Supervisión clínica de enfermería, proyecto de auditoría clínica e implementación de evidencia / Nursing clinical supervision, clinical audit and evidence implementation project

Resumen Objetivo: Implementar la mejor evidencia científica en la supervisión clínica de las UCI mediante la aplicación de la herramienta del JBI de auditoría clínica para la optimización de la práctica de la supervisión clínica en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Materiales y Métodos: Este proyecto utilizó el marco de implementación de evidencia de JBI basado en el proceso de auditoría y retroalimentación junto con un enfoque estructurado para identificar y gestionar las barreras al cumplimiento de las prácticas clínicas recomendadas. Resultados: La mayoría de los supervisores tienen poco tiempo de supervisar las áreas de cuidados críticos. La auditoría de línea de base mostró que, de los 8 criterios establecidos por el JBI para evaluar la supervisión clínica, solo tres lograron un 80% de cumplimiento por parte de los supervisores. Conclusiones: El modelo de auditoría clínica JBI permitió identificar una serie de criterios que estaban afectando la supervisión clínica y la instauración de una plantilla de plan de trabajo para fortalecer y estandarizar la labor de la supervisión de enfermería.

Abstract Objective: To implement the best scientific evidence in the clinical supervision of ICUs by applying the JBI clinical audit tool for the optimization of the practice of clinical supervision in intensive care units. Materials and methods: This project used the JBI evidence implementation framework, based on the audit and feedback process together with a structured approach to identify and manage barriers to compliance with recommended clinical practices. Results: Most supervisors have little time to supervise critical care areas. The baseline audit showed that, of the 8 criteria set by JBI to assess clinical supervision, only three achieved 80% compliance by supervisors. Conclusions: The JBI clinical audit model allowed the identification of a series of criteria that were affecting clinical supervision and the establishment of a work plan template to strengthen and standardize the work of nursing supervision.

Fostering practice-based evidence through routine outcome monitoring in a university psychotherapy service for common mental health problems: a protocol for a naturalistic, observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Data-informed psychotherapy and routine outcome monitoring are growing as referents in psychotherapy research and practice. In Ecuador, standardised web-based routine outcome monitoring systems have not been used yet, precluding data-driven clinical decisions and service management. Hence, this project aims at fostering and disseminating practice-based evidence in psychotherapy in Ecuador by implementing a web-based routine outcome monitoring system in a university psychotherapy service. METHODS AND ANALYSES: This is a protocol for an observational naturalistic longitudinal study. Progress and outcomes of treatment in the Centro de Psicología Aplicada of the Universidad de Las Américas in Quito, Ecuador will be examined. Participants will be adolescents and adults (≥11 years) seeking treatment, as well as therapists and trainees working at the centre between October 2022 and September 2025. Clients' progress will be monitored by a range of key variables: psychological distress, ambivalence to change, family functioning, therapeutic alliance and life satisfaction. Sociodemographic information and satisfaction with treatment data will be collected before and at the end of treatment, respectively. Also, semi-structured interviews to explore therapists' and trainees' perceptions, expectations and experiences will be conducted. We will analyse first contact data, psychometrics of the measures, reliable and clinically significant change, outcome predictors as well as trajectories of changes. Moreover, we will conduct a framework analysis for the interviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (#PV-10-2022). The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific articles, at conferences and in workshops. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05343741.

Content validation of an instrument for medical record audits / Validación de contenido de un instrumento para auditoría clínica de registros médicos / Validação de conteúdo de um instrumento para auditoria clínica de prontuários

ABSTRACT Objective: To build and validate the content of an instrument to conduct medical record audits; to conduct a pre-test. Methods: Methodological study conducted from May/2020 to May/2021 in three stages: 1) development of the instrument by bibliographic survey and benchmarking; 2) content validation using the Delphi technique; 3) application of the instrument and descriptive analysis in a sample of 200 medical records. Results: An instrument was constructed with 11 domains containing sub-items that characterize the quality of care. Two stages of the Delphi technique were necessary to reach a content validity index higher than 0.90. For each domain, a graduated scale with a numerical value from 1 to 4 points was attributed, reflecting the quality of its completion. The average time of application was 35 minutes per record. Conclusions: The tool proved to be viable to support clinical audits to identify the level of excellence and reveal opportunities for improvement in care processes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Construir y validar contenido de un instrumento para realización de auditoría clínica de prontuarios; realizar pre-test. Métodos: Estudio metodológico, realizado de mayo/2020 a mayo/2021 en tres etapas: 1) construcción del instrumento por análisis bibliográfico y benchmarking; 2) validación de contenido por la técnica Delphi; 3) aplicación del instrumento y análisis descriptivo en una muestra de 200 prontuarios. Resultados: Construido un instrumento con 11 dominios conteniendo subitems que caracterizan la calidad de la asistencia. Para llegar al índice de validez de contenido superior a 0,90, fueron necesarias dos etapas de la técnica Delphi. Para cada dominio, atribuido una escala graduada con valor numérico de 1 a 4 puntos, reflejando la calidad del relleno. El tiempo mediano de aplicación fue de 35 minutos por prontuario. Conclusiones: El instrumento construido se demostró viable para basar la auditoría clínica en la identificación del nivel de excelencia o oportunidades de mejoría en procesos asistenciales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e validar conteúdo de um instrumento para realização de auditoria clínica de prontuários; realizar pré-teste. Métodos: Estudo metodológico, realizado de maio/2020 a maio/2021 em três etapas: 1) construção do instrumento por levantamento bibliográfico e benchmarking; 2) validação de conteúdo pela técnica Delphi; 3) aplicação do instrumento e análise descritiva em uma amostra de 200 prontuários. Resultados: Construiu-se um instrumento com 11 domínios contendo subitens que caracterizam a qualidade da assistência. Para chegar ao índice de validade de conteúdo superior a 0,90, foram necessárias duas etapas da técnica Delphi. Para cada domínio, atribuiu-se uma escala graduada com valor numérico de 1 a 4 pontos, refletindo a qualidade do preenchimento. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de 35 minutos por prontuário. Conclusões: O instrumento construído demonstrou-se viável para embasar a auditoria clínica na identificação do nível de excelência ou oportunidades de melhoria em processos assistenciais.

