A soft systems approach of asthma management in children based on therapeutic education and e-learning.

One of the most common respiratory chronic diseases is asthma, with 5-16 % of world prevalence. In chronic disease, prevention, diagnosis, management, and palliation are the strategies for a care model; the patient-self management is fundamental with the so-called therapeutic education (TE) to train the patient in the necessary skills. The challenge of TE grows when the patient is a child or a person with special needs, even more in public health care in low- and middle-income countries. This is a problematic human situation, that needs soft system thinking. In this research, the analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the perceived importance of the factors that affect children's asthma health care in a public health institution in Mexico. The soft systems methodology (SSM) was applied to learn about the disease self-management, in order to obtain activities models and an action plan. According to AHP, human resources and education were percived as the most important among the factors that affect children health care within the institution. The perceived importance of two main subfactors (human resources training and TE) was around 34 %, which emphasizes the need to generate strategies for the improvement of the education of patients and health care providers. In MSS, the rich vision, the CATWOE, the root definition, and an activities model were proposed, including the application of an instructional design methodology (ADDIE) for the development of learning objects of asthma for children. Desirable and feasible actions and recommendations include the update of the national clinical practice guides, the use of control measures such as the Asthma Control Test, and a daily asthma diary to register the daily status of the breathing capacity, the drug administration, and the potential trigger events. The proposed model can be used as part of a systemic patient-and-family centered approach for chronic care model (CCM), particularly in diseases unsuitable for prevention interventions.

Analysis of the virtual healthcare model in Latin America: a systematic review of current challenges and barriers.

Background: The virtual care model can be used in all aspects of healthcare, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of most medical and surgical conditions. The objective of this study was to identify the current barriers to implementing and consolidating the virtual healthcare model, of "telemedicine", in Latin American countries. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Virtual Health, including articles in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. A combination of Boolean operators was used with the terms "telemedicine", "telehealth", "telecare", "home care services", "remote care" and the name of each Latin American country. Articles published from January 2020 to January 2023 that reported on the barriers and challenges of using the virtual care model were included. Results: Nineteen articles were included. Brazil (n=5) and Argentina (n=4) were the countries where there was the greatest interest to explore barriers to virtual care. The barriers identified were categorized into five main themes: (I) technological and technical issues; (II) absence of a physical examination; (III) patient's negative perceptions; (IV) negative perceptions among healthcare professionals; and (V) structural obstacles and those associated with the healthcare system. The main obstacles reported were connectivity problems, lack of a complete physical examination, issues of privacy, high risk of medical malpractice, and absence of local regulation. Conclusions: The virtual care model is a safe and cost-effective alternative for the delivery of health services, with multiple benefits for patients and their families. The indication for the use of virtual care should be based on a risk model for patient prioritization. Likewise, the analysis of the main barriers and benefits is fundamental to consolidating this model of care and ensuring its expansion in the region.

A Multi-Component Intervention to Improve Therapeutic Adherence in Uncontrolled Hypertensive Patients Within the Primary Care Level: A Before-and-After Study.

INTRODUCTION: Non-adherence to medication severely affects chronic disease control. AIM: To assess whether a multi-component intervention implemented at the public primary care level in Argentina improves adherence to antihypertensive medication and helps to reduce blood pressure (BP) levels in uncontrolled hypertensive patients. METHODS: A before-and-after study was conducted in five public primary care clinics located in the city of Almirante Brown, Argentina. One hundred and twenty-five uncontrolled hypertensive patients received a multi-component intervention based on the Chronic Care model and the 5As strategy (Ask, Advise, Agree, Assist, and Arrange). Medication possession ratio (MPR) and BP values were assessed before and after a 6-month period. RESULTS: The follow-up rate was 96.8%. Main baseline characteristics were as follows, male: 44.8%, mean age: 57.1 years (± 8.1), exclusive public healthcare coverage: 83.5%, primary school level or less: 68.8%, and mean systolic/diastolic BP: 157.4 (± 13.6)/97.7 (± 8.2) mmHg. After implementing the intervention, a significant increase in the proportion of adequate adherence (MPR ≥ 80%) was observed, from 16.8% at baseline to 47.2% (p < 0.001). A significant reduction of 16.4 mmHg (CI 95%: 19.6, 13.1) was observed for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 12.0 mmHg (CI 95%: 14.2, 9.9) for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p < 0.001). At 6 months, 51.2% of the population achieved blood pressure control (SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: The study intervention was associated with an increased adherence rate, achieving a significant reduction in BP values and reaching BP control in more than half of the population.

[Design and implementation of a transdisciplinary care model for patients with hereditary angioedema, in a Colombian health institution]. / Diseño e implementación de un modelo de atención transdisciplinaria para pacientes con angioedema hereditario, en una institución de salud colombiana.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the design and implementation of a transdisciplinary care model for patients with hereditary angioedema in Colombia. METHODS: Descriptive longitudinal observational study. 140 patients with hereditary angioedema were included in a transdisciplinary care model for one year. Seizure rates, hospitalizations, emergency room visits, quality of life, and pharmacological adherence were measured. RESULTS: The model was associated with reductions of 76% in seizures, 66% in hospitalizations, and 87% in emergency room visits. Pharmacological adherence increased 19% and was complete after four months. The quality of life increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary angioedema is an orphan disease that requires a comprehensive approach for effective care.

