Las que sobran: un análisis de la diversidad de las mujeres habitantes de la calle en cinco ciudades colombianas

Este artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de las mujeres habitantes de la calle de las cinco ciudades más densas del país, teniendo como telón de fondo las relaciones patriarcales de desigualdad que permean los diferentes momentos de la habitanza de la calle empezando por la decisión de salir a vivir en esta. Con la información disponible de los censos de habitantes de la calle de 2017 y 2019 realizados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) en Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Bucaramanga, indaga las diversas formas femeninas de habitar la calle y las condiciones en que esta se lleva a cabo. Apunta básicamente a eliminar la masculinización de la habitanza de la calle, visibilizando la presencia de mujeres diversas en ciclos de vida y con vivencias expulsoras antes y de hábitos de subsistencia y manutención durante su permanencia en la calle.

This article delves into the knowledge of women living on the streets of the five densest cities in the country, taking as a background the patriarchal relations of inequality that permeate the different moments of street life starting with the decision to go out to live in this. With the information available from the censuses of street dwellers of 2017 and 2019 carried out by DANE in Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga, it investigates the various female ways of inhabiting the street and the conditions in which it is carried out. It basically aims to eliminate the masculinization of street living, making visible the presence of diverse women in life cycles and with expeller experiences before and of subsistence and maintenance habits during their stay on the street.

Life cycle phases: Literature review and new classification proposal for application in healthcare

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although uncommon in dentistry, the concept of the life cycle holds great importance for dental professionals in identifying crucial intervention opportunities and determining the optimal timing for treatments and procedures. Objective: To carry out a review of the literature on life cycle classifications and their distinct phases, evaluating their applicability in healthcare. Methods: A literature review was performed, searching for articles in PubMed, SciELO, National Health Library (BvB), and Google Scholar databases, as well as relevant books. The keywords "life cycle," "life stages," "human development," "age groups," and "biological age" were used. Relevant articles were selected by analyzing their titles and abstracts, and read in full to confirm their inclusion in the research. Results: Nine distinct life cycle classifications were found, each with unique criteria. Conclusion: Based on the comprehensive literature review, a novel classification was proposed (The 10-phase Life Cycle), which encompasses dental, growth, physiological aging, sociocultural, and behavioral characteristics, aiming to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, particularly those engaged in the growth, development, and aging processes of human beings.

RESUMO Introdução: Embora incomum na Odontologia, o conceito de ciclo vital é de grande importância para ajudar os profissionais dessa área a identificar oportunidades cruciais para intervenções e para determinar o momento ideal para tratamentos e procedimentos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as classificações do ciclo vital e suas distintas fases, avaliando sua aplicabilidade na área da saúde. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, buscando artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Nacional de Saúde (BvB) e Google Acadêmico; além de livros relevantes. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave "ciclo vital", "estágios de vida", "desenvolvimento humano", "faixas etárias" e "idade biológica". Os artigos relevantes foram selecionados por meio da análise de seus títulos e resumos e lidos na íntegra para confirmar sua inclusão na pesquisa. Resultados: Nove classificações distintas de ciclo vital foram encontradas, cada uma com critérios únicos. Conclusão: Com base nessa revisão abrangente da literatura, é proposta uma nova classificação (o ciclo vital de 10 fases) que engloba características dentárias, de crescimento, envelhecimento fisiológico, socioculturais e comportamentais, com o objetivo de melhorar a comunicação entre os profissionais da área de saúde, particularmente aqueles envolvidos nos processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e envelhecimento do ser humano.

Intento suicida: un análisis municipal de factores asociados 2012-2017 / Suicide attempt: a municipal analysis of associated factors. 2012-2017 / Tentativa de suicídio: uma análise municipal de fatores associados 2012-2017

