Acculturation and daily cigarette use among Mexican-origin youth: The moderating role of executive functions.

INTRODUCTION: Acculturation and enculturation have been conceptualized, respectively, as risk and protective factors for cigarette use. Although acculturation/enculturation orientations are often studied as stable characteristics, they represent a dynamic process influenced by individuals' social environments and can fluctuate across time. Therefore, investigating how youth actively navigate their acculturation and enculturation beliefs and behaviors on a day-to-day basis can advance scientific understanding of factors related to cigarette use. Executive functions, including inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory, are robust predictors of smoking (e.g., cigarette use). However, we know little about the protective role of executive functions on the daily level associations between acculturation/enculturation and cigarette use among Mexican-origin youth. OBJECTIVES: In a low-income Mexican-origin youth sample (M = 16.94, SD = 1.01; 52 % female), this study examined within-person associations between daily acculturation/enculturation and daily cigarette use and the moderating role of individual-level executive functions. METHOD: We captured the daily fluctuations of acculturation/enculturation and smoking by utilizing data from a 4-day daily diary. The study assessed inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory using behavioral paradigms. RESULTS: A multilevel logistic moderation model revealed statistically significant interactions between acculturation (but not enculturation) and all executive function skills predicting cigarette use. Higher daily acculturation levels were related to greater odds of daily cigarette use only for youth with lower levels of executive function skills. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving executive functions may protect Mexican-origin youth from the possible adverse effect of acculturation on cigarette use.

E-cigarette use susceptibility among youth in Mexico: The roles of remote acculturation, parenting behaviors, and internet use frequency.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing worldwide, raising concerns about its impact on youth development. Remote acculturation may influence the e-cigarette use cognitions of youth in Mexico by influencing their media use, thereby contributing to their e-cigarette use susceptibility. This study examined whether remote acculturation was associated with youth internet use frequency, and whether youth internet use frequency, in turn, was associated with youth e-cigarette use susceptibility. Because parenting behaviors can relate with lower tobacco and media use (e.g., internet use), this study also examined the associations of parental media restrictions and mother's parenting practices with youth internet use frequency and e-cigarette use susceptibility. METHODS: Data came from a school-based survey with middle school students in Mexico who had never tried e-cigarettes (N = 6004; 52.6% female; Mage = 13.07 years). Students completed measures of remote acculturation, parental media restrictions, mother's parenting practices, internet use, and e-cigarette use susceptibility. RESULTS: Structural equation analyses suggest that U.S. American cultural orientation may increase youth e-cigarette use risk by way of higher youth internet use. Mexican cultural orientation and parental media restrictions may reduce youth e-cigarette use risk by way of lower youth internet use. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive interventions to reduce Mexican youths' intention to try e-cigarettes could benefit from efforts to reduce youth internet use and from media literacy interventions that inform parents and youth about the influence of internet use on youth e-cigarette use.

Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking Beginning in Adolescence Predict Insomnia in the Mid Thirties.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is increasingly recognized as a public health concern in modern society. Insomnia diagnoses appear to be increasing and are associated with poor health outcomes. They may cost $100 billion annually in health services. OBJECTIVE: Given the adverse consequences of insomnia such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression, the present study was designed to examine the relationship of the trajectories of earlier cigarette smoking and later insomnia. The ultimate goal is to reduce the prevalence of insomnia. METHODS: 674 participants (53% African Americans, 47% Puerto Ricans, 60% females) were surveyed at 6 points in time. We employed the growth mixture model to obtain the trajectories of cigarette smoking from age 14 to 32. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between the trajectories of smoking and insomnia. RESULTS: Males were less likely to have insomnia than females (Adjusted odds ratio: AOR = 0.34, p < .05). A higher Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) for the chronic smoking trajectory group (AOR = 2.69, p < .05) and for the moderate smoking trajectory group (AOR = 5.33, p < .01) was associated with an increased likelihood of having insomnia at age 36 compared with the BPP of the no or low smoking trajectory group. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention and treatment programs for individuals who suffer from insomnia should be implemented in parallel with programs for smoking cessation. From a public health perspective, our longitudinal study that examined the association between earlier smoking trajectories and later insomnia suggests that treatments designed to reduce or cease smoking may lessen the occurrence of symptoms of insomnia.

Insatisfacción corporal, creencias sobre control del peso y consumo de cigarrillos en jóvenes / Body dissatisfaction, beliefs about weight control, and cigarette use among youth

En diversos estudios los investigadores han encontrado una relación entre insatisfacción corporal, creencias de control de peso asociadas al consumo de cigarrillos y el consumo de cigarrillos en jóvenes. Este estudio evaluó un modelo de mediación de las creencias de control de peso asociadas al consumo de cigarrillos en la relación entre insatisfacción corporal y consumo de cigarrillos. Se realizó un estudio correlacional con 651 jóvenes chilenos de entre 12 y 23 años de edad. Se realizaron ANOVA y análisis de regresión lineal para evaluar las hipótesis propuestas. Se encontró una relación entre insatisfacción corporal y consumo de cigarrillos y diferencias significativas en dicha relación según sexo. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la relación entre insatisfacción corporal y consumo de cigarrillos en jóvenes chilenos, sin embargo, no se comprueba la mediación propuesta.

In several studies, researchers have found a link between body dissatisfaction, weight control beliefs associated with cigarette use and cigarette smoking among young people. This study examined a mediation model of weight control beliefs associated with cigarette use for the relationship between body dissatisfaction and cigarette smoking. A correlational study was conducted with 651 young chileans between 12 and 23 years of age. ANOVA and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the proposed hypotheses. A relationship between body dissatisfaction and smoking and significant differences by sex for this relationship were found. These results confirm the relationship between body dissatisfaction and cigarette smoking among young Chileans, however, do not support the proposed mediation.