus nutritional supplementation was administered to 75% (n = 10) of the participants, one (8.3%) received MAD alone, and 16.7 (n = 2) received Classic Ketogenic Diet (cKD) plus nutritional supplementation. Oral nutritional supplementation, administered in the outpatient setting, provided patients with between 31 and 55% of the total caloric value. In the first month of KDT treatment, 83.3% (n = 10) of patients reduced the number of weekly seizures by 40% (median). At six months of treatment, 75% of patients had at least halved the number of weekly seizures. At 12 months of treatment, the number of weekly seizures had been reduced by 85.7% (median). KDT was well tolerated, and there was no need to discontinue treatment. This study provides real-world information on the use of KDT, particularly MAD in adults, in developing countries. Future studies in larger cohorts will provide further information on different types of KDT, adherence, and patient-reported outcomes.

Hepatic Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diet Associated with Different Lipid Sources: Insights into Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity, and Epigenetic Markers in a mouse Model of Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet (LCHF) models have been widely explored as alternatives for treating obesity and promoting weight loss. Their effect is attributed to the change in energy substrate that stimulates ketogenic pathways that can metabolically overload the liver. However, little has been studied about the impact of lipid sources prioritized in the LCHF diet. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the impact of different fat sources in the LCHF diet on markers of liver injury, oxidative stress, and epigenetics in obesity. METHODS: Adult male mice were initially induced to obesity by a high-fat and high-sugar diet for 10 wk. Subsequently, they underwent a weight-loss treatment intervention involving an LCHF diet with various sources of fats, including saturated, omega-3 (ω-3) (n-3), omega-6 (ω-6) (n-6), and omega-9 (ω-9) (n-9). At the end of the treatment, markers of liver injury, oxidative stress, and epigenetics were evaluated. RESULTS: The LCHF diet was effective in inducing weight loss. However, unsaturated lipid sources (omegas) exhibited superior outcomes. Specifically, the ω-9 group displayed diminished oxidative stress concentrations and decreased markers of liver injury. The ω-3 group demonstrated efficacy in modulating epigenetic markers, thereby reducing oxidative stress, mutagenicity, and markers of liver injury. Correlation tests demonstrated that there was an interaction between the activity of antioxidants and epigenetic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LCHF diets associated with ω-3 and ω-9 have the potential for weight loss and liver health recovery in obesity through antioxidant and epigenetic mechanisms.

Trehalose Improved 20-min Cycling Time-Trial Performance After 100-min Cycling in Amateur Cyclists.

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercise can improve performance. However, it is unclear whether low glycemic index (GI) CHO leads to differential ergogenic and metabolic effects compared with a standard high GI CHO. This study investigated the ergogenic and metabolic effects of CHO supplementation with distinct GIs, namely, (a) trehalose (30 g/hr), (b) isomaltulose (30 g/hr), (c) maltodextrin (60 g/hr), and (d) placebo (water). In this double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced, placebo-controlled study, 13 male cyclists cycled a total of 100 min at varied exercise intensity (i.e., 10-min stages at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 W/kg; repeated three times plus two 5-min stages at 1.0 W/kg before and after the protocol), followed by a 20-min time trial on four separated occasions. Blood glucose and lactate (every 20 min), heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected throughout, and muscle biopsies were taken before and immediately after exercise. The results showed that trehalose improved time-trial performance compared with placebo (total work done 302 ± 39 vs. 287 ± 48 kJ; p = .01), with no other differences between sessions (all p ≥ .07). Throughout the 100-min protocol, blood glucose was higher with maltodextrin compared with the other supplements at all time points (all p < .05). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, muscle glycogen content, blood glucose, and lactate were not different between conditions when considering the 20-min time trial (all p > .05). Trehalose supplementation throughout endurance exercise improved cycling performance and appears to be an appropriate CHO source for exercise tasks up to 2 hr. No ergogenic superiority between the different types of CHO was established.

Breads formulated with avocado pulp powder as a fat substitute: Quality parameters and in vitro inhibition activities.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of increasing contents (5%-25%) of avocado pulp powder (APP) produced by foam-mat drying (FMD) as a substitute for hydrogenated vegetable fat in bread on its nutritional composition, physical properties, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, structure, and x-ray diffraction patterns. The increase in the APP content decreased the values of lipids, carbohydrates, energy, firmness, and specific volume of breads. The inhibition of lipase activity showed a pronounced increase, while the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly elevated. The color parameters a* and b* were higher in the breads with added APP. The crystalline structure transitioned from type A to type V with 15% APP incorporation. Taken together, these results suggest that APP has potential to act as a healthier substitute for saturated fats in breads, paving the way to develop creative and innovative solutions for the functionalization of bakery food products.

Nutritional strategies cause memory damage and alter biochemical parameters without causing neuroinflammation.

Obesity results from an energy imbalance and has been considered an epidemic due to its increasing rates worldwide. It is classified as a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease and has associated comorbidities. Different nutritional strategies are used for the purpose of weight loss, highlighting low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, ketogenic diets, and intermittent fasting (IF). These strategies can lead to metabolic and behavioral changes as they stimulate different biochemical pathways. Therefore, this study evaluated memory, energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense parameters in mice subjected to an LC diet, ketogenic diet (KD), or IF. Eighty male Swiss mice, 60 days old, were divided into 4 groups: control, LC, KD, or IF. Body weight was measured weekly, and food intake every 48 h. After 15 days of nutritional interventions, the animals were subjected to the behavioral object recognition test and subsequently euthanized. Then, visceral fat was removed and weighed, and the brain was isolated for inflammatory and biochemical analysis. We concluded from this study that the LC and KD strategies could damage memory, IF improves the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the LC, KD, and IF strategies do not lead to neuroinflammatory damage but present damage at the level of oxidative stress.

Personalized Versus Non-personalized Nutritional Recommendations/Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Remission: A Narrative Review.

It is a well-evidenced fact that diet significantly impacts type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention and management. However, dietary responses vary among different populations, necessitating personalized recommendations. Substantial evidence supports the role of diet in T2DM remission, particularly low-energy or low-carbohydrate diets that facilitate weight loss, enhance glycemic control, and achieve remission. This review aims to comprehensively analyze and compare personalized nutritional interventions with non-personalized approaches in T2DM remission. We conducted a literature search using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics guidelines, focusing on clinical and observational trials published within the past decade. We present the strengths and drawbacks of incorporating personalized nutrition into practice, along with the areas for research in implementing personalized interventions, such as cost-effectiveness and accessibility. The findings reveal consistently higher diabetes remission rates in personalized nutrition studies compared to non-personalized interventions.