OBJETIVO: Describir el diseño e implementación de un modelo transdisciplinario de atención para pacientes con angioedema hereditario en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional longitudinal descriptivo. 140 pacientes con angioedema hereditario fueron incluidos en un modelo de atención transdisciplinario por un año. Se midieron tasas de crisis, hospitalizaciones, visitas a urgencias, calidad de vida y adherencia farmacológica. RESULTADOS: El modelo se asoció con reducciones del 76% en crisis, 66% en hospitalizaciones y 87% en visitas a urgencias. La adherencia farmacológica aumentó 19% y fue completa después de cuatro meses. La calidad de vida aumentó significativamente. CONCLUSIÓN: El angioedema hereditario es una enfermedad solitaria que requiere un abordaje integral para la atención eficaz.

Modelo assistencial contemporâneo para os idosos: a premência necessária / Contemporary care model for the aged: an imminent need

Resumo É possível envelhecer com saúde e qualidade de vida no Brasil? Este artigo defere a resposta por meio da proposição de um modelo assistencial resolutivo e com excelente relação custo-benefício, em linha com o que há de mais contemporâneo no cuidado integral para o grupo etário dos idosos. O modelo aqui apresentado propõe pensar, de forma absolutamente inovadora, o cuidado que deve ser prestado a essa parcela da população. Neste texto, são apresentados a teoria e os conceitos que fundamentam o modelo proposto. Basicamente, o texto relata a necessidade de ênfase nas instâncias leves de cuidado; em outros termos, foco na coordenação, na prevenção e no monitoramento do cliente, de forma a minimizar desperdícios, oferecendo uma assistência de melhor qualidade e a custos reduzidos. Também são apresentados os instrumentos de avaliação epidemiológica utilizados e o passo a passo de todos os profissionais da equipe de saúde.

Abstract Is it possible to age with health and quality of life in Brazil? This article defers the answer through the proposition of a cost-effective care model, in line with what is most contemporary in comprehensive care for the elderly age group. The model presented here proposes to think, in an absolutely innovative way, the care that must be provided to this portion of the population. In this text, the theory and concepts that underlie the proposed model are presented. Basically, the text reports the need for emphasis on light instances of care; in other words, focus on coordination, prevention and customer monitoring, in order to minimize waste, offering better quality care and reduced costs. The epidemiological assessment instruments used and the step by step of all health professionals are also presented.

Intersetorialidade e cuidados paliativos: a experiência do Instituto Nacional de Câncer / Intersectoral collaboration and palliative care: an analysis of the experience at the National Cancer Institute

Resumo: O presente artigo aborda os cuidados paliativos, tendo a intersetorialidade como fator central. Objetiva-se analisar a experiência dos cuidadores de referência dos pacientes já falecidos na unidade de cuidados paliativos do Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Trata-se de estudo quanti-qualitativo retrospectivo. Apresenta-se um novo modelo assistencial e se discute sobre violência urbana como fator obstaculizador para o acesso aos cuidados. Afirma-se que a democratização do acesso depende da articulação intersetorial com base na realidade local e em ações integradas.

Abstract: This article presents palliative care with intersectoral collaboration as a central factor. The objective is to analyze the experience of reference caregivers of deceased patients in the palliative care service of the National Cancer Institute. This is a retrospective quantitative-qualitative study. A new care model is presented and urban violence is discussed as an obstacle to access to care. It is stated that the democratization of access depends on intersectoral collaboration based on local reality and integrated actions.

Centros Especializados em Reabilitação: avaliando os desafios à implementação do modelo biopsicossocial nas práticas assistenciais à pessoa com deficiência / Specialized rehabilitation centers: assessing the challenges in implementing the biopsychosocial model in caring for people with disabilities / Centros Especializados en Rehabilitación: evaluación de los desafíos para la implementación del modelo biosicosocial en las prácticas asistenciales para la persona con discapacidad

Avaliamos, em conjunto com profissionais dos serviços, os desafios à implementação do modelo biopsicossocial nos Centros Especializados em Reabilitação. Por meio da articulação da Avaliação de Quarta Geração e Roda de Conversa (Método Paideia), abordamos os modelos implementados de assistência à pessoa com deficiência, partindo das seguintes questões: trabalhar em reabilitação; prontuário e avaliação; atendimento compartilhado e qualificação da alta. Do conteúdo das rodas emergiram três categorias empíricas: o processo de trabalho em reabilitação; o trabalho em rede; o modelo de cuidado. A identificação de entraves e facilitadores poderá favorecer a plena implementação do modelo biopsicossocial na atenção às pessoas com deficiência, gerando subsídios para o avanço rumo à integralidade do cuidado às pessoas com deficiência representado neste modelo.(AU)

We assessed challenges in implementing the biopsychosocial model in specialized rehabilitation centers together with the professionals working in these services. Using fourth generation assessment and conversation circles (the Paideia method), we explored models of care for people with disabilities focusing on the following issues: working in rehabilitation; health records and evaluation; shared appointments; and improving discharge. Three empirical categories emerged from the conversation circles: rehabilitation work processes; the network-based approach; and the care model. The identification of constraints and enabling factors can help promote the effective implementation of the biopsychosocial model, generating important insights to help drive progress towards the delivery of comprehensive care to people with disabilities represented in this model.(AU)