Reasons for day of surgery cancellation of orthopaedic cases following a major earthquake in Trinidad and Tobago.

An earthquake in 2018 resulted in irreparable damage to the Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago, and severely affected orthopaedic services. This study investigates the rate and reasons for cancellation on the day of surgery of orthopaedic cases during the post-earthquake period. We prospectively collected data on all cases scheduled to undergo surgery during the study period. Information was gathered on patient demographics, the number and reasons for cancellation. Data were analysed using Analyse-it for Microsoft Excel 5.40 (Analyse-it Software Ltd). Our results show that 43 patients were cancelled, resulting in a 44.3% cancellation rate. Patients who had their surgery cancelled were older, with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class compared with patients whose surgery was not cancelled. Hospital-related factors were found to be responsible for the majority of cancellations. Placed in context, our findings suggest that limited operating time due to the earthquake-induced hospital damage was the principal reason for the high rate of surgery cancellations.

A importância dos registros de enfermagem no contexto avaliativo da auditoria / The importance of nursing records within the audit assessment context

Objetivo: Analisar a importância dos registros de enfermagem no contexto avaliativo da auditoria. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e BDENF, por meio dos descritores Auditoria de Enfermagem; Auditoria Clínica; Registros de Enfermagem; Anotações de Enfermagem e Enfermagem. A busca foi realizada de 12 de janeiro a 26 de fevereiro de 2018 e selecionados 17 artigos que compõem o estudo. Resultados: a importância dos registros de enfermagem no contexto avaliativo da auditoria se dá pela investigação da qualidade do cuidado prestado por meio das evidências proporcionadas nos registro/anotações de enfermagem no portuário do paciente, evitar prejuízos na continuação do cuidado, intensificar sugestões de implantações de valores educacionais por meio da educação continuada e permanente, resgatar os valores econômicos perdidos por glosas em contas hospitalares e promover a melhoria da qualidade da assistência. Conclusão: foi possível verificar que, mesmo sendo uma prática que deva ser realizada com qualidade, o processo de auditora ainda encontra muita fragilidade nas informações encontradas nos diversos registros do profissional de enfermagem, o que acarreta grandes prejuízos.

Objective: To analyze the importance of nursing records in the evaluative context of the audit. Method: This is an integrative literature review performed in the LILACS, MEDLINE and BDENF databases using the descriptors Nursing Audit; Clinical audit; Nursing records; Nursing and Nursing Notes. The search was performed from January 12 to February 26, 2018, selecting a total of 17 articles. Results: the importance of nursing records in the evaluative context of the audit is due to the investigation of the quality of care provided through the evidence provided in the nursing records/annotations in the patient's chart, avoiding losses in the continuation of care, intensifying suggestions for implantation of nursing care, educational values through continuing and continuing education, recovering the economic values lost by disallowances in hospital bills and promoting the improvement of the quality of care. Conclusion: it was possible to verify that, even though it is a practice that should be performed with quality, the audit process still finds a lot of fragility in the information found in the various records of the nursing professional, which causes great losses.

Use of a simplified clinical audit tool to evaluate hypertension and diabetes management in primary care clinics in Jamaica.

This study evaluates a simple clinical audit tool for assessing quality of care and blood pressure control among persons with hypertension in primary care clinics. A systematic random sampling of persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) attending five health centers in Kingston, Jamaica, was conducted. A modified Ministry of Health paper-based audit tool captured quality of care and outcome indicators (blood pressure and glycemic control). Additional chart audits were conducted by a physician and nurse to assess reliability. One hundred and forty-nine charts were audited between January and September 2017. One hundred and thirty-eight persons (92.6%) had hypertension (27 men and 111 women); 77 persons (51.7%) had DM (14 men and 63 women). The median age was 64 years old. Approximately two-thirds of persons with HTN and DM had electrolytes, lipid profile, and ECG done within the last year. One-fifth of persons with hypertension (18.5% men and 19.8% women, P = 1.000) had adequate blood pressure control with greater control among persons with HTN only compared to persons with both DM and HTN. Poor glycemic control was recorded for 69% of persons with DM (57% men and 71% women, P = .297). Moderate to substantial inter-rater agreement was observed for quality of care indicators. Our findings confirmed that hypertension and glycemic control are inadequate among persons attending primary care clinics in Jamaica's capital city. Simplified clinical audits can provide important quality of care and outcome indicators without losing the meaningfulness of the data collected.

The accuracy of the Manchester Triage System in an emergency service / Precisión del Sistema de Triaje Manchester en un servicio de emergencia / Acurácia do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester em um serviço de emergência