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento epidemiológico del intento de suicidio, examinando las diferencias existentes entre el sexo, variables sociodemográficas, psicosociales y específicas durante 2012-2017. Materiales y métodos: un estudio analítico transversal; se incluyeron 524 casos reportados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) entre 2012 y 2017 en el municipio de Sogamoso. La variable de interés se fundó en el género, los datos fueron procesados y se construyó un modelo de regresión logística binaria con un nivel de confianza de 95% y una precisión del 5%. Resultados: con el modelo de regresión logística bivariada se encontró que la adolescencia y adultez temprana (p<0,05) se asocian significativamente con el género mujer, y con respecto al posible desencadenante, el conflicto de pareja (p 0,05; OR= 2,32). Lo anterior evidencia una interacción con la variable violencia (P<0,05). Por otro lado, el consumo de alcohol se constituyó en una variable asociada significativamente con el género hombre (p<0,05) y un OR= 3,6 con respecto a las mujeres. Conclusiones: se evidencia que las prevalencias ajustadas por edad no muestran una reducción significativa desde el inicio hasta el final del periodo, siendo evidente la concentración en edades tempranas del desarrollo. Los resultados observados en mujeres y hombres revelan una necesidad de capacitación de agentes comunitarios o guardianes (gatekeepers) y el fortalecimiento de centros de escucha y demás estrategias de intervención comunitaria.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the epidemiological behavior of the suicide attempt, examining the differences between gender, sociodemographic, psychosocial and specific variables during 2012-2017. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study including 524 cases reported to the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA for its acronym in Spanish) between 2012 and 2017 in the municipality of Sogamoso. The variable of interest was based on gender, the data were processed, and a binary logistic regression model was built with a confidence level of 95% and an accuracy of 5%. Results: With the bivariate logistic regression model it was found that adolescence and early adulthood (p<0.05) are significantly associated with the female gender, and partner conflict (p<0.05; OR= 2.32); regarding the possible trigger thus evidencing an interaction with the violence variable (P<0.05). On the other hand, alcohol consumption became a variable significantly associated with the male gender (p<0.05) and an OR= 3.6 for females. Conclusions: it is evidenced that the age-adjusted impacts do not show a significant reduction from the beginning to the end of the period, being evident the concentration in early developmental ages. The results observed in women and men reveal a need for training community agents or guardians (gatekeepers) and the strengthening of listening centers and other community intervention strategies.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o comportamento epidemiológico do intento de suicídio, examinando as diferenças existentes entre o sexo, variáveis sócio demográficas, psicossocial e específicas durante 2012-2017. Materiais e métodos: um estudo analítico transversal; se incluíram 524 casos reportados ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde Pública (SIVIGILA) entre 2012 e 2017 no município de Sogamoso. A variável de interesse se fundou no gênero, os dados foram processados e se construiu um modelo de regressão logística binaria com um nível de confiança de 95% e uma precisão o 5%. Resultados: com o modelo de regressão logística bivariada se encontrou que a adolescência e adultos precoces (p<0,05) se associam significativamente com o gênero mulher, e com respeito ao possível desencadeante, o conflito de casais (p<0,05; OR= 2,32). O anterior evidencia uma interação com a variável violência (P<0,05). Por outro lado, o consumo de álcool se constituiu em uma variável associada significativamente com o gênero home (p<0,05) e um OR= 3,6 com respeito às mulheres. Conclusões: Evidenciase que as prevalências ajustadas por idade não amostram uma redução significativa desde o início até o final do período, sendo evidente a concentração em idades precoces do desenvolvimento. Os resultados observados em mulheres e homens revelam uma necessidade de capacitação de agentes comunitários o guardiães (gatekeepers) e o fortalecimento de centros de escuta e também estratégias de intervenção comunitária.

Ámbitos de justificación biográfica de la decisión de no tener hijos / Areas of Biographical Justification for the Decision Not to Have Children

Resumen Se analizaron las justificaciones en el contexto de la sobrepoblación y la responsabilidad ambiental desde las rutas biográficas de adultos que han decidido no tener hijos y no ejercer roles de maternidad o paternidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico con entrevistas en profundidad a personas adultas, residentes en distintas ciudades de Colombia, que decidieron no ser madres o no ser padres. Se encontró que la decisión de no tener hijos es una especie de fractura biográfica que transgrede los preceptos sociales sobre la reproducción y como el tema de la superpoblación y la crisis ambiental, es el mejor contexto social de legitimación de las decisiones sobre la no reproducción.

Abstract From biographical routes of adults who have decided not to have children and not to exercise roles of motherhood or fatherhood, justification devices in the context of overpopulation and environmental responsibility are analyzed. A qualitative phenomenological study was carried out with in-depth interviews with adults, residents of different cities in Colombia, who decided not to be mothers or fathers. It is concluded that the decision not to have children is a kind of biographical fracture that transgresses social precepts on reproduction and how the issue of overpopulation and environmental crisis is the best social context for legitimizing decisions of non-reproduction.

Autodeterminación en personas con discapacidad intelectual que envejecen y algunas variables que inciden en su desarrollo / Self-determination in people with intellectual disabilities who age and some variables that affect their development

Resumen La autodeterminación es un constructo clave para garantizar el desarrollo de habilidades que permitan a las personas con discapacidad intelectual adquirir el control sobre sus vidas. Este estudio busca conocer los niveles de autodeterminación de 516 adultos con discapacidad intelectual en proceso de envejecimiento y algunas variables que inciden en su desarrollo. Desde un enfoque cuantitativo, los datos se han recopilado con una escala ad hoc elaborada desde el modelo funcional de autodeterminación. Las evidencias se han analizado mediante estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales. Los niveles de autodeterminación de la mayoría de los participantes se sitúan en un rango bajo. Los principales resultados muestran cómo el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con la autodefensa o el autoconocimiento está muy descendido a diferencia de otras habilidades como la realización de elecciones o la resolución de problemas. Además, la severidad de la discapacidad, la edad, el lugar de residencia o el tipo de apoyo se identifican como factores incidentes en el logro de la autodeterminación. La discusión revela, entre otras, la necesidad de priorizar el aprendizaje de competencias relacionadas con la autorrealización como fundamento de las propuestas de intervención en autodeterminación. Este estudio contribuye a enriquecer el grueso de investigaciones sobre autodeterminación en la adultez tardía, siendo este un aspecto apenas abordado en la literatura. Además, complementa los resultados de otras investigaciones con respecto a los factores que pueden condicionar el desarrollo de estas habilidades. Esto permite ir diseñando intervenciones que propicien oportunidades para trabajar la autodeterminación desde las necesidades sentidas de estas personas.