Evaluamos en conjunto con profesionales de los servicios, los desafíos para la implementación del modelo biosicosocial en los centros especializados en rehabilitación. Por medio de la articulación de la Evaluación de Cuarta Generación y Rueda de Conversación (Método Paideia), abordamos los modelos implementados de asistencia a la persona con discapacidad, partiendo de las siguientes cuestiones: trabajar en rehabilitación; historial médico y evaluación; atención compartida y calificación del alta. Del contenido de las ruedas surgieron tres categorías empíricas: el proceso de trabajo en rehabilitación; el proceso en red; el modelo de cuidado. La identificación de obstáculos y facilitadores podrá favorecer la plena implementación del modelo biosicosocial en la atención a las personas con discapacidad, generando subsidios para el avance hacia la integralidad del cuidado a las personas con discapacidad representado en este modelo.(AU)

Inclusión social de persona con trastorno mental en situación de calle: una intervención comunitaria

Introducción: Experiencia de una comunidad de barrio capitalino (Asunción-Paraguay), movilizada por la grabación de un corto documental a cargo de estudiantes de cinematografía, que inician un proceso de participación para mejorar la calidad de vida de una persona con trastornos mentales y discapacidad psicosocial en situación de calle, logrando su inclusión social. Objetivo : Identificar los elementos claves que favorecieron la participación comunitaria, derivando en el proceso de reinserción social de una persona con trastorno mental y discapacidad psicosocial para contribuir con estrategias innovadoras de modelos de atención basados en la comunidad con enfoque de derechos humanos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo de diseño narrativo, utilizando datos de la historia de una persona y la experiencia de una comunidad para describir, analizar e identificar elementos que se consideran claves para los resultados logrados. La experiencia comunitaria fue observada y registrada de cerca durante más de 4 años. Resultado: Participación comunitaria activa en torno a un objetivo colectivo impulsado por un proyecto cinematográfico logrando la reinserción social de una persona con trastorno mental o discapacidad psicosocial que se encontraba en situación de calle. Conclusión : El cine o arte generan un impacto emocional y sensibilizador que acompañados con estrategias sostenibles; facilitación, tecnología, recursos económicos, lugares de residencia o acogida, acompañamiento; permiten aprovechar y movilizar recursos comunitarios, con participación y enfoque de derechos humanos. El resultado en este caso es la inclusión social de una persona con trastornos mentales y discapacidad psicosocial, que se encontraba en el extremo de exclusión social: vida en calle por más de 20 años.

Introduction : Experience of a community from a neighborhood of the Capital City (Asunción-Paraguay), mobilized by the recording of a Short Documentary by cinematography students, who begin a process of participation to improve the quality of life of a person with mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities who are homeless, achieving their social inclusion. Objective : Identify the key elements that allowed community participation and the social reintegration process of a person with a mental disorder or psychosocial disability to contribute with innovative strategies of community-based care models with a human rights approach. Materials and Methods : A qualitative type study of narrative design, using data from a person's story and the experience of a community to describe, analyze and identify the key elements to the results achieved. The community experience was closely observed and recorded for more than 4 years. Results : active community participation around a collective objective driven by a film project, achieving the reintegration and social rehabilitation of a person with mental disorder who was in street situation. Conclusion : Cinema or art generates an emotional and sensitizing impact that, accompanied by sustainable strategies; facilitation, technology, economic resources, places of residence or reception, support; allows taking advantage of and mobilizing community resources, with participation and a human rights approach. The result in this case is the social inclusion of a person with mental disorders or psychosocial disabilities who was at the extreme of social exclusion; street life for more than 20 years.

Prática clínica do enfermeiro na Atenção Primária à Saúde em tempos de pandemia Covid-19: análise na perspectiva da gestão em saúde / Clinical practice of nurses in primary health care in times of the Covid-19 pandemic: analysis from the perspective of health management