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the accuracy of the Manchester Triage System (MTS) and the outcomes of adult patients in an emergency hospital service. Method: Cross-sectional study, conducted through an inspection of records of risk classification of adult patients treated in the emergency service of a hospital. Results: The patients (n = 400) were classified according to priority levels, in red (0.8%), orange (58.2%), and yellow (41.0%). The accuracy levels between auditors and nurses were substantial for the flowchart (K = 0.75), and moderate for discriminating factors (k = 0.46) and priority levels (k = 0.42). The accuracy of the MTS was 68.8% with regard to priority levels. Regarding outcomes, 60% of patients were discharged, 37% were transferred to other units, and 3% died. Conclusion: The MTS proved to be a good predictor of the assessed outcomes, showing that 65.9% of Low Urgency patients progress to discharges, and 3.8% of High Urgency patients progress to death. The accuracy of the MTS was moderate, which suggests the need to implement inspections in emergency services.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la precisión del Sistema de Triaje Manchester (STM) y los resultados de pacientes adultos en un servicio de emergencia en un hospital. Método: estudio transversal, realizado a través de un proceso de auditoría de registros de detección con clasificación de riesgo de pacientes adultos tratados en un servicio hospitalario de emergencia. Resultados: Los pacientes (n = 400) se clasificaron según el nivel de prioridad en rojo (0.8%), naranja (58.2%) y amarillo (41.0%). Niveles de flujo de trabajo entre auditores y enfermeras (K = 0.75), moderados para discriminadores (k = 0.46) y nivel de prioridad (k = 0.42). La precisión del STM fue del 68.8% en el nivel de prioridad. En cuanto a los resultados, el 60% de los pacientes fueron dados de alta, el 37% fueron transferidos a otras unidades, el 3% falleció. Conclusión: El STM demostró ser un buen predictor de los resultados evaluados, mostrando que el 65.9% de los pacientes de baja urgencia progresa al alta y el 3.8% de los pacientes de alta urgencia progresa a la muerte. La precisión del STM fue moderada, lo que sugiere la necesidad de implementar auditorías en los servicios de emergencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a acurácia do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester (STM) e os desfechos dos pacientes adultos em um serviço de emergência hospitalar. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado por meio de um processo de auditoria dos registros de triagem com classificação de risco de pacientes adultos atendidos em um serviço de emergência hospitalar. Resultados: Os pacientes (n=400) foram classificados de acordo com o nível de prioridade em Vermelho (0,8%), Laranja (58,2%) e Amarelo (41,0%). A confiabilidade entre os auditores e enfermeiros foi substancial para fluxograma (K=0,75), moderada para discriminador (k=0,46) e nível de prioridade (k=0,42). A acurácia do STM foi de 68,8% no nível de prioridade. Em relação aos desfechos avaliados, 65,9% dos pacientes de Baixa Urgência evoluíram para alta, e 3,8% dos pacientes de Alta Urgência evoluíram para óbito. Conclusão: A acurácia do STM foi moderada. O STM se mostrou um bom preditor dos desfechos avaliados, evidenciando que a maioria dos pacientes de Baixa Urgência evoluem para alta, e 3,8% dos pacientes de Alta Urgência evoluem para óbito.

Clinical Audit of Sexual Abuse Referral Forms to the Sexual Assault Follow-up and Evaluation Clinic, Nassau, The Bahamas, among Females Aged 13 to 19 Years / Auditoría clínica de los formularios de remisión de abuso sexual a la Clínica de Evaluación y Seguimiento de Agresiones Sexuales, Nassau, Bahamas, entre mujeres de 13 a 19 años

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of the documentation of referral forms for sexually abused females aged 13-19 years directed to the Sexual Assault Follow-up and Evaluation (SAFE) Clinic at the Agape Family Medicine Clinic, Nassau, The Bahamas, for interim management. Methods: An approved review was performed on 123 referral forms regarding sexually abused females aged 13-19 years who attended the SAFE Clinic from 2011 to 2015. The exercise focussed on documentation adequacy based on a scoring system developed by the researchers (> 50% was assessed to be adequate; records of the referee's disposition of the patient, the date of the incident and evidence of sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening were considered vital for adequacy). Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Results: The median age of the participants was 14 years (interquartile range: 13-15). Of the 63.4% (78) with documented nationality, 88.5% (69) were Bahamian and 11.5% (9) Haitian. Documentation status did not differ statistically significantly by nationality. Regarding documentation, 74% (91) recorded the name of the patient's school, 59.3% (73) recorded that the patient knew the assailant and 17.9% (22) indicated that the patient did not know the assailant, while 22.8% (28) did not document this latter information. Type of sexual penetration was indicated by 65.9% (81). Of the vital variables, 18.7% (23) recorded the referee's disposition of the patient, 29.8% (36) the date of the incident and 60.2% (74) evidence of STI screening; 7.3% (9) documented all three and 22.8% (28) two. The mean percentage of documentation for vital variables was 49.3% (± 3.6) for the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department, Princess Margaret Hospital, Nassau, versus 30.5% (± 4.0) for public health clinics (PHCs) (p = 0.001). Overall, 69.9% (86 of 123) of the referral forms were deemed inadequate: 64.7% (33 of 51) from the A&E Department versus 73.4% (47 of 64) from PHCs among the 115 patients who provided referral information. Conclusion: Documentation deficiencies of the sexual abuse referral forms demand reform. Complete and consistent documentation is required.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la idoneidad de la documentación de los formularios de remisión para mujeres de 13 a 19 años sexualmente abusadas, dirigidas a la Clínica de Evaluación y Seguimiento de Agresiones Sexuales (ESAS) en la Clínica Ágape de Medicina Familiar, Nassau, Bahamas, para la administración interina. Métodos: Se aprobó una revisión para examinar 123 formularios de remisión con respecto a las mujeres de 13 a 19 años sexualmente abusadas, que asistieron a la clínica de ESAS de 2011 a 2015. El ejercicio se centró en la idoneidad de la documentación basada en un sistema de puntuación desarrollado por los investigadores (50% fue adecuado según la valoración; los registros de la disposición de la paciente en el arbitraje, la fecha del incidente y la evidencia del tamizaje de la infección de transmisión sexual (ITS), fueron todos vitales a la hora de determinar la idoneidad). Se calcularon las estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: La edad promedio de las participantes fue 14 años (rango intercuartil: 13-15). De 63.4% (78) con nacionalidad documentada, el 88.5% (69) fueron bahameñas y el 11.5% (9) haitianas. El estado de la documentación en término de las estadísticas no difirió significativamente por nacionalidad. Con respecto a la documentación, el 74% (91) registró el nombre de la escuela de la paciente, 59.3% (73) registró que la paciente conocía al agresor, y el 17.9% (22) indicó que la paciente no conocía al agresor, mientras que el 22.8% (28) no documentó esta última información. El tipo de penetración sexual fue indicado por 65.9% (81). De las variables vitales, 18.7% (23) registró la disposición de la paciente en el arbitraje, 29.8% (36) la fecha del incidente, y el 60.2% (74) evidencia del tamizaje de las ITS; 7.3% (9) documentó tres de ellas y 2.8% (28) dos. El porcentaje medio de documentación de las variables vitales fue 49.3% (± 3.6) para el Departamento de Accidentes y Emergencias (A&E), Hospital Princess Margaret, Nassau, frente al 30.5% (± 4.0) de las clínicas de salud pública (CSP) (p = 0.001). En general, el 69.9% (86 de 123) de los formularios de referencia se consideró inadecuado: 64.7% (33 de 51) del Departamento de A&E frente al 73.4% (47 de 64) de las CSP entre las 115 pacientes que proporcionaron la información de la remisión. Conclusión: Las deficiencias de la documentación de los formularios de remisión de abuso sexual exigen reformas. Se requiere una documentación completa y consistente.