Abstract Self-determination is a key construct to guarantee the development of skills that enable people with disabilities to acquire control over their lives. This concept is understood as a set of volitional actions or abilities that help the person to act as the primary causal agent in their own life without unnecessary external influences. Progressively, this construct has been shaped as a personal disposition to exercise control over one's own behavior, becoming a priority educational goal and an indicator of quality of life in the field of intellectual disability. However, people with intellectual disabilities have premature aging processes generally accompanied by mental health disorders or emotional problems that hinder the performance of self-determination skills. Specifically, they have difficulties in developing actions aimed at promoting positive attributions of effectiveness or aimed at establishing personal goals. This complicates the acquisition of skills for self-regulation and the increase of personal empowerment skills. This study seeks to know the self-determination levels of 516 aging adults with intellectual disabilities aged between 45 and 86 years (. = 68.32; S = 4.95). Most of them live in the Metropolitan Region (Chile), have severe intellectual disabilities, are men and live with the family. From a quantitative approach and under an inclusive research model, the data have been collected using an ad hoc scale as a result of the revision of the ARC-INICO Self-determination Assessment Scale (Verdugo et al., 2015) and the Self-determination Scale ARC staff (Wehmeyer, 1995). The results have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that have preceded the use of parametric statistics. The self-determination levels of the majority of the participants (39.1 %) are in a low range. In addition, the development of competencies related to self-defense or self-knowledge are greatly diminished, unlike other skills such as making choices or solving problems. Likewise, the analysis shows how those participants who reside in the family home present higher averages in their self-determination than those who live outside the family home. Similarly, participants with mental health disorders have lower averages in their self-determination than those who do not present these pathologies. Regarding the degree of disability, the levels of self-determination of the mild group are higher than those of the group of adults with severe intellectual disability. Those who most often have family support have higher levels of self-determination than those who receive only professional support. With regard to age, the youngest participants have higher averages than the rest in terms of their self-determination. The discussion highlights, among others, the need to prioritize the learning of skills related to self-realization as the basis of the proposals for intervention in self-determination at this stage of life. The results suggest some implications to consider for the planning of interventions, for example, they should seek the development of skills that strengthen the self-defense capacity of people with intellectual disabilities, promote the increase of opportunities for the realization of meaningful choices, adapt to the scenarios in which aging people with intellectual disabilities usually operate, and involve families and professionals to achieve skills related to self-determination in old age. Despite the fact that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable, this study contributes to enriching the bulk of research on self-determination in late adulthood, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. In addition, it suggests the development of future lines of research related to the impact of technological supports on the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities who age or with the study of cognitive impairment or the presence of mental health disorders in the levels of self-determination of these people.

De todas maneras, al final estaremos solos: implicaciones futuras de la decisión de no tener hijos / We'll be alone in the end anyway: future implications of the decision not to have children

Se propone un análisis desde la decisión autónoma de jóvenes adultos y adultos de no ser madres, ni padres, sobre las implicaciones de esta decisión en su futuro en la etapa de la vejez. El estudio se realizó desde el enfoque cualitativo, fenomenológico, a partir de entrevistas en profundidad con personas residentes en Colombia. Se destaca que la decisión de estas personas transgrede los modelos de reproducción social, impactando en las percepciones sobre familia, reproducción y ciclo vital. Adicionalmente se concluye que la responsabilidad en el cuidado de las personas adultas mayores no puede endilgarse a los hijos y que debe construirse una institucionalidad social robusta para la atención de la vejez

An analysis is proposed based on the autonomous decision of young adults and adults not to become mothers or fathers, on the implications of this decision on their future in old age. The study was carried out from a qualitative, phenomenological approach based on in-depth interviews with people living in Colombia. It is highlighted that the decision of these people transgresses the models of social reproduction, impacting the perceptions about family, reproduction and life cycle. In addition, it is concluded that the responsibility for the care of the elderly cannot be placed on the children and that a robust social institutional framework for the care of the elderly must be built.

Psychological effects of social distance caused by COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic over the life cycle / Efeitos psicológicos do distanciamento social causado pela pandemia da COVID-19 (coronavírus) ao longo do ciclo vital / Efectos psicológicos de la distancia social causados por COVID-19 (coronavirus) durante el ciclo de vida

This study aimed to systematize information about the consequences of social distance along the different stages of the life cycle for people who were not infected by the virus, but who experience the indirect consequences of the pandemic. Through a narrative review, the results of recent research in different countries were systematized, as organized: effects of social distance for children and adolescents, effects of social distance for adults, effects of social distance for the elderly and effects of social distance for the occurrence of domestic violence, which proved to be a transversal theme to all stages of the life cycle. Recommendations are also presented for the management of the effects of social distance in different stages of human development.

A pandemia causada pela COVID-19 fez com que fossem adotadas medidas de distanciamento social para impedir a propagação do vírus ao redor do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo sistematizar informações sobre as consequências do distanciamento social ao longo das diferentes fases do ciclo vital para pessoas que não foram contaminadas pelo vírus, mas que vivenciam as consequências indiretas da pandemia. Por meio de uma revisão narrativa, foram sistematizados resultados de pesquisas recentes realizadas em diferentes países, assim organizados: efeitos do distanciamento social para crianças e adolescentes, efeitos do distanciamento social para adultos, efeitos do distanciamento social para idosos, e efeitos do distanciamento social para a ocorrência da violência doméstica, a qual se revelou um tema transversal a todas as fases do ciclo vital. Apresentam-se ainda recomendações para o manejo dos efeitos do distanciamento social em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento humano.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo sistematizar información sobre las consecuencias de la distancia social a lo largo de las diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida para las personas que no fueron infectadas por el virus, pero que experimentan las consecuencias indirectas de la pandemia. A través de una revisión narrativa, los resultados de investigaciones recientes en diferentes países se sistematizaron, según lo organizado: efectos de la distancia social para niños y adolescentes, efectos de la distancia social para adultos, efectos de la distancia social para los ancianos e efectos de la distancia social para los ocurrencia de violencia doméstica, que resultó ser un tema transversal para todas las fases del ciclo de vida. También se presentan recomendaciones para el manejo de los efectos de la distancia social en diferentes etapas del desarrollo humano.