Resumo: A ressignificação da prática clínica do enfermeiro na atenção primária à saúde (APS) requer a compreensão das diferentes dimensões influenciadoras, tais como a social e a política, financeira, nos micros e macro espaços de atuação que envolvem a sua efetividade e consolidação no modelo assistencial, seja no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19 ou no cotidiano da APS. Neste sentido, questiona-se como o modelo assistencial dos municípios no Estado do Paraná propicia a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS. Tem-se como objetivo geral: analisar o modelo assistencial em saúde dos municípios e sua relação com a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS sob o contexto da pandemia Covid-19. Como objetivos específicos: caracterizar o modelo assistencial em saúde municipal nas suas relações com a prática clínica do enfermeiro; identificar a percepção dos gestores em saúde sobre o papel do enfermeiro no que se refere à prática clínica na APS; reconhecer o papel do enfermeiro na APS frente à pandemia Covid-19, suas práticas clínicas como estratégias de acesso para o atendimento à saúde da população; identificar as divergências e convergências entre a prática clínica do enfermeiro, o modelo assistencial e os atributos essenciais da Atenção Primária. O método foi composto por uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo exploratória e descritiva, realizada no Estado do Paraná, contemplando um município em cada regional de saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista com apoio de roteiro semiestruturado. Foram realizadas 26 entrevistas, no período de maio a dezembro de 2021. Os participantes foram gestores municipais com funções relacionadas ao planejamento, a organização e a direção da atenção primária à saúde. Os aspectos éticos foram seguidos, conforme o disposto na Resolução nº. 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Para apoiar a análise, utilizou-se o software IRAMUTEQ na organização e processamento dos dados, e na sequência foi realizada a análise das convergências e divergências evidenciadas, na qual foi utilizado a Hermenêutica Dialética (HD). Os resultados foram organizados em cinco classes intituladas: A percepção dos gestores sobre a prática clínica do enfermeiro na APS; O enfermeiro na gestão, organização e desenvolvimento do modelo assistencial na APS; A retomada das ações em saúde na atenção primária pós pandemia da Covid-19; A organização do modelo assistencial durante a pandemia da Covid-19 na APS e a atuação clínica do enfermeiro na APS com foco principal no atendimento às condições crônicas. Em relação às convergências e divergências identificadas, destaca-se a necessidade de proximidade entre os atributos da APS, que muitas vezes são destacados, ou organizados de maneira isolada, sem integração ou relação entre eles. Outro ponto, que há um consenso entre os gestores que a prática clínica do enfermeiro é fundamental para o fortalecimento da APS, mas diverge da percepção de que alguns enfermeiros elegem as atividades administrativas em detrimento da clínica, entendendo que pode implicar no avanço da prática clínica avançada no Brasil. A pesquisa contribuiu para refletir sobre a ressignificação da prática clínica do enfermeiro, principalmente no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Ainda, sobre o papel estrutural do Estado, chama a atenção para que o mesmo: reconheça e assuma seu papel na elaboração, articulação, implementação, acompanhamento e avaliação do modelo assistencial, principalmente no apoio aos municípios; identifique a prevalência de modelos assistenciais, cooperando com mudanças que forem necessárias, principalmente na transição de um modelo fragmentado para um que atenda e articule os princípios do SUS. Ademais, este estudo contribui com a temática, demonstrando que a atuação do enfermeiro é fundamental na APS, no que se refere ao acesso, a coordenação do cuidado, integralidade e longitudinalidade. Além disso, há entendimento sobre a importância da prática clínica do enfermeiro para fortalecimento da APS e melhoria dos serviços prestados à população. Contudo, faz-se necessário discutir sobre a prática clínica do enfermeiro com o conjunto da sociedade, e principalmente com os gestores e formuladores das leis no país.

Abstract: The redefinition of the clinical practice of nurses in primary health care (PHC) requires the understanding of the different influencing dimensions, such as social and areas that involve their effectiveness and consolidation in the care model, whether in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic or in the daily life of PHC. In this sense, it is questioned how the care model of the municipalities in the State of Paraná provides the clinical practice of nurses in PHC. The general objective is to analyze the health care model of the municipalities and its relationship with the clinical practice of nurses in PHC under the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Specific objectives: to characterize the municipal health care model in its relations with the clinical practice of nurses; to identify the perception of health managers about the role of nurses in clinical practice in PHC; To recognize the role of nurses in PHC in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, their clinical practices as strategies of access to health care for the population; to identify the divergences and convergences between the clinical practice of nurses, model and the essential attributes of Primary Care. The method was composed of a qualitative exploratory and descriptive research, carried out in the State of Paraná, including one municipality in each health region. Data collection was performed through an interview with the support of a semi-structured script. Twentysix interviews were conducted from May to December 2021. The participants were municipal managers with functions related to the planning, organization and direction of primary health care. The ethical aspects were followed, according to the provisions of Resolution n. 466, of December 12, 2012, of the National Health Council. To support the analysis, the IRAMUTEQ software was used in the organization and processing of the data, and then the analysis of convergences and divergences was performed, in which the Dialectical Hermeneutics (DH) was used. The results were organized into five classes entitled: The perception of managers about the clinical practice of nurses in PHC; The nurse in the management, organization and development of the care model in PHC; The resumption of health actions in primary care after the Covid-19 pandemic; The organization of the care model during the Covid-19 pandemic in PHC and the clinical performance of nurses in PHC with a main focus on meeting chronic conditions. Regarding the convergences and divergences identified, the need for proximity between the attributes of PHC is highlighted, which are often highlighted, or organized in isolation, without integration or relationship between them. Another point, that there is a consensus among managers that the clinical practice of nurses is fundamental to the strengthening of PHC, but diverges from the perception that some nurses elect administrative activities over the clinic, understanding that it may imply the advancement of advanced clinical practice in Brazil. The research contributed to reflect on the resignification of nurses' clinical practice, especially in the context of primary health care. Also, on the structural role of the State, draws attention to the same: to recognize and assume its role in the preparation, articulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the care model, especially in supporting municipalities; identify the prevalence of care models, cooperating with changes that are necessary, especially in the transition from a fragmented model to one that meets and articulates the principles of the SUS. In addition, this study contributes to the theme, demonstrating that the role of nurses is fundamental in PHC, with regard to access, coordination of care, comprehensiveness and longitudinality. In addition, there is an understanding of the importance of nurses' clinical practice to strengthen PHC and improve the services provided to the population. However, it is necessary to discuss the clinical practice of nurses with society as a whole, and especially with managers and law makers in the country.