A episiotomia sob a perspectiva da medicina baseada em evidências / Episiotomy from the perspective of evidence-based medicine

O estudo tem como propósito reunir evidências científicas atuais sobre episiotomia com a finalidade de promover embasamento teórico ao profissional gestor/auditor/perito diante da seguinte problemática: uma parcela dos profissionais (médicos obstetras e enfermeiros obstetras) defende e prática a episiotomia de rotina, outra parte nunca a realiza e outra, a executam de forma seletiva, o que tem gerado polarização de opiniões e condutas, aumentando o descontentamento da sociedade quanto ao parto vaginal e consequentemente elevando o número de processos judiciais em obstetrícia. Esta pesquisa responde às seguintes questões: quais são as evidências científicas sobre episiotomia? Qual é a importância do diálogo entre profissional e parturiente para definir intervenção cirúrgica no parto? Como diminuir processos judiciais em obstetrícia? Como método realizou-se um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa de dados por meio de revisão bibliográfica retrospectiva. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o procedimento episiotomia não deve ser empregado como rotina em todos os partos normais. Caso o profissional de saúde decida por optar pela episiotomia, deve descrever em prontuário sua indicação e se houve consentimento da parturiente.

The purpose of this study is to gather current scientific evidence on episiotomy in order to provide a theoretical basis to the professional manager / auditor / expert in view of the following problems: a portion of the professionals (obstetricians and obstetrician nurses) defend and practice routine episiotomy, never performs it and another, perform it selectively, which has generated polarization of opinions and behaviors, increasing society's displeasure about vaginal delivery and consequently increasing the number of legal processes in obstetrics. This research responds to the following questions: What are the scientific evidences about episiotomy? What is the importance of the dialogue between professional and parturient to define surgical intervention in childbirth? How to reduce court cases in obstetrics? As a methodology, a descriptive study with qualitative abortion of data was performed through a retrospective bibliographic review. The results indicate that the episiotomy procedure should not be routinely used in all normal deliveries. In case the health professional decides to opt for the episiotomy, he / she should describe in his / her medical record his / her indication and if there was consent of the parturient.

Auditoría de historias clínicas: una herramienta de evaluación de la calidad asistencial. Hospital Pediátrico - Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Auditing medical records: a tool to evaluate the quality of medical care. Pediatric Hospital - Pereira Rossell Hospital / Auditoria do prontuário médico do paciente: uma ferramenta de avaliação da qualidade assistêncial. Hospital Pediátrico Pereira Rossell

Resumen: Introducción: la auditoría médica es el análisis crítico y sistemático del proceso de atención que incluye los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos, el uso de los recursos y los resultados de los mismos. Disponer de un sistema de auditoría constituye un instrumento de mejora continua de la calidad asistencial. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de las historias clínicas (HC) de los niños hospitalizados. Material y método: estudio de corte transversal mediante revisión de HC de niños egresados de áreas de cuidados moderados de un centro de referencia entre el 1º de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Variables analizadas: datos patronímicos, cuadrícula, curvas de crecimiento, antecedentes socioeconómicos, ingresos, evolución, prescripción, transcripción, diagnóstico al egreso, resumen de egreso. Se establecieron tres categorías: suficiente puntaje mayor o igual a 80%, aceptable 60%-79%, insuficiente <60%. Se analizó la calidad de las HC en función de la edad, estadía hospitalaria, diagnóstico al egreso y estación del año. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio (prevalencia esperada de error 50%, precisión 5%, poder 80%) (N=385 HC). Se consideró significativa p <0,05. Resultados: de las 385 HC analizadas, 52% (202) correspondieron a varones, mediana de edad: 3 meses. Fueron suficientes 17%, aceptables 49,6% e insuficientes 33,4%. Las HC suficientes predominaron en menores de 1 año (21,5% vs 14%) y con estadía menor o igual de 3 días (21% vs 11%) p <0,05. Las HC insuficientes predominaron en invierno (43% vs 29%, p <0,05). Conclusión: es necesario profundizar en el estudio de estos resultados mediante un análisis cualitativo. Resulta necesario implementar un sistema de auditoría de HC continuo y avanzar en el desarrollo de los registros electrónicos para mejorar la gestión clínica.