Psicología del desarrollo: Investigaciones en torno al estudio del ciclo vital humano / Developmental psychology: Research on the study of the human life cycle

La Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología (RIP) y el Nodo de Psicología del Desarrollo de la Red de Investigadores en Psicología de la Asociación de Facultades de Psicología (ASCOFAPSI) acordaron realizar un número monográfico en torno a temas de interés del Nodo y como parte del plan de acción definido durante el encuentro de investigadores llevado a cabo en octubre de 2018 en la ciudad de Neiva, Colombia. La RIP y dos editores invitados convocaron a investigadores a someter manuscritos que giraran alrededor problemáticas relevantes para el estudio del desarrollo en el ciclo vital humano. La recepción de contribuciones tuvo lugar durante el primer semestre de 2019. A partir de algunos criterios de selección establecidos, el equipo editorial recibió y revisó 32 manuscritos que fueron remitidos para evaluación de pares siguiendo los procedimientos habituales de la revista. Ese proceso contó con la amable participación de 73 evaluadores expertos que colaboraron para identificar los trabajos que cumplían los requisitos de la convocatoria. De la totalidad de manuscritos recibidos, diecisiete (53%) no se incluyeron en la selección final porque no cumplían con los criterios editoriales fijados para el monográfico, especialmente porque el problema o preguntas de investigación no eran pertinentes en relación con el tema del desarrollo. Estos trabajos fueron considerados para seguir el proceso de evaluación para otros números y/o secciones de la revista. Quince manuscritos fueron recomendados por los pares para su publicación: nueve artículos empíricos, dos artículos de investigación aplicada e intervención, tres artículos de reflexión, y un artículo de revisión de literatura. La selección final incluye estudios realizados por investigadores procedentes de distintas instituciones académicas de países iberoamericanos: Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, España, México. El resultado de ese esfuerzo editorial se concreta en el presente número temático que incluye un conjunto heterogéneo de estudios que a criterio de la RIP contribuyen al estado actual de la psicología del desarrollo entendida de manera amplia y diversa. Para proceder con la presentación, se describen en primer lugar los artículos desde el punto de vista temático y la perspectiva teórica, y más adelante los alcances y limitaciones de estas contribuciones.

The Ibero-American Journal of Psychology (RIP) and the Development Psychology Node of the Network of Researchers in Psychology of the Association of Psychology Faculties (ASCOFAPSI) agreed to carry out a monographic number around topics of interest to the Node and as part of the plan of action defined during the meeting of researchers held in October 2018 in the city of Neiva, Colombia. The RIP and two invited editors invited researchers to submit manuscripts that focused on relevant issues for the study of development in the human life cycle. The reception of contributions took place during the first semester of 2019. Based on some established selection criteria, the editorial team received and reviewed 32 manuscripts that were submitted for peer review following the journal's usual procedures. This process had the kind participation of 73 expert evaluators who collaborated to identify the works that met the requirements of the call. Of the total number of manuscripts received, seventeen (53%) were not included in the final selection because they did not meet the editorial criteria set for the monograph, especially because the research problem or questions were not relevant in relation to the development topic. These works were considered to follow the evaluation process for other issues and / or sections of the journal. Fifteen manuscripts were recommended by peers for publication: nine empirical articles, two applied research and intervention articles, three reflection articles, and one literature review article. The final selection includes studies carried out by researchers from different academic institutions in Ibero-American countries: Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain, Mexico. The result of this editorial effort is specified in this thematic issue, which includes a heterogeneous set of studies that, in the opinion of the RIP, contribute to the current state of developmental psychology understood in a broad and diverse way. To proceed with the presentation, the articles are first described from the thematic point of view and the theoretical perspective, and later the scope and limitations of these contributions.

Hepatitis C virus infection and new treatment strategies. / Infección por el virus de la hepatitis C y nuevas estrategias de tratamiento.

Hepatitis C is a major public health problem worldwide. This disease is caused by the hepatitis C virus, which is characterised by its genetic diversity. The infection is usually asymptomatic. However, between 60% and 80% of HCV-infected individuals will progress to chronic hepatitis, 20% to liver cirrhosis in the medium-to long-term and, each year, between 1% and 4% of these patients with cirrhosis will develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A Spanish consensus document has recently been drafted to diagnose hepatitis C in a single step, consisting of active investigation (antibodies and viremia) in a single sample, which according to the experts, would reduce the time to access treatment and avoid tracking losses. To definitively change the hepatitis C treatment paradigm, direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) have been approved, whose development has been based on achieving cure rates close to 100% regardless of the genotype of the virus, ie, pangenotypes, with good tolerance and bioavailability. These drugs have constituted a real therapeutic revolution. Supplement information: This article is part of a supplement entitled «SEIMC External Quality Control Programme. Year 2016¼, which is sponsored by Roche, Vircell Microbiologists, Abbott Molecular and Francisco Soria Melguizo, S.A. © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.