Design of a Rheumatology Transition Clinic for a Resource-Constrained Setting.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the design process of a medical care program for adolescents with pediatric onset rheumatic diseases (PRD) during the transition from pediatric to adult care in a resource-constrained hospital. METHODS: The model of attention was developed in three steps: 1) the selection of a multidisciplinary team, 2) the evaluation of the state of readiness of patients and caregivers for the transition, and 3) the design of a strategy of attention according to local needs. The results of the first two steps were used in order to develop the strategy of attention. RESULTS: The transition process was structured in three stages: pretransition (at pediatric rheumatology clinic), Transition Clinic for Adolescents with Rheumatic Diseases (TCARD, the main intervention), and post-transition (at adult rheumatology clinic). Each stage was divided, in turn, into a variable number of phases (8 in total), which included activities and goals that patients and caregivers were to accomplish during the process. A multidisciplinary approach was planned by pediatric and adult rheumatologists, nutritionists, physiatrists, psychiatrist, psychologist, nurse, and social worker. During TCARD, counseling, education, nutritional, physical, and mental health interventions were considered. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed transition model for patients with rheumatic diseases can be a useful tool in developing countries.

Análise dos pressupostos do paradigma psicossocial nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) na perspectiva de profissionais

O modelo de atenção psicossocial foi construído com a elaboração de uma nova estrutura de política de saúde mental. Como propósito, tem-se a garantia da dignidade humana e o direito à cidadania por meio de dispositivos que substituam o modelo asilar. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir da perspectiva de profissionais, o que consideram como pressupostos neste modelo e como se operacionalizam no cotidiano dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, transversal e de caráter exploratório. Foi realizado em Porto Alegre (Brasil) em 2019, com onze profissionais de diferentes áreas. Foram conduzidas entrevistas semidirigidas e utilizou-se a Análise Temática para análise de dados. Os resultados foram organizados com os pressupostos mais elencados e elaborados pelos participantes: Autonomia, Território, Cidadania e Reinserção Social. Destaca-se diferentes sentidos atribuídos aos pressupostos, e suas manifestações em ações de cuidado coerentes com o paradigma psicossocial.

El modelo de atención psicosocial se construyó con la elaboración de una nueva estructura de políticas de salud mental. Como propósito, existe la garantía de la dignidad humana y el derecho a la ciudadanía a través de dispositivos que reemplazan el modelo de asilo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales, lo que consideran supuestos de dicho modelo y cómo se operacionalizan en el cotidiano de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS). Es un estudio cualitativo, transversal y exploratorio. Fue realizado en Porto Alegre (Brasil) en 2019, con once profesionales de diferentes áreas. Se realizaron entrevistas semidireccionadas y se utilizó el análisis temático para el análisis de datos. Los resultados se organizaron con los supuestos más enumerados y elaborados por los participantes: autonomía, territorio, ciudadanía y reinserción social. Se destacan diferentes significados atribuidos a los supuestos, y sus manifestaciones en las acciones de atención compatibles con el paradigma psicosocial.

The psychosocial care model was built with the development of a new mental health policy structure. As purpose, there is the guarantee of human dignity and the right to citizenship through devices that replace the asylum model. The objective of this article is to analyze, from the perspective of professionals, what they consider to be assumptions in this model and how they are operationalized in the daily life of Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS). It is a qualitative, transversal and exploratory study. It was done in Porto Alegre (Brazil) in 2019, with eleven professionals from different areas. Semi-directed interviews were conducted and for the analysis of data, thematic analysis was used. The results were organized into the most listed and elaborated assumptions by the participants: Autonomy, Territory, Citizenship, and Social Reinsertion. Different meanings attributed to the assumptions stand out, and their manifestations in care actions were consistent with the psychosocial paradigm.

Relationship between care model and disease activity states and health-related quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the care model (comprehensive vs regular) has any impact on the clinical outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. METHODS: Between August 2019 and January 2020, we evaluated SLE patients being cared for at two Peruvian hospitals to define the impact of care model on disease activity state and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Disease activity was ascertained with the SLEDAI-2K and the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) which allows to define Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) and Remission. HRQoL was measured with the LupusQoL. The association between care model and disease activity (Remission and LLDAS) state was examined using a binary logistic regression model. The association with HRQoL was examined with a linear regression model. All multivariable analyses were adjusted for possible confounders. RESULTS: 266 SLE patients were included, 227 from the comprehensive care model and 39 from the regular care model. The regular care model was associated with a lower probability of achieving remission (OR 0.381; CI: 95% 0.163-0.887) and LLDAS (OR 0.363; CI: 95% 0.157-0.835). Regular care was associated with a better HRQoL in two domains (pain and emotional health). We found no association between the care model and the other HRQoL domains. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive care model was associated with the probability of achieving remission and LLDAS but had no apparent impact on the patients' HRQoL.