Summary: Introduction: medical audits involve critical and systematic analysis of the medical care process, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the use of resources and the results obtained. Auditing systems provide tools for quality continuous improvement. Objective: to assess the quality of medical records (HMR) of hospitalized children. Material and methods: HMR cross-sectional study of of children discharged from moderate care units at a reference hospital center between January 1 and December 31, 2015. Analyzed Variables: patients' personal data, grids, growth curves, socio-economic background, admissions, evolution, prescription, transcription, diagnosis at discharge, discharge Report 3 categories were devised: Sufficient score greater or equal 80%, Acceptable 60-79%, Insufficient < 60%. HMR's quality was analyzed by age, hospitalization time, diagnosis at discharge and season of the year. Random sampling was carried out (expected error prevalence 50%, accuracy 5%, power 80%) (N=385). P < 0,05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 385 HMRs analyzed, 52% (202) were boys, median age 3 months-old. 17% were sufficient, 49.6% were acceptable and 33.4% were insufficient. Sufficient HMRs were predominant in children of less than 1 year-old (21,5% vs 14%) which had a hospitalization time of less or equal 3 days (21% vs 11%) p<0.05. Insufficient HMRs were predominant in Winter (43% vs 29%. p<0.05). Conclusion: A qualitative analysis is needed in order to reinforce the analysis of these results. It is important to implement a continuous HMR auditing system in order to make progress regarding the development of electronic records as a tool to improve the clinical management systems.

Resumo: Introdução: a auditoria médica é a análise crítica e sistemática do processo de cuidado da saúde, e inclui procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, o uso de recursos e seus resultados. Ter um sistema de auditoria é um instrumento para melhoria contínua da qualidade do cuidado da saúde. Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade dos prontuários eletrônicos das crianças hospitalizadas. Métodos: estudo transversal do Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente (PEP) de pacientes descarregados das áreas de cuidado moderado dum centro de referência entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2015. As variáveis analisadas foram: dados pessoais dos pacientes, curvas de crescimento, antecedentes socioeconômicos, renda, evolução, prescrição, transcrição, diagnóstico e resumo no momento da alta hospitalar. Três categorias foram estabelecidas: Escore Suficiente maior ou igual 80%, Aceitável 60-79%, Insuficiente <60%. A qualidade do PEP foi analisada em quanto à idade, permanência hospitalar, diagnóstico na alta e estação do ano. Foi realizada uma amostragem aleatória (prevalência esperada de erro de 50%, precisão de 5%, poder de 80%) (N = 385 PEP). Considerou-se significativo p <0,05. Resultados: dos 385 PEP analisados, 52% (202) foram do sexo masculino, e a mediana da idade 3 meses. Suficientes 17%, Aceitáveis 49,6% e Insuficientes 33,4%. Os PEP foram suficientes maiormente nas crianças menores de 1 ano (21,5% vs. 14%) e que tinham permanecido menor ou igual 3 dias no hospital (21% vs. 11%) p <0,05. Os PEP foram Insuficientes maiormente no inverno (43% vs. 29%, p <0,05). Conclusão: é necessário aprofundar o estudo desses resultados através de uma análise qualitativa. Se deve implementar um sistema contínuo de auditoria de PEP e avançar no desenvolvimento dos Prontuários Eletrônicos para melhorar o gerenciamento clínico dos hospitais.

Implementation of evidence-based practices in normal delivery care / Implementação das práticas baseadas em evidências na assistência ao parto normal / Implementación de las prácticas basadas en evidencias en la asistencia al parto normal

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the impact of the implementation of evidence-based practices on normal delivery care. Method: quasi-experimental, before-and-after intervention study conducted in a public maternity hospital, Amapá. Forty-two professionals and 280 puerperal women were interviewed and data from 555 medical records were analyzed. The study was developed in three phases: baseline audit (phase 1), educational intervention (phase 2) and post-intervention audit (phase 3). Results: after the intervention, there was an increase of 5.3 percentage points (p.p.) in the normal delivery rate. Interviews with the women revealed a significant increase of the presence of companions during labor (10.0 p.p.) and of adoption of the upright or squatting position (31.4 p.p.); significant reduction of amniotomy (16.8 p.p.), lithotomy position (24.3 p.p.), and intravenous oxytocin (17.1 p.p.). From the professionals' perspective, there was a statistical reduction in the prescription/administration of oxytocin (29.6 p.p.). In the analysis of medical records, a significant reduction in the rate of amniotomy (29.5 p.p.) and lithotomy position (1.5 p.p.) was observed; the rate of adoption of the upright or squatting position presented a statistical increase of 2.2 p.p. Conclusions: there was a positive impact of the educational intervention on the improvement of parturition assistance, but the implementation process was not completely successful in the adoption of scientific evidence in normal delivery care in this institution.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da implementação das práticas baseadas em evidências na assistência ao parto normal. Método: estudo de intervenção quase experimental, tipo antes e depois, conduzido em maternidade pública, Amapá. Foram entrevistados 42 profissionais, 280 puérperas e analisados dados de 555 prontuários, desenvolvidos em três fases: auditoria de base (fase 1), intervenção educativa (fase 2) e auditoria pós-intervenção (fase 3). Resultados: após a intervenção, houve incremento de 5,3 pontos percentuais (p.p.) na taxa de parto normal. Na entrevista com as mulheres, constatou-se aumento significativo da presença do acompanhante no trabalho de parto (10,0 p.p.) e da posição vertical ou cócoras (31,4 p.p.); redução significante de amniotomia (16,8 p.p.), posição litotômica (24,3 p.p.) e ocitocina intravenosa (17,1 p.p.). Na perspectiva dos profissionais, houve redução estatística da prescrição/administração de ocitocina (29,6 p.p.). Na análise dos prontuários, observou-se redução significativa da taxa de amniotomia (29,5 p.p.) e da posição litotômica (1,5 p.p.); a taxa de posição vertical ou cócoras apresentou incremento estatístico de 2,2 p.p. Conclusões: houve impacto positivo da intervenção educativa na melhora da assistência à parturiente, mas o processo de implementação não foi capaz de obter sucesso completo na adoção das evidências científicas na assistência ao parto normal nesta instituição.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la implementación de las prácticas basadas en evidencias en la asistencia al parto normal. Método: estudio de intervención casi experimental, tipo antes y después, conducido en maternidad pública, Amapá. Fueron entrevistados 42 profesionales, 280 puérperas y analizados datos de 555 prontuarios, desarrollados en tres fases: auditoría de base (fase 1), intervención educativa (fase 2) y auditoría pos-intervención (fase 3). Resultados: después de la intervención, hubo un incremento de 5,3 puntos porcentuales (p.p.) en la tasa de parto normal. En la entrevista con las mujeres, se constató aumento significativo de la presencia del acompañante en el trabajo de parto (10,0 p.p.) y de la posición vertical o cuclillas (31,4 p.p.); reducción significante de amniotomía (16,8 p.p.), posición de litotomía (24,3 p.p.) y ocitocina intravenosa (17,1p.p.). En la perspectiva de los profesionales, hubo reducción estadística de la prescripción/administración de ocitocina (29,6 p.p.). En el análisis de los prontuarios, se observó reducción significativa de la tasa de amniotomía (29,5 p.p.) y de la posición litotomía (1,5 p.p.); la tasa de posición vertical o cuclillas presentó incremento estadístico de 2,2 p.p. Conclusiones: hubo impacto positivo de la intervención educativa en la mejora de la asistencia a la parturienta, pero el proceso de implementación no fue capaz de obtener suceso completo en la adopción de las evidencias científicas en la asistencia al parto normal en esta institución.