Social skills, empathy, love, and satisfaction in the family life cycle / Habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação no ciclo vital familiar

This study verified the predictive relationships between social skills, beliefs about love and marital satisfaction in the family life cycle. The participants of this study were 446 married adults, of both sexes, living in the metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The explanatory variables that contributed most to the marital satisfaction of men were passion, proactive self-control, decision/commitment, and for women they were commitment, affective sensitivity, decision/commitment, and passion. It was concluded that the dimensions related to love constructs were more explanatory of marital satisfaction, except at the stage of couples with small children whose social skills were more prominent. These results may contribute to preparatory programs and therapies related to marital life.

Este estudo verificou as relações preditivas entre habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação conjugal no ciclo vital familiar. Os participantes deste estudo foram 446 adultos casados, de ambos os sexos, residentes na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro/RJ. As variáveis explicativas que mais contribuíram para a Satisfação Conjugal de homens foram a Paixão, o Autocontrole Proativo e a Decisão/Compromisso; e, para as mulheres, o Compromisso, a Sensibilidade Afetiva, a Decisão/Compromisso e a Paixão. Concluiu-se que as dimensões do construto do amor foram mais explicativas da Satisfação Conjugal no ciclo familiar geral, exceto na etapa de casais com filhos pequenos, em que habilidades sociais foram mais proeminentes. Esses resultados podem contribuir para programas preparatórios e terapias relativas à vida conjugal.

Viejo por accidente: identidad, narcisismo y tentativa de suicidio en la vejez / Old by accident: identity, narcissism and attempt of suicide in old age

Durante el proceso de envejecimiento se producen una serie de cambios que a veces pueden sorprender desfavorablemente a aquellos individuos más frágiles. La pérdida de la continuidad identitaria constituye uno de los retos más significativos de los muchos que se presentan en la vejez y puede ocasionar imprevisibles consecuencias, entre las cuales la tentativa de suicidio aparecería como una manera última y desesperada de recuperar el control perdido. La vejez trae aparejados diversos cambios, que no son vividos de igual manera por todos; la característica de cada pérdida o de cada alteración determinará la repercusión en cada uno; por eso, poder comprenderlos en esta vivencia nos permite abrirnos hacia un nuevo entendimiento de esta etapa de la vida. A través de ella analizaremos tres historias de personas que perdieron en el camino aquello que las definía como seres humanos. (AU)

During the aging process several changes occur that may surprise unfavorably those who are more fragile. One of the most significant challenges that occur in the elderly is related with the lost of the previous identity which can lead to unforeseeable consequences, where the suicide attempt may seem to be the last and the most desperate way to regain control. Old age involves various changes and losses which will be experienced differently by every person according to their one personality and life story. To be able to fully comprehend this process will allow us to understand this stage of life in each singularity. In this article we will analyze three life stories illustrating people who lost the meaning of what defined them as human beings. (AU)

Funcionalidade e comunicação conjugal em diferentes etapas do ciclo de vida / Functionality and marital communication in different stages of life cycle / Funcionalidad y comunicación marital en distintas etapas del ciclo vital

Objetivou-se avaliar e comparar a comunicação de cônjuges que tinham filhos em distintas etapas do ciclo vital familiar, com os diferentes níveis de funcionalidade definidos através da coesão, adaptabilidade e do ajustamento conjugal. A amostra foi constituída por 266 pessoas casadas ou em união estável, com filhos de 0 a 18 anos. Os participantes responderam individualmente ao protocolo online constituído por um questionário sociodemográfico, Escala Marital Inventory Communication, Escala Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire, Escala de Avaliação da Coesão e Adaptabilidade Familiar e a Escala de Ajustamento Diádico. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem subsidiar a prática clínica e estudos acerca da comunicação conjugal, visto que, a comunicação negativa mostrou permear todo o ciclo vital conjugal, principalmente nos primeiros anos de casamento.

The aim of this article was to evaluate and compare the communication between couples with children in different stages of vital family cycle and the different levels of functionality defined through cohesion, adaptability and marital adjustment. The sample consisted in 266 people, married or in a stable union with children from 0 to 18 years old. The participants answered individually to an online protocol consisting on the following: a socio demographic questionnaire, Marital Inventory Communication Scale, the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (Faces III) and also the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The results of this research may support clinical practice and studies on marital communication, since negative communication has been found to permeate the entire marital life cycle, especially in the first years of marriage.

Se buscó evaluar y comparar la comunicación de cónyuges que tenían hijos en distintas etapas del ciclo vital de la familia, con diferentes niveles de funcionalidad definidos por la cohesión, adaptabilidad y ajustamiento marital. La muestra se constituyó de 286 personas casadas o en unión marital, con hijos de 0 a 18 años. Los participantes respondieron individualmente a un protocolo online compuesto por un cuestionario sociodemográfico, Escala Marital Inventory Communication, Escala Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire, Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y Adaptabilidad Familiar y la Escala de Ajustamiento Diádico. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden subsidiar la práctica clínica y estudios acerca de la comunicación conyugal, ya que la comunicación negativa mostró permear todo el ciclo vital conyugal, principalmente en los primeros años de matrimonio.