Fortalecimiento del recurso humano para la atención de personas con enfermedades crónicas / Strengthening Human Resources for Providing Care to People with Chronic Diseases

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas implican un reto sanitario e intersectorial. Por ello, los prestadores requieren adquirir competencias específicas según estándares nacionales e internacionales para implantar una atención primaria de salud que provea acceso y cobertura universal. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre elementos relevantes vinculados a las competencias de los proveedores de salud para la atención de personas con condiciones crónicas, en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Se discuten estrategias, la implementación del Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos y la adquisición de competencias, analizando aspectos de la formación profesional, el aseguramiento de la educación continua y la disposición de los proveedores para estar a la vanguardia de los cuidados. Conclusiones: Para proveer una atención integral a personas con enfermedades crónicas es necesario el fortalecimiento del capital humano y la instalación de relaciones coproductivas entre el equipo multidisciplinario. Además, es fundamental que los equipos conozcan e incorporen estrategias con demostración de eficacia a nivel internacional, entre ellos se encuentra el Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos, cuya implementación ha sido lenta y con desarrollo parcial(AU)

Introduction: Chronic diseases represent a health and intersectoral challenge. Therefore, providers need to acquire specific competences according to national and international standards, in order to implement primary healthcare providing universal access and coverage. Objective: To reflect on the relevant elements related to the competences of healthcare providers for the care of people with chronic conditions in the context of primary healthcare. Methods: Strategies are discussed, together with the implementation of the chronic care model and the acquisition of competences, analyzing aspects of professional training, the assurance of continuing education and the willingness of providers to be at the forefront of care. Conclusions: In order to provide comprehensive care to people with chronic diseases, it is necessary to strengthen human capital and create coproductive relationships among the multidisciplinary team. In addition, it is essential that the teams be aware of and incorporate strategies that have been shown to be effective at the international level, including the chronic care model, whose implementation has been slow and only partially developed(AU)

Modelo assistencial contemporâneo para os idosos: uma necessidade premente / Contemporary care model for older people: an urgent need

Resumo Proposta de um modelo assistencial resolutivo e com excelente relação custo-benefício, em linha com o que há de mais contemporâneo no cuidado integral para o grupo etário dos idosos. Apresentou-se em detalhes a teoria e os conceitos que fundamentam o modelo proposto, bem como os instrumentos de avaliação epidemiológica utilizados. O artigo contextualiza o crescimento desse contingente populacional no mundo e, em particular, no Brasil, mostrando seus impactos sociais e financeiros para a sociedade. A partir dessa análise, defende-se que o cuidado prestado à população idosa seja repensado, valorizando cada vez mais as ações de prevenção de agravos e de promoção da saúde. Propõe-se também o uso inteligente da tecnologia para consultas, monitoramento, atitudes preventivas e na coordenação dos novos cuidados. Acredita-se que a ênfase da atenção ao público idoso deve se dar nas instâncias leves de cuidado, de forma a minimizar desperdícios, usando com racionalidade os recursos disponíveis no sistema de saúde e valorizando os profissionais envolvidos.

Abstract In this article, a proposed solution is developed for a resolutive care model with an excellent cost-benefit ratio, congruent with the latest solutions in integrated care for the older population. The theory and concepts underlying the proposed model are outlined in detail, together with the epidemiological assessment instruments used. The article provides the context behind the global growth of the older population and, more specifically for Brazil, showing the social and financial impacts of this shift on society. Drawing on this analysis, we advocate that care provision for the older population be rethought, with greater priority given to disease prevention and health promotion actions. We also propose judicious use of technology for consultations, monitoring and preventive strategies, and for coordinating new care approaches. We believe the emphasis on care for the older population should take a low-complexity approach to reduce wastefulness, ensure rational use of health system resources, and make optimal use of the professionals involved.

Caracterización del programa de salud cardiovascular GES DM2 e HTA bajo un modelo de intervenciones múltiples en una Unidad de Salud Familiar (UMF) de un centro médico privado / Characterization of a cardiovascular health program in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Arterial Hypertension, under a model of multiple interventions in a Family Medicine Health Unit, of a private medical center

In the Family Medicine Unit (UMF) of the UC Health Network there is a program of multiple interventions based on a Chronic Control Model (CCM), led by a nurse who coordinates the activities and ensures compliance, aspiring to a change in its model of care and self-sustainability. It has been running for several years and its implementation and results have not been evaluated. Objective: This study aims to describe the situation of the Program, at its different levels: structure, processes and results. Material and method: Observational, descriptive longitudinal study of patients seen between July 2010 and June 2012, based on: methodology proposed by A. Donabedian; E. Wagner recommendations for the MTC; Monthly Statistical Registers and recommendations of the GES DM2 and HTA (MINSAL) Guides. Results: Hypertensive patients present a reduction of 11.2 mmHg in SBP and 7.8 mmHg in DBP (p 0.04). Diabetics present a reduction in HbA1c by 1.5 percentage points (p 0.04), and mixed patients present a SBP / DBP reduction of 10.3 and 6.8 mmHg respectively and an HbA1c reduction of 1.1 percentage points (p 0.092). Conclusions: After an average of 15 months, hypertensive patients significantly improve their mean SBP, DBP and compensation percentages; diabetics significantly improve their mean HbA1c and compensation percentages; mixed patients manage to improve their blood pressure and HbA1c levels, but this is not statistically significant.