Normal/Modern: Reconstructive Surgery in a Mexican Public Hospital.

A growing corpus of anthropological scholarship demonstrates how science and medicine in Mexico are imbued by national concerns with modernization. Drawing on ethnographic research in a public hospital located in the south of Mexico City, I unpack one manifestation of this dynamic, which is the conjugation of the normal and the modern in Mexican reconstructive surgery. The aspiration toward normality underlies everyday clinic practices and relationships in this field, including why parents want surgery for their children and how doctors see their patients and their responsibilities toward them. It is also central to the professional ethic of reconstructive surgeons. I argue that the realities of health care provision in Mexico coalesced with this ethic to produce reconstructive surgeons as political subjects. They aimed to modernize craniofacial surgery in Mexico and so make the bodies of craniofacial patients normal.

Preventing nipple trauma in lactating women in the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo: a best practice implementation project.

BACKGROUND: Nipple trauma in lactating women is an important issue in facilitating successful breastfeeding. Evidence suggests that early postnatal education on the positioning and attachment technique, early observation of mothers and correcting breastfeeding techniques at an early stage may reduce nipple trauma. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this project was to improve breastfeeding practice and thereby reduce nipple trauma in lactating women in a public hospital in Sao Paulo. More specifically the objectives of this project were: firstly, to assess the current practice in nurses' assistance concerning the prevention of nipple trauma; secondly, to adapt and trial a Breastfeeding Assessment Form to observe and educate the lactating mother during the early post-natal period; and thirdly, to assess the impact of introducing the assessment strategy on breastfeeding and nipple trauma rates. METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System online tool was utilized for this project. A clinical audit was conducted to assess compliance with best practice in nursing assistance concerning the prevention of nipple trauma. The project concluded with a second audit, which assessed the change in practice following the implementation of strategies to improve practice. RESULTS: The project was successful in that there was an improvement across all of the audit criteria following the introduction of the strategy to promote best practice. Criterion 1, concerning nursing staff knowledge, improved in compliance by 73%. Criterion 2 and 4, concerning women's knowledge about prevention and management of nipple trauma, improved by 53% and 55% respectively. Breastfeeding assessment improved by 26% from baseline to follow-up audit. Moreover, an improvement in women's satisfaction and exclusive breastfeeding rates was observed; however, nipple trauma rates did not decrease. CONCLUSIONS: This implementation project had great impact on both nursing staff as well as lactating women's knowledge of preventing and managing nipple trauma. It also enhanced women's satisfaction with breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Further research is required into other aspects involved with the onset of nipple trauma.

Bases para establecer un sistema de vigilancia activa y respuesta rápida para el manejo de la morbilidad materna severa / Basis for establishing a system of active surveillance and rapid response for the management of severe maternal morbidity

INTRODUCCIÓN: la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) se ha utilizado como indicador de salud sin considerar los eventos precedentes. La morbilidad materna severa (MMS) incluye a mujeres con morbilidad asociada a un embarazo, que amenaza sus vidas pero que finalmente permite la sobrevida. OBJETIVOS: Investigar la situación de la mortalidad materna (MM) y la MMS en Misiones, Jujuy y LaRioja. Establecer bases para un sistema de vigilancia y manejo de casos.MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico de prevalencia con uncomponente de implementación. Mujeres embarazadas, tratadas enel subsector público entre el 1 de octubre de 2013 y el 31 de marzode 2014, fueron tamizadas para detectar condiciones potencialmentefatales (CPF) y notificar MMS y MM. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 9.921nacimientos. Ingresaron 294 mujeres, y hubo 219 (74,5%) casos de CPF, 67 (22,8%) de MMS y 8 (2,7%) de MM. Criterios de identificación por tamizaje: clínicos 78,1% de CPF, basados en enfermedad 94% de MMS, y 100% de MM presentó algún criterio clínico. Las principales causas de MMS fueron hipertensión (35,8%), hemorragias (29,9%) y complicaciones de abortos (13,4%). La incidencia global deCPF fue 2,21%, la de MMS 0,68% y la de MM 0,08%. El índice demorbimortalidad global fue de 8,4 (4,0-7,4), la tasa de letalidad globalfue del 10,7%, y el uso global de intervenciones beneficiosas para elmanejo de MMS fue del 54,8%. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio permitióconocer la MM y la MMS en las tres provincias y sentar las bases paraimplementar un sistema de vigilancia activa y respuesta rápida para elmanejo de la MMS, consistente con el Plan Operativo Nacional.