Rede de apoio social e funcionamento familiar: estudo longitudinal sobre famílias em vulnerabilidade social / Social support and family functioning: longitudinal study of vulnerable families

Este estudo tem o objetivo de verificar se a qualidade da rede de apoio social dos cuidadores das famílias influencia longitudinalmente o funcionamento familiar. Os dados utilizados são parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, que acompanhou 148 famílias de Porto Alegre por 15 anos. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas a escala Global Assessment of Relational Functioning (GARF) para avaliar funcionamento familiar, e uma escala de cinco pontos atribuída por uma dupla de pesquisadores após observarem aspectos da rede de apoio social dos membros. Análises de qui-quadrado e Generalized Estimating Equation indicaram diferenças na rede de apoio social de acordo com a configuração das famílias. Além disso, a rede de apoio social mostrou-se associada à qualidade do funcionamento familiar. Esta análise também sofreu impacto das diferentes etapas do ciclo vital, mostrando efeito longitudinal desta associação. Os resultados indicaram o papel protetivo da rede de apoio dos cuidadores sobre o funcionamento familiar.(AU)

This study aims to verify if the caregivers' quality of the social support influences family longitudinaly. Data are part of a wider study, which followed 148 families living in Porto Alegre city for 15 years. For this study, it was used the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning Scale (GARF) to assess family functioning, and a five-point scale assigned by a pair of researchers after observing aspects of members' social support. Chi-square and Generalized Estimating Equation analysis indicated differences in social support according to the family configuration. In addition, the social assigned by a pair support was associated to the quality of family functioning. This analysis also was impacted by different stages through the lifespam, showing longitudinal effect of this association. The results indicated the protective role of caregivers' social support on family functioning.(AU)

Ventajas y desventajas nutricionales de ser vegano o vegetariano / Advantages and disadvantages of being vegan or vegetarian

RESUMEN En países occidentales ha aumentado considerablemente la gente que se adhiere a una dieta vegetariana o vegana por motivos de salud o a causas animalistas. Esta dieta se muestra como una dieta equilibrada y saludable, sin embargo, la recomendación de una dieta vegetariana y vegana genera controversias en el mundo de la nutrición actual por los posibles déficit de algunos nutrientes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue mostrar la evidencia reciente sobre factores protectores y de riesgo de la utilización de estas dietas sobre enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles asociadas a la nutrición, además, su utilización durante el ciclo vital y finalmente cuales son los nutrientes críticos a considerar para llegar una dieta vegetariana/vegana sin riesgos nutricionales. En general, estas dietas fueron ricas en fibra dietética, magnesio, fotoquímicos, antioxidantes, vitaminas C y E, hierro no hemínico, el ácido fólico y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (n-6), pero baja en colesterol, grasa total y grasa saturada, hierro, zinc, vitamina A, B12 y D, y en especial ácidos grasos omega 3 como EPA y DHA.

ABSTRACT Western countries have greatly increased the number of people who adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet for health reasons or animal right causes. This diet is presented as a balanced and healthy diet, however recommendations for a vegetarian and vegan diet remain controversial in the world of nutrition because of possible nutritional deficits. The aim of this study was to show recent evidence of protective and risk factors of these diets for chronic noncommunicable diseases associated with nutrition, as well as their use during the life cycle. We also considered the critical nutrients necessary to obtain a vegetarian/vegan diet without nutritional risks. In general, these diets were rich in dietary fibers, magnesium, phytochemicals, antioxidants, vitamins C and E, iron, folic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6), but low in cholesterol, total fat and saturated fat, iron, zinc, vitamin A, B12 and D, and especially the omega 3 fatty acids EPA and DHA.

El desafío de construir una Psicología del desarrollo crítica en sociedades inhóspitas / The Challenge of Constructing a Critical Developmental Psychology in Inhospitable Societies

Resumen La Psicología del desarrollo constituye un campo de conocimiento cuya existencia se da por descontada en el imaginario académico de la psicología salvadoreña. No obstante, existe una Psicología del desarrollo dominante que se ve reproducida en textos, clases y discursos, mientras que otra distinta, consecuente con la realidad histórica donde su estudio tiene lugar, aún es una tarea pendiente. Al considerar la descontextualización como uno de los presupuestos fundamentales de la Psicología del desarrollo dominante al uso, en este artículo de carácter teórico se reflexiona sobre esta desde la perspectiva del caso salvadoreño en tanto sociedad inhóspita: aquella que compromete el avance del ciclo vital de la mayoría de la población por, entre otras características, ser violenta y desigual. Son sometidas a escrutinio las conocidas categorías analíticas de la Psicología del desarrollo definidas como influencias normativas y no normativas para mostrar la relatividad y los sesgos de su aplicación usual. Se sostiene que, en el marco de una sociedad inhóspita, una Psicología del desarrollo debe considerar, al menos, procesos de adultización prematura en la niñez y la juventud, la improbabilidad de biografías estables, la vejez precaria así como las características típicas que muestran los miembros del contexto de interés. Se propone avanzar a una Psicología del desarrollo crítica: la necesidad de reacomodar su quehacer y reinventarse epistemológicamente para construir un conocimiento situado, propio y multidisciplinario que supere cegueras, provincianismos y reduccionismos académicos.