An intensive follow-up in subjects with cardiometabolic high-risk.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Addressing chronic problems requires a model of care that promotes self-management of the disease and facilitates adherence to treatment. This project was designed to enhance patient's clinical and functional outcomes through a Comprehensive Model to be implemented in our health system and to evaluate the results. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different population stratification tools were tested and designed to classify subjects according to different variables. We have developed a program to detect and screen cardiometabolic risk by integrating most of the Chronic Care Model recommendations through in-house developed management software (MoviHealth®). From the results, 1317 subjects were evaluated (27% of the whole population) during the first year of follow-up which significantly improved for all variables along the follow-up period. The blood pressure of the hypertensive population in 2010 and 2015 showed the importance of enrollment of subjects and the optimization of the blood pressure control. The result of HbA1c observed in 2010 decreased progressively to 7.1 ± 1.4% in 2015, and dyslipidemia levels improved gradually. The number of cardiovascular events requiring hospitalization decreased significantly (48%), from 1.9 events per 100 subjects in 2011 to 0.98 in 2015. CONCLUSION: Our program has combined strategies for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, incorporating interventions to control risk factors and to reduce morbidity and mortality. It also had improvements in life quality, accessibility to health-care services, and the promotion of self-care.

Hacia un modelo de atención en salud para el siglo XXI: breve historia del modelo de atención integrada en Chile / Towards a Health Care Model for the 21st Century: a brief history of the integrated care model in Chile

El desarrollo y organización del sistema sanitario en Chile tuvo importantes cambios durante la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, los que permitieron al país mejorar sustantivamente algunos índices de salud poblacional. Por otra parte, tanto el cambio de paradigma biomédico que surgió en el mundo durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX y que se orientaba hacia un modelo biopsicosocial de salud, como la aparición del concepto de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) como una estrategia de intervención social, se sumaron al cambio en el perfil epidemiológico y demográfico del país y a las expectativas de la población, para alzarse todos ellos como factores catalizadores de un nuevo cambio en la forma de organizar la atención de salud en Chile. Esto generó un espacio para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento del nivel primario de atención de salud y de la medicina ambulatoria, lo que impulsó también la aparición de una nueva generación de especialistas que fueran capaces de dar solución a la gran mayoría de los problemas de las personas y de las comunidades, los médicos especialistas en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Esta nueva forma de organización sanitaria, actualmente vigente en Chile, y que se enmarca dentro del Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud iniciado a comienzos del siglo XXI, está basado en un sistema de salud sustentado en el modelo biopsicosocial y en la APS; y su eje primordial son las personas, las familias y las comunidades.

The development and organization of the health system in Chile underwent important changes during the second half of the last century that allowed the country to substantially improve some population health indices. On the other hand, both the change in the biomedical paradigm that emerged in the world during the last decades of the 20th century and which was oriented towards a biopsychosocial model of health, as well as the appearance of the concept of Primary Health Care as a social intervention strategy, they added to the change in the epidemiological and demographic profile of the country and the expectations of the population, all of them rising as catalysts for a new change in the way of organizing health care in Chile. This created a space for the development and strengthening of the primary level of health care and outpatient medicine, which also promoted the emergence of a new generation of specialists who were capable of solving the vast majority of people's problems. and from the communities, specialists in Family and Community Medicine. This new form of health organization, currently in force in Chile, and which is part of the Comprehensive Health Care Model initiated at the beginning of the 21st century, is based on a health system based on the biopsychosocial model and PHC; and its main axis are people, families and communities.

Avaliação da atenção ao parto e nascimento nas maternidades da Rede Cegonha: os caminhos metodológicos / Assessment of delivery and childbirth care in the maternity units of Rede Cegonha: the methodological paths

Resumo Este artigo descreve o método utilizado na avaliação de práticas de cuidado ao parto e nascimento em maternidades da Rede Cegonha. Apresenta os critérios de seleção das maternidades, as diretrizes avaliadas, seus dispositivos e itens de verificação, o método utilizado para coleta das informações e o tratamento dos dados para obtenção dos resultados. Dialoga a respeito das diretrizes escolhidas e da estratégia de devolutiva dos resultados aos gestores e serviços, e discute seu potencial para fomentar processos de qualificação da gestão e atenção obstétrica e neonatal. Trata-se de estudo das práticas de atenção ao parto e nascimento de 606 maternidades selecionadas para o segundo ciclo avaliativo da Rede Cegonha. Os caminhos metodológicos primaram pela construção de corresponsabilidade tripartite para com o processo e os resultados da avaliação, com ênfase na sua utilidade para os tomadores de decisão e instituições hospitalares envolvidas.

Abstract This article describes the methodology used to evaluate delivery and childbirth care practices in maternity hospitals that belong to the Rede Cegonha, according to scientific evidence and rights guarantee. It shows the maternity selection criteria, the evaluated guidelines, their devices and check items, the method used to collect information and the treatment of data to obtain the results. It discusses the chosen guidelines and the strategy of returning results to managers and services and discusses their potential to foster management qualification processes and obstetric and neonatal care. This is a study of delivery and childbirth care practices of 606 maternity hospitals selected for the second evaluation cycle of the Rede Cegonha. The methodological paths stood out for the construction of tripartite co-responsibility for the process and the evaluation results, with an emphasis on its usefulness for the decision-makers and the hospital institutions involved.