INTRODUCTION: maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has been used as an indicator of maternal health regardless of the previous events. Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) refers to women with life-threatening pregnancy-associated morbidity, who ultimately survive. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the status of maternal mortality (MM) and SMM in Misiones, Jujuy and La Rioja. To establish the basis for a system of surveillance and case management. METHODS: Amulticenter prevalence study was conducted, with an implementationcomponent. Pregnant women assisted from October 1, 2013 to March31, 2014 in the public sub-sector were screened for potentially fatalconditions (PFC) and SMM and MM notification. RESULTS: A total of 9921 births were analyzed. From 294 women participating in the study, there were 219 (74.5%) cases of PFC, 67 (22.8%) of SMM and 8 (2.7%) of MM. Clinical screening criteria identified 78.1% of cases of PFC, disease criteria identified SMM 94%, and 100% of MM showedsome clinical criterion. The main causes of SMM were hypertensivedisorders (35.8%), hemorrhagic disorders (29.9%) and abortioncomplications (13.4%). Global incidence of PFC was 2.21%, andfor SMM and MM was 0.68% and 0.08%, respectively. The overallmorbidity index was 8.4 (4.0-7.4), the overall mortality rate was 10.7%,and the overall use of beneficial interventions for the managementof SMM was 54.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The study yielded information on MM and SMM in the three provinces and laid the groundwork for implementing a system of active surveillance and rapid response to handle SMM consistently with the National Operational Plan.

Processo de formação de contas em um hospital de ensino especializado em cardiologia e pneumonia / The billing process at a teaching hospital specialized in cardiology and pulmonology / Proceso de formación de cuentas en un hospital de enseñanza especializado en cardiología y neumología

Esta pesquisa exploratória objetivou descrever e mapear o processo de formação de contas em um hospital público universitário, de nível terciário, especializado em cardiologia e pneumologia. No período de maio a junho de 2012, procedeu-se à identificação e documentação das etapas do processo que foram validadas junto aos profissionais envolvidos na auditoria de contas hospitalares. Evidenciou-se que, no momento da pré-análise das contas, os auditores realizam correções para fundamentar a cobrança dos procedimentos e evitar glosas e perdas de faturamento. O mapeamento do processo permitiu a proposição de estratégias visando minimizar o tempo de apresentação de contas às fontes pagadoras. Ao conferir visibilidade à dinâmica deste processo, fundamental para o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do hospital estudado, torna-se esse conhecimento de domínio público e acessível a outras organizações de saúde que queiram incrementar o seu faturamento e reduzir as divergências entre o prontuário clínico e a conta hospitalar do paciente.

The objective of this exploratory study was to describe and map out the billing process in a public tertiary-level university hospital specialized in cardiology and pulmonology. In the period between May and June of 2012, we identified and documented the steps in the process validated by the professionals involved in the hospital bill audit service. We found that during billing pre-analysis, auditors make corrections to justify the billing of procedures and to avoid unwarranted billing and loss of revenue. Mapping out the process allowed us to propose strategies to minimize the time for presenting bills to payment sources. By bringing visibility to this process, which is fundamental for the economic-financial balance of the studied hospital, we bring such knowledge to the public domain. Thus, it is accessible to other health organizations that wish to increment their revenue and reduce divergences be tween patient charts and the patient's hospital bill

Se objetivó describir y mapear el proceso de formación de cuentas en un hospital público universitario terciario especializado en cardiología y neumología. Entre mayo y junio de 2012 se procedió a identificar la documentación de las etapas del proceso, validadas con los profesionales involucrados en la auditoría de cuentas hospitalarias. Se evidenció que antes del análisis de cuentas, los auditores realizan correcciones para fundamentar la cobranza de los procedimientos y evitar divergencias y pérdidas de facturación. El mapeo del proceso permitió la propuesta de estrategias orientadas a disminuir el tiempo de presentación de cuentas a las fuentes de pago. Al otorgársele visibilidad a la dinámica del proceso, fundamental para el equilibrio económico-financiero del hospital estudiado, ese conocimiento se vuelve de dominio público y es accesible para otras organizaciones de salud que quieran incrementar su facturación y reducir las divergencias entre las historias clínicas y la cuenta hospitalaria del paciente.

Conformidade no prontuário do paciente: um desafio permanent / Conformity in patient forms: a continuous challenge

Tendo como desafio a melhoria contínua no prontuário não eletrônico do paciente internado, foi criada uma comissão dentro de uma Autarquia Hospitalar Municipal, com 271 leitos e prontos-socorros adulto, obstétrico e infantil, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, denominada Comissão de Educação Permanente no Prontuário do Paciente Internado (CEPPPI). Por meio de auditoria retrospectiva e operacional ou recorrente com caráter educacional permanente foram desenvolvidas ações aplicadas aos prontuários dos pacientes internados, tanto os que deram entrada no Setor de Arquivo Médico quanto os constantes das Unidades de Internação.Obedecendo ao fluxograma criado e envolvendo todos os profissionais que constroem e manipulam esse documento, os resultados obtidos demonstraram mudanças significativas nas atitudes e conceitos, além da incorporação das atribuições e valores éticos, reflexo da conscientização dos profissionais que participam do processo, propiciando assim a diminuição das não conformidades nesse documento.

Held with the challenge of medical records continuous improvement, a committee was created in a Municipal Hospital Authority which has 271 inpatient beds plus adult, obstetric and pediatric emergency rooms, located in São Paulo, Brazil, called Permanent Continuing Education Commission in Hospitalized Patient Record (CEPPPI).A retrospective and operational audit (or recurrent, with permanent educational nature) was performed in order to develop some actions, applied to the hospitalized patients records, both those who were in the Medical Archives and also those from the admission units. According to the flowchart created and in order to involve all the professionals related to medical records, the results showed significant changes in attitudes and concepts and also on assignments on ethical values incorporation, reflecting the professional’s awareness and providing reduction of non-conformities in these documents.