Abstract Developmental Psychology is a field of knowledge whose existence is taken for granted in the academic imagination of Salvadoran psychology. However, there is a mainstream Developmental Psychology that is reproduced in texts, lectures and discourses, while a different one, consistent with the historical reality where its study takes place, and is still a pending task. Considering de-contextualization as one of its fundamental assumptions, this theoretical article deals with the situation of Developmental Psychology from the perspective of the Salvadoran case as an Inhospitable Society: one that distorts the progress of most of its people´s life cycle, due to, among other features, its violence and social inequality. Very well known analytical categories such as normative and non-normative developmental trends are subjected to scrutiny to show the relativity and biases of their usual applications. It is argued that, in the context of an inhospitable society, Developmental Psychology should consider at least: Early Childhood and Youth Adultisation Processes, the improbability of stable biographies, Precarious Old Age and the typical features of individuals living in the context of interest. It aims to advance a Critical Developmental Psychology: the need to rearrange the work and to reinvent itself epistemologically in order to construct a situated, appropriated and multidisciplinary knowledge that overcomes blindness, provincialism and academic reductionism.

Casais homoafetivos femininos: demandas do ciclo vital familiar e aceitação social / Female homosexual couples: demands of family life cycle and social acceptance

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo qualitativo sobre as demandas relacionais e pertinentes ao ciclo vital familiar de casais homoafetivos femininos, com referencial teórico sistêmico novo-paradigmático. O método adotado foi o estudo de casos múltiplos, com realização de entrevista biográfica, entrevista semiestruturada e utilização de questionário sobre o ciclo vital da família brasileira, adaptado de Cerveny e Berthoud. As entrevistas foram áudio-gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e submetidas à análise de conteúdo temático. O estudo permitiu observar que casais de mulheres que se casam e/ou constroem relacionamentos estáveis na atualidade, vivenciam desafios semelhantes aos casais heterossexuais. Difere a importância da rede social para o acolhimento e pertencimento a um grupo e a vivência do preconceito pelas participantes. Assim, considera-se importante que profissionais compreendam a dinâmica interacional dos casais que os procurem, independentemente da orientação sexual dos cônjuges, para o desenvolvimento das práticas terapêuticas e preventivas adequadas e cientificamente fundamentadas.(AU)

This work consists in a qualitative study about the relational and relevant demands of family life cycle of female same-sex couples with a new-paradigm systemic theoretical frame. The adopted method was the multiple-case study, which involved biographical interview, semi-structured interview and a questionnaire about cycle life of Brazilian family, adapted from Cerveny and Berthoud. Interviews were audiotaped, fully transcribed and submitted to thematic content analysis. The study showed that women couples who marry and/or build stable relationships today experience challenges similar to heterosexual couples. It is different the importance of social network for the reception and belonging to a group and the experience of prejudice by participants. Thus, it is important that professionals understand the interactional dynamics of couples who search them, regardless of the sexual orientation of the partners, for the development of appropriate and evidence-based therapeutic practices.(AU)

Compreensão psicodinâmica do ciclo vital de Daenerys Targaryen, personagem da série Game of Thrones / Psychodynamic understanding of "Daenerys Targaryen's" life cycle, character from the series "Game of Thrones"

Este artigo analisa os aspectos psicológicos da personagem Daenerys Targaryen, da série Game of thrones, buscando essencialmente avaliar sua evolução cognitiva, social e comportamental, bem como os conflitos vivenciados em seu ciclo vital e os respectivos mecanismos de enfrentamento das adversidades. Por meio da interpretação subjetiva das simbologias metafóricas citadas na narrativa, extrapola-se a leitura literal da obra, com vistas a compreender também as representações da esfera inconsciente da personagem. Daenerys tem infância conturbada pela morte dos pais, pela fuga da cidade natal, pelo exílio e pelos maus-tratos cometidos pelo irmão. Ademais, são-lhe impostos casamento e erotização precoces, eventos que desrespeitam seu tempo de amadurecimento psíquico, desencadeando encurtamento das fases do seu ciclo vital e desestabilização do processo de latência e desenvolvimento puberal. Contudo, as experiências que vivencia no período, tais quais a gestação e a emancipação por que passa, associadas a variantes inatas da sua personalidade - a exemplo do temperamento dócil, inteligência e autoconfiança na capacidade de resolução de vicissitudes -, permitem a expressão de uma figura icônica de resiliência, com ativação de defesas maduras frente a crises vitais ou acidentais. O estudo permitiu discutir aspectos da realidade contemporânea do desenvolvimento humano e proceder à observação de diversos mecanismos de funcionamento psíquico, além da interação entre variantes intrínsecas e extrínsecas moduladoras da expressão de resiliência frente às dificuldades. Este artigo visa a contribuir para o estudo da teoria psicodinâmica e deve interessar a profissionais da medicina e da psicologia.(AU)

This article analyzes the psychological aspects of character Daenerys Targaryen, from Game of Thrones' series, seeking essentially to evaluate her cognitive, social and behavioral evolution, as well as the conflicts experienced to each stage of her life cycle and related adversity coping mechanisms. Through subjective interpretation of metaphoric symbols mentioned in the narrative, the literal reading of the story is extrapolated in order to also comprehend representations of the character's unconscious domain. Daenerys goes through a troubled childhood due to her parents' death, fleeing from her home city, exile and mistreatment committed by her brother. Furthermore, events like marriage and early erotization are imposed to her, which disrespect her psychic development timing, causing shortening of her life cycle's stages, and destabilization of the latency phase process and her pubertal development. Nevertheless, the experiences she goes through in this period, such as pregnancy and emancipation, associated to innate variants of her personality - docile temperament, high cognition and self-confidence in the ability of resolving difficulties -, allow the expression of a resilient iconic figure, with the activation of mature defenses when facing vital or accidental crises. The study allows transpositions to contemporaneous reality of human development and observation of several mechanisms of psychic functions, besides the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic variants, which modulate the expression of resilience when confronting distress. It contributes to the study of psychodynamic theory and may be of interest to doctors and psychologists, especially those directly involved in psychic development.(AU)