Impacto del número de controles periódicos en la salud bucal de los pacientes atendidos en la Clínica de Odontopediatría / Impacto do número de controles periódicos na saúde bucal dos pacientes atendidos na Clínica de Odontologia Pediátrica / Impact of the number of periodic dental checkups on oral health at a university pediatric dentistry clinic

Resumen La Clínica de Odontopediatría desarrolla un modelo de atención con énfasis en promoción, educación y rehabilitación destacándose su control y mantenimiento. No hay información sobre el impacto de los controles periódicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación del número de controles y la salud bucal de niños entre 5 y 10 años. Estudio transversal, descriptivo (2017-18) y retrospectivo (hasta 2014) en dos subpoblaciones: G1=controles y G2=primera vez, evaluando diferencias de piezas afectadas Resultados: 115 niños, 44 en G1 y 71 en G2. El 100% presentaron biopelícula. G1 presentó un valor significativamente menor del IPV>20% (p<0.001), de lesiones cavitadas (p<0.001). G1 con 2 o más controles el promedio de lesiones iniciales fue de 2,6 y G2 de 4,5 (p<0.001). Conclusiones: Los niños con dos o más controles presentaron mejor situación de salud bucal que quienes consultaron por primera vez. Se confirma la importancia del control programado para el mantenimiento de la salud bucal.

Resumo A Clínica de Odontologia Pediátrica desenvolve um modelo de cuidado com ênfase na promoção, educação em saúde e reabilitação destacando seu controle e manutenção. Não há informações que sustentem o impacto que os controles regulares. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação do número de controles anuais e da saúde bucal de crianças entre 5 e 10 anos. Estudo transversal e descritivo (2017-18) e retrospectiva (até 2014) em duas subpopulações: G1-controle e G2-primeira vez. Resultados: 115 crianzas: G1-44 e G2-71. 100% do de crianças apresentaram biofilme. G1 apresentou valor de IPV>20% e lesões cavitadas significativamente menor (p<0,001). G1 com 2 ou mais controles a média de lesões iniciais foi de 2,6 e no G2 4,5 (p <0,001). Conclusões: Crianças que assistem a 2 ou mais controles têm uma melhor situação de saúde bucal em comparação com aquelas que consultam pela primeira vez. Confirma-se a importância do controle programado para manutenção da saúde bucal.

Abstract The Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, has a care model that focuses on promotion, health education and rehabilitation, and aims to support health control and maintenance. There is no information on the impact of periodic checkups. Objective: To evaluate the association between the number of checkups and oral health in children aged between 5 and 10. Cross-sectional, descriptive (2017-18) and retrospective (up to 2014) study in two subpopulations: G1 = checkups, and G2 = first visit. We evaluated the differences in the number of teeth affected. Results: The sample included 115 children: 44 in G1 and 71 in G2. All of them had biofilm. G1 presented significantly lower values regarding visible plaque index (VPI) (>20%) (p < 0.001) and cavitated lesions (p < 0.001). G1 members, who had attended two or more checkups, had 2.6 initial lesions on average, and G2 members, 4.5 (p < 0.001). Conclusions Children who had attended two or more checkups had better oral health than those seeking care for the first time. This confirms the importance of scheduled checkups for maintaining oral health.

Teorização sobre os limites à inserção da saúde bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família / Theorization about the limits to the inclusion of oral health teams in the Family Health Strategy

Este estudo objetivou construir teorização a partir da concepção de atores sociais acerca das razões da não inserção da atenção à saúde bucal na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado no referencial teórico construído com base na Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal e metodológico na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD). Foram realizadas 11 entrevistas intensivas com atores sociais da gestão, do controle social e cirurgiões-dentistas do serviço público do município. Os dados foram categorizados segundo a TFD e a partir do processo de análise dos dados, construiuse a teorização do estudo e obteve-se como categoria central "Consequência de uma concepção hegemônica doença-centrada da saúde para o modelo de atenção à saúde bucal". A concepção de saúde dos atores sociais do município contribuiu para a não inserção da atenção à saúde bucal na ESF. A teorização permitiu a identificação da origem das condições do fenômeno estudado e poderá contribuir para tomada de decisões dos atores sociais em futuras ações políticas. Esse estudo subsidiou a elaboração do produto técnico, que tem por objetivo compartilhar experiências exitosas, reflexões e troca de saberes entre cirurgiões-dentistas, gestores da saúde bucal e população em geral sobre a PNSB no estado de Minas Gerais por meio da ferramenta de mídia social podcast.

This study aimed to theorize by means of social actors' conception about the reasons for non-inclusion of oral health in the Family Health Strategy in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and analytical study that was based on the grounded theory methodology and National Oral Health Policy. Eleven interviews with public managers, delegates who participate in the municipal health council and dental surgeons who belong to public health service were made. The theorization of the study was created through the data analysis process, which resulted as a central category "a consequence of the dominant disease-centred oral health care model". Data were categorized according to a methodological framework. Local social actors' health concept affected the lack of oral health care teams in the ESF. This theorization identified the origins of the studied phenomenon and can help future local social actors' political decision making. This study supported the development of the technical product, which aims to share successful experiences, reflections and exchange of knowledge between dentists, oral health managers and all population about the National Oral Health Policy in the state of Minas Gerais through the social media tool podcast.