Pediatric pain: prevalence, assessment, and management in a teaching hospital

The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence, assessment and management of pediatric pain in a public teaching hospital. The study sample consisted of 121 inpatients (70 infants, 36 children, and 15 adolescents), their families, 40 physicians, and 43 nurses. All participants were interviewed except infants and children who could not communicate due to their clinical status. The interview included open-ended questions concerning the inpatients’ pain symptoms during the 24 h preceding data collection, as well as pain assessment and pharmacological/non-pharmacological management of pain. The data were obtained from 100% of the eligible inpatients. Thirty-four children/adolescents (28%) answered the questionnaire and for the other 72% (unable to communicate), the family/health professional caregivers reported pain. Among these 34 persons, 20 children/adolescents reported pain, 68% of whom reported that they received pharmacological intervention for pain relief. Eighty-two family caregivers were available on the day of data collection. Of these, 40 family caregivers (49%) had observed their child’s pain response. In addition, 74% reported that the inpatients received pharmacological management. Physicians reported that only 38% of the inpatients exhibited pain signs, which were predominantly acute pain detected during clinical procedures. They reported that 66% of patients received pharmacological intervention. The nurses reported pain signs in 50% of the inpatients, which were detected during clinical procedures. The nurses reported that pain was managed in 78% of inpatients by using pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological interventions. The findings provide evidence of the high prevalence of pain in pediatric inpatients and the under-recognition of pain by health professionals.

O uso de antimicrobianos em um hospital de ensino: uma breve avaliação / Antibiotic prescription in a teaching hospital: a brief assessment

OBJETIVO: Os antimicrobianos são utilizados de forma indiscriminada na prática médica, contribuindo com a emergência de cepas microbianas resistentes. MÉTODOS: Este estudo descreve a auditoria de antimicrobianos realizada por análise prospectiva de 846 prontuários de pacientes internados no Hospital Santa Cruz, em Santa Cruz do Sul - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil. RESULTADOS: Do total dos pacientes analisados, 134 (15,8 por cento) receberam antimicrobianos. A auditoria foi realizada de modo interativo, com intervenção e discussão com o médico prescritor. Considerando-se o diagnóstico presumido e a droga prescrita, verificou-se que 74,6 por cento dos pacientes em uso de antimicrobiano receberam o tratamento considerado de primeira escolha. A inadequação do antimicrobiano para o diagnóstico clínico (5,2 por cento) e a falta do ajuste para a função renal (43,7 por cento) foram os equívocos mais frequentes. CONCLUSÃO: Um planejamento estratégico direcionado ao uso racional de antimicrobianos baseado em práticas educacionais intervencionistas pode auxiliar o médico do controle de infecção a adequar as rotinas com melhoria da qualidade da assistência.

OBJECTIVE: Antimicrobials are used interchangeably in medical practice, contributing to the emergence of resistant microbial strains. METHODS: This study describes the antimicrobial audit performed by forecasting analysis of medical records of 846 patients at the Hospital Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz do Sul - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 134 (15.8 percent) received antimicrobials. The audit was conducted interactively, with intervention and discussion with the prescriber. Considering the presumptive diagnosis and prescribed drug, it was verified that 74.6 percent of patients on antimicrobials received what was considered the first choice treatment. Inadequate antimicrobial agent for clinical diagnosis (5.2 percent) and lack of adjustment for renal function (43.7 percent) were the most frequent errors. CONCLUSION: A strategic plan aimed at the rational use of antimicrobials based on educational and interventionist practices can help the infection control professional to adjust the routines to improve healthcare quality.

Auditoría clínica: una herramienta para el seguimiento de errores preanalíticos en el laboratorio / Clinical audit: a tool to monitor pre-analytical errors in the laboratory

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de un programa de auditoría clínica para vigilar y reducir la magnitud de errores preanalíticos en el Laboratorio de Guardia de un hospital público de la provincia de Buenos Aires. En un período de 2004 y otro de 2005 se relevaron los diferentes tipos de errores en 11.949 recipientes de muestras de sangre y orina. Se calcularon los indicadores: porcentaje de errores preanalíticos totales en las muestras (% EP), de muestras coaguladas, de recipientes inadecuados, de volumen inadecuado, de muestras hemolizadas, de muestras batidas y de identificación inadecuada. Se capacitó al personal de enfermería. Se asignaron los costos correspondientes a las etapas de obtención y remisión de muestras de la fase preanalítica. El % EP no presentó modificaciones significativas en 2004, mientras que en 2005 sus variaciones acompañaron las de algunos de los restantes indicadores. Los costos correspondientes a errores preanalíticos constituyeron en promedio el 10% de los costos totales de obtención y remisión de muestras en los períodos estudiados. Se concluye que las actividades de capacitación deben realizarse en forma periódica y someterse a seguimiento continuo a fin de obtener disminuciones significativas y perdurables en la magnitud de los errores preanalíticos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical audit program to monitor and reduce the magnitude of pre-analytical errors in the Emergency Laboratory of a Buenos Aires Province public hospital. During a 2004 period and another 2005 one, different types of errors were surveyed in 11.949 blood- and urine-sample flasks. The following indicators were calculated: sample pre-analytical error percentage (% PE), as well as percentages corresponding to coagulated samples, inadequate flask use, inadequate flask volume, samples that underwent haemolysis, shaken samples and poor sample identification. Nursing personnel were trained. Costs incurred were allocated to the extraction and delivery stages within the pre-analytical phase. PE % did not show any meaningful changes in 2004, while in 2005 its variations followed those of some of the other indicators. Costs attributed to pre-analytical error represented 10% of total cost of sample extraction and delivery in the periods that were studied. It can be concluded that training courses must be periodically offered and their results monitored on a permanent basis if any significant and long-lasting reduction in the magnitude of pre-analytical errors is to be achieved.