Condições bucais e socioeconômicas de crianças escolares numa perspectiva de ciclo vital / Oral and socioeconomic conditions of schoolchildren in the life course approach perspective

Estudos vêm apresentando o declínio da cárie juntamente com sua polarização nos grupos desfavorecidos. É de se esperar então que possamos observar a prevalência da doença em populações de baixa renda. E partindo do pressuposto que as doenças orais, tais como a cárie dentária, compartilham dos mesmos fatores de risco de outras doenças crônicas, é plausível que teorias explicativas para a doença crônica possam ser aplicadas à saúde bucal. Sendo assim, no intuito de contextualizar a cárie e a condição socioeconômica na vida da criança, utilizaremos a abordagem do ciclo vital. O objetivo desse estudo foi buscar uma relação dos defeitos de esmalte nos incisivos permanentes e condições socioeconômicas na saúde bucal das crianças dentro do contexto do ciclo vital. Um total de 350 crianças entre 9 e 11 anos foram examinadas de 13 escolas públicas do município de Bauru. Foram realizados exames para o CPOD e DDE para observar a presença de cárie e defeitos de esmalte, respectivamente. Além disso, foi enviado aos pais um questionário sobre renda e escolaridade dos mesmos. Realizou-se o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Também foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado para verificar associação entre DDE e a cárie. Observou-se a associação da cárie com DDE (p<0,04), opacidade delimitada (p<0,02) e opacidade (p<0,01). Também foi verificada correlação inversamente proporcional para dente cariado da criança com a escolaridade da mãe e renda da família. Em relação aos tipos defeitos de desenvolvimento de esmalte (DDE), observamos a correlação da opacidade delimitada, opacidade e DDE com o índice CPOD. Os resultados do estudo indicaram a associação de defeitos de esmalte com cárie nos escolares juntamente com a correlação entre renda e escolaridade dos pais com a doença cárie.(AU)

Studies have shown the decline of caries along with your polarization in disadvantaged groups. It is expected then that we may observe the prevalence of disease in low-income populations. And assuming that oral diseases such as tooth decay, share the same risk factors for other chronic diseases, it is plausible that the explanatory theories for chronic disease can be applied to oral health. Thus, in order to contextualize the caries and socioeconomic status in the children life, we will use the approach of the life course events. The aim of this study was to determine a relationship of enamel defects in permanent incisors and socioeconomic conditions in the oral health of children within the context of the life course perspective. A total of 350 children aged 9-11 years were examined from 13 public schools in the city of Bauru. Tests were performed to the DMFT and DDE to observe the presence of caries and enamel defects, respectively. Moreover, it was sent to the parents a questionnaire about income and education. It was used the Spearman correlation coefficient, adopting the significance level of 5%. It was also used Chi-square test to determine association between DDE and dental caries. Observed the association between caries and DDE (p <0.04), defined opacity (p <0.02) and opacity (p <0.01). It was also observed inverse correlation to child decayed tooth with the mother´s education and family income. Regarding the types of enamel defects development (DDE), we observed the correlation of the defined opacity, opacity and DDE with DMFT. The results of the study indicated the association of enamel defects with caries in school, besides that we also observed a correlation between income and education of parents with caries.(AU)

Conceptualización de ciclo vital familiar: una mirada a la producción durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2002 a 2015 / Conceptualization of family life cycle: a view of the production during the period between 2002 and 2015

El presente trabajo es el resultado de un proceso de investigación teórico descriptiva de tipo documental, en el cual se rastrearon y analizaron diferentes estudios publicados durante los años 2002 a 2015 en relación con el tema ciclo vital familiar (CVF). Se analizaron 45 artículos y textos teóricos. A partir del proceso de codificación y análisis se derivan tres núcleos temáticos: Definición de CVF; Etapas del CVF y Nuevas apuestas conceptuales en torno a éste. Se presenta al ciclo vital familiar desde dos perspectivas, como teorización que permite discernir el desarrollo de la familia a lo largo de su existencia, a través de etapas, y otra que implica cuestionar la validez contemporánea de esta teoría en la sociedad dados sus cambios sociales, culturales, económicos, entre otros.

This study is the result of a process of theoretical descriptive documentary research, in which different researches published during the years 2002-2015 in relation to the subject family life cycle (FLC) were tracked and analyzed. 45 articles and theoretical texts were analyzed. From the process of coding and analysis three contents have been derived: Definition of FLC, FLC stages and new conceptual challenges on this. The family life cycle is presented from two perspectives, as theorizing that can discern the development of the family throughout its existence, through stages, and another that involves questioning the contemporary validity of this theory in society, taken into account social, cultural, and economic changes, among others.

Ciclo vital familiar, crises evolutivas e crises para normativas

Curso de especialização saúde da família, no módulo clínica da atenção primária a saúde, apresenta o material ciclo vital familiar, crises evolutivas e crises para normativas, tendo como conteúdo os conceitos e princípios mais estratégicos da atenção primária da saúde na organização do processo de trabalho na saúde da família.